Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope BPIE, 10.11.2011 Aeropolis II, Brussels
WELCOME
Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope
Agenda
9.30 Introduction – Oliver Rapf, BPIE Executive Director 9.40 Key note: EPBD implementation and the challenge for renovating the European building stock , Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy 9.50 Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope’ (Report Part 1 + Part 2) Where do we stand today?, Marina Economidou, BPIE 10.20 Panel 1: Future perspectives on data monitoring, what kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established? 11. 00 Coffee break 11. 20 European Buildings under the Microscope (Report Part 3) - Developing scenarios and roadmaps
• Modeling and scenarios, Dan Staniaszek, Sustainability Consulting • Policy Recommendations , Marina Economidou, BPIE
12. 00 Panel 2: Designing the way ahead 12.45 Final conclusions (Oliver Rapf, BPIE) 13.00 Lunch
Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope
Agenda
9.30 Introduction – Oliver Rapf, BPIE Executive Director 9.40 Key note: EPBD implementation and the challenge for renovating the European building stock , Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy 9.50 Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope’ (Report Part 1 + Part 2) Where do we stand today?, Marina Economidou, BPIE 10.20 Panel 1: Future perspectives on data monitoring, what kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established? 11. 00 Coffee break 11. 20 European Buildings under the Microscope (Report Part 3) - Developing scenarios and roadmaps
• Modeling and scenarios, Dan Staniaszek, Sustainability Consulting • Policy Recommendations , Marina Economidou, BPIE
12. 00 Panel 2: Designing the way ahead 12.45 Final conclusions (Oliver Rapf, BPIE) 13.00 Lunch
4
Michaela Holl, the European Commission, DG Energy
BPIE report launch 10 November, Brussels
Policy and data challenges of the
EU policy on energy efficiency in
buildings
5
Policy context
• Energy Efficiency Action Plan (COM 2011 (109) final), Low carbon roadmap 2011 (112) final), EE Directive (COM 2011 (370) final) stipulate:
- EU currently not on track for 2020 targets
- still considerable savings potential in the EU building sector
-need for building sector to contribute with up to 90 % CO2 reductions by 2050
• Likelyhood of significantly increased budget for EE/RES in 2014-2021 under Cohesion spending and take off of EEE-F→ Need for qualitative assessment of investments!!!
• But also: tightened budgets, austerity…
•
6
Buildings in a 2050 scenario
3
Source: IEA 2007, WEO 2007, ETP 2008)
7
The EPBD
• Framework Directive with no EU-level harmonisation of requirements
• Sets basic framework for calculation method, requirements setting, inspections, certification
• Implementation and enforcement issue
• Upcoming Member States duties of recast: – Transposition by July 2012, application by 2013
– Calculation of Cost optimal benchmarks as of 2013
– Application of nearly zero energy buildings definition and development of action plans
8
Policy challenges beyond EPBD
• The recast EPBD will not be sufficient for achieving EU 2020 targets: in addition need for funding/financing instruments (Art 10) and more efforts on existing buildings (3% target in EED)
Furthermore:
• Need to develop role of buildings as part of 2050 roadmap
• Need to develop segment-specific buildings policies (public/commercial/residential etc.)
• Need to develop more knowledge on appropriate degree of refurbishment (cost optimality)
9
Status quo on data
• availability of ex ante studies demonstrating savings potential at macro level (Fraunhofer 2009, WBSD, Mc Kinsey etc)
• availability of tools to assess theoretical impact of measures (PRIMES, MURE)
• First research on degrees of renovation (lock in effect) e.g. Central European University Budapest)
But not:
• still no comprehensive picture on building stock and its energetic quality across EU
• building data hidden in sectoral data for tertiary and household
• Building data not broken down to different building categories/segments (e.g. publicly owned vs occupied buildings, share of public buildings not yet fulfilling minimum requirements etc, current rate of refurbishment in different segments..)
10
Savings expected to be achieved with already
existing measures
TO TAP THE REMAINING ECONOMIC ENERGY SAVING
POTENTIALS FOR 2020 THROUGHOUT THE SECTORS
Remaining saving potential to be addressed with
new measures
2%
5%
16%
11% 29%
11
Data needs for the future policy
challenges
• Need for disaggregated data that reflects the diversity of the building stock
• Need to differentiate the abstract macroeconomic savings potential for different segments (including cost effectiveness of certificates and inspections, should everyone do a “deep renovation” etc..)
• Need for detailed ex post evidence on impact of quality of implementation (EPC!)
