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Welcome! Please get out objectives #21-25 for a stamp. Add new insights with a different colored pen!
Let’s set the stage!Brainstorm: Niger vs. NetherlandsWhy are developing nations growing
and developed nations shrinking?
Demographics continued:Finding solutions/stabilizing populations
Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues
The big 5:◦Better nutrition◦Better sanitation◦Better health care◦Girl’s education◦Women’s economic opportunities
Family Planning program components
Information about birth control/contraception
Family planning program components
Information about spacing/timing of children◦ At least two years◦ Allows mother to
recuperate◦ Infant gets attention
Information about nursing◦ Antibodies passed
to infant◦ Reduces mother’s
fertility
Family Planning Program components
Basic health care – vaccinations
Importance of clean water
Nutrition◦ Prenatal◦ Infant and child
Two countries, two strategies
India – World’s first family planning program
China – One family one child policy
India’s program
1952Family planning componentsSterilizations no longer emphasizedEmphasis on education on birth
control, health care
Why only a boy? Are these not girls?
English translation: For a healthy family, wait three years before your second child. You can get these family-planning methods from government health workers, hospitals, and health centers for free.
So why isn’t it working better?Limited success: extreme
poverty, low status of women, program inefficiencies
Two countries, two strategies
TFR – 2.51.5% growth rateIMR 50Life expectancy
65/63Literacy 74%/88%Woman’s death in
childbirth 230/100,000
Married by 18 yrs: 47%
TFR – 1.5.5% growth rateIMR 17Life expectancy
77/72Literacy 99%/99%Woman’s death in
childbirth 38/100,000
Married by 18 yrs: --
China – one family, one child
Incentives to one child families
Birth of second child revokes incentives
Intensive family planning
Exceptions
China’s Drop in TFRGrassroots
movementWomen’s
education and economic opportunity
Focus on sanitation, nutrition, health care
One child prosperous life
It is better to marry and have children later
Humanitarian and societal concerns regarding China’s policy
Male to female ratioLittle Emperor Syndrome/4-2-1
problem
“China has too many bachelors” by Tyjen Tsai Jan 2012
“China's "one-child" population policy has resulted in a number of unique demographic events and transitions, including an imbalance of the sex ratio at birth. Millions of "extra" boys have been born: Already, 41 million bachelors will not have women to marry. If nothing is done to change this trend, Poston noted, by 2020 there will be 55 million extra boys in China.”
The sex ratio at birth in several countries today is out of balance, due to four factors: rapid fertility transition, son preference, available technology to determine the sex of the fetus, and physical and cultural ease of access to abortion. The rapid pace of fertility transition has given China little time to change a cultural norm of favoring sons.
A sex ratio at birth of 105 males for every 100 females is average. There are slight differences in trends and patterns, by year, by age of mother, live birth order, and race/ethnicity of the mother. "The reason you need 105 boys—and this is perhaps a demographic universal—is because of the longevity, the survival advantage that women have," Poston said. "So by the time they marry, there's a balance." The sex ratio at birth in China is 120 males per 100 females.
“Little emperor syndrome” or the4-2-1 problem
Long-term care for the elderly, traditionally provided at home in China by adult children (especially by daughters-in-law), will become increasingly less feasible in coming decades when parents of the first generation of the one-child policy start reaching old age and retiring. These singletons will face the need to care for two parents and often four grandparents without siblings with whom to share the responsibility, a problem sometimes referred to in China as the "4-2-1 problem."
Slowing population growth – addressing underlying issues:How do India and China compare?
The big 5:◦Better nutrition◦Better sanitation◦Better health care◦Girl’s education◦Women’s economic opportunities