• Need to improve cross comparison of national calculation methods, requirements etc
• Need for data to support Commission’s duty in assessing national applications of cost optimality and NZEB
12
Thank you for your attention!
Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope
Agenda
9.30 Introduction – Oliver Rapf, BPIE Executive Director 9.40 Key note: EPBD implementation and the challenge for renovating the European building stock , Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy 9.50 Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope’ (Report Part 1 + Part 2) Where do we stand today?, Marina Economidou, BPIE 10.20 Panel 1: Future perspectives on data monitoring, what kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established? 11. 00 Coffee break 11. 20 European Buildings under the Microscope (Report Part 3) - Developing scenarios and roadmaps
• Modeling and scenarios, Dan Staniaszek, Sustainability Consulting • Policy Recommendations , Marina Economidou, BPIE
12. 00 Panel 2: Designing the way ahead 12.45 Final conclusions (Oliver Rapf, BPIE) 13.00 Lunch
EUROPE’S
BUILDINGS
UNDER THE MICROSCOPE PARTS 1 & 2
Marina Economidou Expert in Energy Efficiency Brussels, 10 November 2011
Country experts Advisory Committee
Randall Bowie, Rockwool Céline Carré, Eurima Susanne Dyrbøl, EuroACE Pascal Eveillard, Eurima Michaela Holl, DG Energy, EC Adrian Joyce, EuroACE Jens Laustsen, Independent Consultant Oliver Loebel, PU Europe Yamina Saheb, International Energy Agency Constant Van Aerschot, Lafarge/WBCSD Rick Wilberforce, Glass for Europe
Thank you
Steering Committee: BPIE, EuroACE, Eurima, Glass for Europe, PU Europe
Consultants
Jens Laustsen Paul Ruyssevelt Dan Staniaszek David Strong Silvia Zinetti
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Methodology
What did we do?
• Survey template covering legal, financial
and technical information on the energy
performance of buildings
• Countries covered: EU27, Norway and
Switzerland
• Buildings covered: single and multi-
family houses, offices, educational
buildings, hospitals, hotels and
restaurants, sports facilites, wholesale
and retail trade buildings
• Picture of European building stock,
Policies and Financial programmes,
identify gaps
• 3 regions considered for data analysis
and scenario modelling
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
SOURCES - Official data/official statistics (Eurostat, IEA statistics, national statistics, EPC register)
- Country detailed studies
- Model findings
- Estimations based on available date
- Expert guestimates
ORGANISATION
Ownership profile (private owned/public owned)
Tenure profile (owner occupied/private tenant/..)
Location (urban/rural))
ENERGY PERFORMANCE
- Total Floor area
- Typical consumption levels
- Envelope insulation levels
- Air-tightness levels
- Building use
- Construction period
- Size
BUILDING CODES
- Energy Performance Requirements
- Other requirements
ACTIVITY
- New build rates
- Renovation rates
- Level of renovations undertaken
ENERGY CARRIERS
- Per building type
- Per end-use
INSPECTIONS
- Legal requirements
-Compiance and control
- Penalties
- Info about inspections undertaken so far
EPC SCHEMES
- Legal requirements
- Compliance and control
- Costs
-Penalties
- Register/performance of registered buildings
- Certification methodology
FINANCIAL PROGRAMMES
- Programs, incentives, fiscal instruments, VAT reduction, tax deduction
- Evaluation made for programme (job creation, generated investments from the scheme, money going back to the government in form of VAT etc.)
Data collected
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Learning experience
Floor areas
•RESIDENTIAL: 25 full responses, NON-RESIDENTIAL: 19 full, 4 partial → Reported EU total: 92%. Estimations based on prevailing floor space per capita for missing building categories
•Reported in gross/net/useful/heated → Conversion factors were applied
Defintions
•Variations in types (e.g. Office, hospital, public building etc.) → Assumptions had to be made in order to broadly divide the reported data in the above function type
Ownership/tenure
•More complete picture for residential
•Difficult for breakdown of non-residential types
Construction activity
•New build rates
•Renovation rates reported as estimations. Difficult to associate renovation rate with derpth
Performance of existing stock
•More complete picture in residential buildings
Age of existing stock
•More complete data for residential buildings
Programme evaluation
•Not sufficient information
•Rarely in terms of co-benefits
PART 1
Europe’s buildings today
Total floor area of buildings
• 24 billion m2 for EU 27; 25 billion m2 with Norway and Switzerland added
• 5 most populated countries (DE, FR, UK, IT and ES) account for 65% of total
floor space.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
DE
FR UK IT ES PL
NL
SE CH
RO BE
PT
HU EL AT
CZ
DK
NO FI BG SK IE LT SI LV CY EE LU MT
Bill
ion
m2
Floor Space by country
Residential Non Residential
North & West 50%
South 36%
Central & East
14%
Floor space distribution per region
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Residential floor area distribution
South 50 m2
North & West 41 m2
Central & East 26 m2
Single family house floor space per capita
North & West 36 m2
South 31 m2
Central & East 22 m2
Apartment floor space per capita
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
LV
EE
ES
LT
CH
CZ
BG
SE
PL
AT
DE
RO
BE
CY
PT
LU
HU
FI
FR
SK
IT
DK
SI
MT
NL
NO
EL
UK
IE
Single Family Houses Apartments
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
75% of building stock; 64% SFH, 36% Apartments
Non-residential floor area distribution
• Wholesale & retail buildings heating and
cooling conditions may differ substantially
from other categories due to large areas of
wholesale buildings often being used only for
storage purposes.
• Offices and educational buildings together
account for 40% of the entire non-residential
floor space. These buildings have similar
heating and cooling conditions to residential
buildings (although they are of shorter use)
• Hospitals (7% of total non-residential floor
space) have continuous usage patterns,
where energy demand can vary substantially
depending on the services provided (from
consultation rooms to surgery rooms).
Wholesale & retail, 28%
Offices, 23%
Educational, 17%
Hotels & restaurants, 11%
Hospitals, 7%
Sport facilities, 4%
Other, 11%
European non-residential building stock (m2)
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Age profile
• Variations in the age profile between the 3
regions are relatively small. Nonetheless,
older buildings (before 1960) have the
biggest share in the North & West region
• A large boom in construction between
1961 and 1990 (with a few exceptions,
the housing stock more than doubled in
this period)
• Countries with the biggest share of
recently constructed buildings (1990-
2010) appear to be Ireland, Spain and
Poland
• Countries with the biggest share of
residential stock dating from 1961 to 1990
seem to be Estonia, Hungary, Latvia and
Finland.
Age profile of residential floor space
EE: Data only from 1951 onwards. IT: Data excludes heritage buildings before 1950. LT: Data only from 1941 onwards. ES: Data excludes secondary houses SE: Data only from 1921
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Residential ownership
Ownership of residential buildings in
Europe by number of dwellings (except
for FR which is in floor area)
• The largest share of dwellings
is held in private ownership
• Austria reports more than 20%
of residential dwellings held in
public ownership
• Other category typically
consists of social housing units
owned by non-public bodies
(e.g. NL)
Other
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Residential tenure
• In all EU countries, at least
50% of dwellings are occupied
by their owner
• Austria, UK, Czech Republic,
The Netherlands and France
have significant portions of
public rented dwellings (in
most cases these are
occupied by social tenants)
• Greece and Czech Republic
are among the countries with
the biggest share of private
tenants
Tenure of residential buildings by
number of dwellings (except for FR
which is in floor area)
Other
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Non-residential ownership
• Data on the ownership of non-
residential buildings was only
available/reported from 15 countries.
• The ownership profile in the non-
residential sector is more
heterogeneous than in the residential
sector, spanning from as low as 10%
to 90% from country to country.
• Non-residential public owned
buildings would be a good target for
public policy to begin large-scale
renovation to deliver significant
reductions in energy use (the impact
would be higher in some countries).
Ownership of non-residential buildings
by number of buildings (except for FR,
SK,, SI which are in floor area and FI in
volume of buildings)
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Final energy consumption in buildings
The final energy consumption has had a 50% increase in electricity and gas use and a
decrease in use of oil and solid fuels by 27% and 75%, respectively.
Overall, the energy use in buildings has a rising trend with an increase from around
400 Mtoe to 450 Mtoe over the last 20 years.
Historical final energy consumption in the building sector since 1990 for
the EU27, Switzerland and Norway
Solid Fuels
Oil
Gas
Electricity
RES
Derived heat
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Residential energy mix
• Space heating is the most
energy intense end-use in
EU homes accounting for
around 70% of total final
energy use.
• Heating share is typically
lower in warmer climates.
• The energy mix for heating
varies significantly from
country to country
• While Spain relies mostly on
oil to fulfill its heating needs,
Poland relies mainly on coal
and France on gas.
Share of heating consumption in terms of final energy use in
residential buildings with corresponding energy mix
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
250 225
246
187 176 156 159
94 80
53
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
19
18
19
48
19
57
19
68
19
78
19
83
19
87
19
95
20
05
20
10
Germany Germany
228 237 255
230
167
131 101
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Bulgaria Bulgaria
200 200 195
140 130 120 110
68
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Portugal Portugal
196 189 158 147 150 138 124
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Sweden Sweden
TYP
ICA
L U
VA
LUES
TY
PIC
AL
HEA
TIN
G
CO
NSU
PTI
ON
LEV
ELS
Residential energy performance
• Older buildings tend to consume more • Large saving potential associated with older building stock
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Non-residential energy mix
Since 1990, electricity consumption has increased by a remarkable 74%. Gas
consumption has also had a considerable increase while oil and solid fuels
decreased, mainly due to the shift ocurred a little bit throughout all Europe,
from these last fuels towards gas.
Energy mix in the non-residential sector in the and corresponding difference compared to
1990 profile
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Non-residential energy consumption shares
• Non-residential average specific energy
consumption was estimated at 280kWh/m2
(covering all end-uses), being at least 40%
larger than the equivalent value for the
residential sector.
• Variations are expected from country to
country and also from one building type to
another.
• Hospitals, hotels and restaurants represent
a rather/relatively small share of the overall
non-residential consumption
• Offices and wholesale and retail buildings
account for over 50% of energy use
• Education and sports facilities account for a
further 18% of the energy use while other
buildings account for some 6%.
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
PART 2
Policies and programmes for improving energy efficiency in buildings
Identified barriers
Bar
rie
rs
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
EPC schemes
Implementation status
Existing EPC registers/databases have proven to be extremely useful in monitoring and analysing
the opportunities for energy performance improvement.
In the longer term, they will also prove invaluable in assessing trends in energy performance.
Yes, at national level, 11
Penalties foreseen, 18
All, 20
Under development or at regional level, 7
No penalties, 10
Some, 9
No, 10
Un
kno
wn
, 1
Database/Register
Penalty schemes
Buildings concerned
*Until 2010
Countries concerned: EU27, CH, NO
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Energy performance requirements
Performance based requirements1
New build
Renov. New build
Renov.
AT HU
BE-Wl x IE x BE-Br x IT
BE-Fl x LT
BG LV x x CH MT x x CY NL x CZ NO
DE x PL
DK x PT
EE RO x x EL SE
ES SI 3
FI P2 SK
FR UK
• Nearly all countries have adopted a national methodology setting performance/based requirements for new buildings
• In some cases, two approaches exist in parallel (e.g. NO, ES, PL, CH): 1st on holistic approach and 2nd on performance of single elements
• Many different approaches have been applied and no direct comparison can be made (see next slide)
• Performance levels are expressed in kWh/m2a, percentage improvement based on reference buildings, 0:100 E valu scale (e.g. BE), A to G scale (IT, CY)
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Single Family Houses Apartment
Blocks Offices
Educational
Buildings Hospitals Hotels & Restaurants Sports facilities
Wholesale & retail
trade
AT H: 66 kWh/m2a H: 66
kWdfdh/m2a
H:22.75 kWh/m3a
C: 1 kWh/m3a
H:22.75
kWh/m3a
C: 1kWh/m3a
H:22.75 kWh/m3a
C: 1kWh/m3a
H:22.75 kWh/m3a
C: 1kWh/m3a
H:22.75 kWh/m3a
C: 1kWh/m3a
H:22.75 kWh/m3a
C: 1kWh/m3a
BE - Br E70 E75 E75 E75 (services)
BE - Wl
E<100,
Espec<170kWh/m2a ,
Overheating<17500
kh/an
E<100,
Espec<170
kWh/m2a,
Overheating<175
00 kh/an
E<100 E<100
BE - Fl From 2012, E70 From
2014, E60
From 2012, E70
From 2014, E60
From 2012, E70
From 2014, E60
From 2012, E70
From 2014, E60
BG
F:122-146
H&C: 82.5-102.5
kWh/m2a
F: 90-146
H&C: 50.0-102.5
kWh/m2a
F: 80-132
H&C:40.0-82
kWh/m2a
F: 56-98
H&C: 40-82.0
kWh/m2a
F: 180-242
H&C: 50-102.5 kWh/m2a
F: 176-230
H&C: 50-102.5 kWh/m2a
F: 90-134
H&C: 40-82 kWh/m2a
F: 90-134
H&C: 40-82 kWh/m2a
CH Space heating demand (effective energy): 5 litre heating oil equivalent per m2 (based on MuKEn 2008)
H: 54 kWh/m2a H: 42 kWh/m2a H: 46 kWh/m2a H: 43 kWh/m2a H: 44 kWh/m2a H: 58 kWh/m2a H: 40 kWh/m2a H: 36 kWh/m2a
CY A or B category on the EPC scale
CZ F: 142 kWh/m2a F: 120 kWh/m2a F: 179 kWh/m2a F: 130 kWh/m2a F: 310 kWh/m2a F: 294 kWh/m2a F: 145 kWh/m2a F: 183 kWh/m2a
DE New buildings must not exceed a defined primary energy demand for heating, hot water, ventilation, cooling and lighting installations (lighting installations only for commercial) based on of
a reference building of the same geometry, net floor space, alignment and utilisation.
EE P: 180 kWh/m2a P: 150
kWh/m2a
P: 220
kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 400 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a P: 300 kWh/m2a
EL The Primary energy requirement for new and renovated building in Greece is = 0.33 – 2.73 x Reference Building energy performance
ES The energy performance requirements is not expressed in units of kWh/m2a
FI This is based on thermal transmittance (heat loss) measured in units of W/K. For a single family house, a typical value is 134 W/K
FR-H1 PFF: 130kWh/m2a PESH:
250kWh/m2a
PFF:
130kWh/
m2a PESH:
250kWh/
m2a
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
FR -H2 PFF: 110kWh/m2a PESH:
190kWh/m2a
PFF:
110kWh/
m2a PESH:
190kWh/
m2a
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
FR -H3 PFF: 80kWh/m2a PESH:
130kWh/m2a
PFF:
80kWh/m2
a PESH:
130kWh/
m2a
n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a n/a
HU P: 110-230 kWh/m2a P: 110-230
kWh/m2a
P: 132-260
kWh/m2a P: 90-254 kWh/m2a
Energy performance requirements-1
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Single Family Houses Apartment Blocks Offices Educational
Buildings Hospitals Hotels & Restaurants Sports facilities
Wholesale & retail
trade
IE MPEPC = 0.6 & MPCPC
= 0.69
MPEPC = 0.6 &
MPCPC = 0.69
MPEPC & MPCPC
should not exceed
1
MPEPC &
MPCPC should
not exceed 1
IT Regulations for new buildings are based on a set limit for heating, DHW, cooling and lighting. Only Class A+ to C buildings comply with requirements for new buildings
LT Min Class C buildings: 80 kWh/m2a for buildings over 3000m2, 100 kWh/m2a for buildings between 501 and 3000m2, 115 kWh/m2a for buildings up to 500m2.
LV No performance requirements are set
MT No performance requirements are set
NL P: 68388-68552 MJ/a P: 35595-36855 MJ/a
NO N: 120-173 kWh/m2a N: 115 kWh/m2a N: 150 kWh/m2a N: 120-160
kWh/m2a
N: 300-335
kWh/m2a N: 220 kWh/m2a N: 170 kWh/m2a N: 210 kWh/m2a
PL F: 142 kWh/m2a
H&C: 108kWh/m2a
F: 123 kWh/m2a
H&C: 99 kWh/m2a
F: 174kWh/m2a
H&C: 183 kWh/m2a Requirements for other non-residential buildings apply
PT P: 203 kWh/m2a
F: 80 kWh/m2a
P: 203 kWh/m2a
F: 80 kWh/m2a
P:407kWh/m2a
F:122kWh/m2a
P:174 kWh/m2a
F: 52 F
kWh/m2a
P:465 kWh/m2a
F:140 kWh/m2a
P:523/1395 kWh/m2a
F: 157/419 kWh/m2a
P:233
F:70 kWh/m2a
P:1279
F: 384 kWh/m2a
RO No performance-based requirements are set
SE FE: 55-95
FNE 110-150 kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140
kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140
kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140
kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140
kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a
FE: 55-95
FNE 100-140 kWh/m2a
SI
P: 170-200
H&C: 50
kWh/m2a
P: 170-200
H&C: 50
kWh/m2a
P: 163-180 kWh/m2a for social housing, for non-residential H&C: 30-50 kWh/m2a, for non-residential (public investment) H&C: 20-40 kWh/m2a
SK
P: 80-160
H&C 42-86
kWh/m2a
P: 63-126
H&C: 27-53
kWh/m2a
P: 120-240
H&C: 16-56
kWh/m2a
T: 42-84
H&C: 28-56
kWh/m2a
T: 101-201
H&C: 27-70 kWh/m2a
T: 94-187
H&C: 14-71 kWh/m2a
T: 48-95
H&C: 28-56 kWh/m2a
T: 81-161
H&C: 27-70 kWh/m2a
UK 17-20 kgCO2 16-18 kgCO2 Other TER (Target carbon dioxide Emission Rate) values apply for non-domestic buildings
Energy performance requirements-2
Notes for:
AT Based on gross floor area and gross building volume
BG Based on assumption of DD=2100, A/V=0.2 for SFH, A/V=0.8 other, 32% share of glazing for upper limit and DD=330, A/V=1.2, 32% glazing for lower limit
CH Effective space heating demand for a typical building shape calculated on the basis of the SIA-norm 380/1:2009
DK A denotes the gross heated floor area in the Danish formulate, example 73.1 P @80m2 58 P @300m2
EE Heated floor area
FI For a single family house with building volume 522m3, gross floor area 163m2, and height between floors 3m.
FR H1, H2 and H3 represent the three main climatic regions in France
IE MPEPC and MPCPC denote the Maximum Permitted Energy Performance and Maximum Permitted Carbon Performance Coefficients used in the Ireland scheme
NO In Small houses, calculated overall net energy demand is limited to 120+1600/m2 heated floor area.
PL Based on formula EPH+W=73+ΔEP for A/Ve<0.2; EPH+W=55+90 A/Ve+ ΔEP for 0.2< A/Ve<1.05; EPH+W=149.5++ΔEP for A/Ve>1.05 for residential buildings
PT Electricity production efficiency is approx. 0.30. For a 120m2 building, max energy needs (in kWh/m2a ) are 52-117 for heating, 198 for cooling, 38.9 for DHW
SI Requirements by 31.12.2014
SK Based on assumptions for shape factor, internal air temperature, floor to floor height, air change rate, degree days, etc.
UK The UK requirements are based on achieving a % reduction in CO2 emissions over a notional building of the same size/shape.
SE Electric heated buildings divided in three climatic zones: 95, 75, 55 kWh/m2a
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Roof Walls
Floor Window/door
Building envelope insulation requirements
- U values against HDD to
reflect the climatic impact
- In some countries, multiple reqs exist to reflect different climates - Comparison with Ecofys 2007 cost optimality line: 1. Current reqs still
higher than CO levels 2. Mild/warm climates –
higher effort is needed
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
AT In naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 3.0. In mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 1.5.
BE Default value of 12 m3/hm2 is used in methodology if no pressure test is available. Actual test result is used in the calculation
if available
BG In apartments with high airtightness, n50 <2.0 h-1, with medium airtightness n50=2.0-5.0 h-1 and with low n50>5h-1. In SFH with
high airtightness, n50<4.0h-1, with medium airtightness n50=4.0-10.0 h-1 and low airtightness n50>10.0 h-1
CY Not regulated in building codes
CZ Recommended maximum for common buildings is 4.5 h-1, low energy buildings 1.5 h-1 and passive houses 0.6 h-1. For
mechanically ventilated buildings w/o heat recovery 1.5 h-1, with heat recovery 1.0 h-1
DE For naturally ventilated buildings, n50 is 3.0h-1 and for mechanically ventilated buildings, n50 is 1.5h-1
DK Airtightness must be better than 1.5 l/sm2, tested @ 50 Pa
ES Air permeability of windows and doors depend on the climatic zone. For zones A and B (Class 1, 2, 3 and 4), maximum air
permeability is 50m3/hm2. For zones C, D and E (class 2, 3 and 4), maximum air permeability is 27 m3/hm2.
EL Air penetration for the reference building, is taken equal to 5.5 m3/hm2 frame.
EE For small buildings, maximum airtightness is 6 m3/hm2 (for new buildings) and 9 m3/hm2 (for existing buildings). For large
buildings, maximum airtightness is 3 m3/hm2 (for new buildings) and 6 m3/hm2 (for existing buildings).
FI n50 equal to 2.0 is used for reference building heat loss in Finnish Building Code. For EPC, n50 of 4 is considered unless the
measured value is different. Air change rate in new apartments should be at least 0.5 h-1.
FR Airtightness under 4Pa of building envelope is limited to 0.8 m3/hm2 for SFH, 1.2 m3/hm2 for other residential buildings,
offices, hotels educational and health care buildings and 2.5 m3/hm2 for other buildings.
HU Not regulated in building codes
LT For naturally ventilated building, maximum n50=3 1/h, for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50=1.5 1/h
LV Maximum n50 in dwellings is 3 m3/hm2, 4 m3/hm2 in public buildings, 6m3/hm2 for industrial buildings. For ventilated
buildings, maximum n50 is 3m3/hm2.
MT Not regulated in building codes
NL For residential buildings, 200 dm3/s @10 Pa and for non-residential buildings 200 dm3/s per 500m3 @10 Pa
NO Maximum n50 is 3
PT For residential buildings, the requirement is 0.6h-1. Requirements for non residential buildings with mechanical ventilation
exist depending on type of use
SI For naturally ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 3.0, for mechanically ventilated buildings, maximum n50 is 2.0
SK For SFH with high quality windows, maximum n50 is 4 h-1 and for all other buildings is 2 h-1. Other values apply for buildings
with double glazed windows with seals or single glazed windows without seals.
UK Maximum n50=10 m3/hm2
Air tightness levels in building codes
- Thermal performance of buildings directly related to air tightness
- Increasingly important issue as stricter requirements are put in place but not always considered
- Air permeability normally measured using pressure test typically ay 50 Pa (4Pa in FR and 10 Pa in NL)
- Units: m3/hm2, h-1. l/sm2
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Financial instruments for EE in buildings
Screened about 333 financial schemes
Grants/ subsidies/ Funds
Preferential Loans
Tax/Vat incentives
Minimum Requirements/ Penalties
Third party financial/energy service companies
Supplier obligations/white certificate schemes
Levies
Audits
• Wide range of identified financial instruments, from grants to VAT reduction applied to all building typologies.
• Financial support varies considerably from around €1M/a to in excess of €1b/a
• Many schemes targeting specific technologies, such as insulation, boiler scrapage, renewables, and also new
passive buildings.
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Financial instruments for EE in buildings
• Various forms of loans and taxes are usually
available both for individuals as well as
businesses
• Less popular schemes: audits, third party
financing and energy supplier
obligations/white certificate schemes (this
could become mandatory across all EU MSs
if the current proposal in the draft Energy
Efficiency Directive is approved)
• The surveyed measures are encouraging, but many of them are only modest in their ambition, achieving the business-as-usual case in Europe with very few financial instruments providing enough funding for deep renovations.
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Parts 1 & 2
Thank you for your attention!
www.bpie.eu
Panel 1
Future perspectives on data monitoring. What kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established?
Moderation: Rod Janssen, eceee • Yamina Saheb, IEA • Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy • Wolfgang Eichhammer, Fraunhofer Institute • Randall Bowie, BPIE Board • Bruno Lapillonne, EnerData
Presentation to Company name/ Date
Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope
Agenda
9.30 Introduction – Oliver Rapf, BPIE Executive Director 9.40 Key note: EPBD implementation and the challenge for renovating the European building stock , Michaela Holl, EU Commission, DG Energy 9.50 Europe’s Buildings under the Microscope’ (Report Part 1 + Part 2) Where do we stand today?, Marina Economidou, BPIE 10.20 Panel 1: Future perspectives on data monitoring, what kind of monitoring and evaluation schemes should be established? 11. 00 Coffee break 11. 20 European Buildings under the Microscope (Report Part 3) - Developing scenarios and roadmaps
• Modeling and scenarios, Dan Staniaszek, Sustainability Consulting • Policy Recommendations , Marina Economidou, BPIE
12. 00 Panel 2: Designing the way ahead 12.45 Final conclusions (Oliver Rapf, BPIE) 13.00 Lunch
Finding a roadmap towards 2050 Dan Staniaszek Consultant to BPIE
Objective - Design a model to enable the impact of different renovation
profiles to be appraised
Inputs based on:
• Comprehensive analysis of building typologies across three EU
climatic regions
• Energy consumption and expenditure levels
• Current levels of renovation activity
• Costs of achieving different levels of energy saving
• Employment impact of investment in renovation activity
• Emission factors, externalities, discount rates etc
Projections based on:
• Energy price forecasts
• Decarbonisation rates for energy supplies
• Different rates and depths of renovation
• Cost reductions due to increased renovation activity and
technological developments
Modelling the EU Building Stock
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Defining Renovation Depths and Associated Costs
DESCRIPTION
(renovation type)
ENERGY SAVING
(% reduction)
INDICATIVE SAVING
(for modelling purposes)
AVERAGE COST
(€/M2)
Minor 0-30% 15% 60
Moderate 30-60% 45% 140
Deep 60-90% 75% 330
NZEB 90% + 95% 580
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Available Building Stock:
• Demolition rate considered (0,2% p.a.)
• Recent renovations excluded (estimated at 1% of total stock)
• New buildings between 2011-2020 (additional 0,5% p.a.)
Building stock energy performance:
• By age bands (to 1960; 1961-1990; 1991-2010; 2011-2020)
• Residential (older buildings to be renovated as a priority) & Non-residential
• 3 EU Regions based on climate and energy performance characteristics
Discount rates:
• societal (3%)
• private (10%)
• public sector (5%)
Decarbonisation of the power sector- 2 pathways:
• BaU (0,5% p.a.)
• EU 2050 Roadmap (5% p.a. Electricity; 2% other fuels)
Model basic assumptions
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Renovation depths
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
en
ova
tio
ns
by
de
pth
Shallow Renovation Path
NZEB
deep
moderate
minor
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Renovation depths
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
en
ova
tio
ns
by
de
pth
Intermediate Renovation Path
NZEB
deep
moderate
minor
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
0%
20%
40%
60%
80%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
en
ova
tio
ns
by
de
pth
Deep Renovation Path
NZEB
deep
moderate
minor
Renovation depths
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
2010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050
% r
en
ova
tio
ns
by
de
pth
2-stage Renovation Path
moderate to NZEB
minor to deep
NZEB
deep
moderate
minor
Renovation depths
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Renovation speeds
Renovation rates profiles considered over time
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Internal rate of return
10.1% 12.4% 12.5% 11.8% 13.4%
Lifetime Financial Impact for consumers (present value)
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
Baseline
Slow & Shallow
Medium
Deep
2 Stages
Annual energy savings
inve
stm
ents
Ener
gy c
ost
sa
vin
gs
Net savings
con
sum
er
soci
ety
Decarbonisation pathway
Fast Slow
savi
ngs
savi
ngs
Jobs Results
2050
abat
emen
t co
st
abat
emen
t co
st
365 164 187 23 1226 742 -20 182 -89 0,2
1373 343 530 187
4884
821 -74 410 -196 0,5
1975 551 851 300
7015
868 -103 547 -221 0,70
2795 937 1,318 381
9767
932 -136 732 -238
1,1
2,896 584 1,058 474
10680
939 -151
755 -255
0,8
TWh/y €bn €bn €bn €bn MtCO2/a €/tCO2 MtCO2/a €/tCO2 Mjobs/yr
-90%
-73% -91%
-71%
-84% -53%
-80% -40%
-72% -18% -9%
-34%
-48%
-68%
-71%
Energy Savings
compared to today
Better information needed on:
• Current levels of renovation activity
• Costs of achieving different levels of energy saving
– especially in non-residential buildings
• Cost reduction trajectories (learning curve)
• Building stock in the public sector
Running the model at Member State level:
• More accurate/disaggregated data should be available
• UK possibly the first national model run
Improving the Model
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Finding a roadmap towards 2050
EUROPE’S BUILDINGS UNDER THE MICROSCOPE Policy recommendations
Key policy recommendations (1)
Need for setting up an EU Renovation roadmap
• Long-term, binding measures
• Interim and long-term targets (2020,2030,2050)
• Monitoring and reporting plans
• Integration with ESD and NEEAPs
• Definition of renovation depth/indicator of
renovation activity
MS renovation plans
• Detailed deep renovation plans
• Regulatory, financial, informational & training
measures
Better Financing
• EU Deep Renovation Fund (at EIB)
• More measures at MS level
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Policy recommendations
• Ensure that the public sector takes a leading role in the renovation
process
• Strengthen the implementation of the buildings energy certification and
audit schemes
• Remove the market barriers and administrative bottlenecks, to further
support the ESCOs and to develop a well-functioning energy services
market
• Training & education for improving the skills in the construction industry
and in other related sectors
Key policy recommendations (2)
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Policy recommendations
Key policy recommendations (3)
Data collection
• Need for a reliable and continuous collection;
• Close data gaps;
• Exploit other sources such as EPC database;
• Harmonisation wherever possible
Compliance/enforcement
• More ambitious building codes requirements in
the renovation activities is important
• But also better monitoring/compliance and
enforcement
Europe’s buildings under the microscope
Policy recommendations
Panel 2
Designing the way ahead Moderation: Oliver Rapf
• Frank Faraday, European Construction Industry Federation • Adrian Joyce, EuroAce • Josefina Lindblom, EU Commission, DG Environment • Sorcha Edwards, Cecodhas • Vera Höfele, Wuppertal Institute
Final Conclusions Oliver Rapf, Executive Director BPIE