Welcome to A&P!!

Chapter 1

The Human Body – An Orientation

Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts

Physiology – study of how the body and its parts work or function

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Gross Anatomy Large structures Easily observable

Figure 14.4

Anatomy – Levels of Study

Microscopic Anatomy Very small

structures Can only be

viewed with a microscope

Check Point

Define Anatomy and Physiology

Explain how they are related

3 minutes!!!

Figure 1.1

Levels of Structural Organization

Characteristics of Life1. Movement – external/internal2. Responsiveness – stimulus/response3. Growth – size4. Reproduction – making a new individual5. Respiration – energy (obtaining oxygen)6. Digestion – chemical substances into simpler forms7. Absorption – movement through membranes8. Circulation – movement within body fluids9. Assimilation – absorbed substances changed into

different forms10. Excretion – removal of wastes

Figure 1.2a

Organ System Overview

Integumentary Forms the external body

covering Protects deeper tissue from

injury Synthesizes vitamin D Location of cutaneous

nerve receptors

Figure 1.2b

Organ System Overview

Skeletal Protects and supports

body organs Provides muscle

attachment for movement Site of blood cell

formation Stores mineral

Figure 1.2c

Organ System Overview

Muscular Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat

Figure 1.2d

Organ System Overview

Nervous Fast-acting control

system Responds to internal and

external change Activates muscles and

glands

Figure 1.2e

Organ System Overview

Endocrine Secretes regulatory

hormones Growth Reproduction Metabolism

Figure 1.2f

Organ System Overview

Cardiovascular Transports materials in body

via blood pumped by heart Oxygen Carbon dioxide Nutrients Wastes

Organ System Overview

Lymphatic Returns fluids to blood

vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity

Figure 1.2g

Organ System Overview

Respiratory Keeps blood supplied

with oxygen Removes carbon

dioxide

Figure 1.2h

Organ System Overview

Digestive Breaks down food Allows for nutrient

absorption into blood Eliminates

indigestible material

Figure 1.2i

Organ System Overview

Urinary Eliminates nitrogenous

wastes Maintains acid – base

balance Regulates water and

electrolytes

Figure 1.2j

Organ System Overview

Reproductive Production

of offspring

Figure 1.2k

Check Point Name the levels of structural organization

that make up the human body, and explain how they are related.

Name the major functions of each organ system of the body, briefly state the major functions of each system

Classify by organ system all organs discussed.

Necessary Life Functions Maintain Boundaries Movement

Locomotion Movement of substances

Responsiveness Ability to sense changes and react

Digestion Break-down and delivery of nutrients

Necessary Life Functions

Metabolism – chemical reactions within the body Production of energy Making body structures

Excretion Elimination of waste from metabolic

reactions

Necessary Life Functions

Reproduction Production of future generation

Growth Increasing of cell size and number

Survival Needs

Nutrients Chemicals for energy and cell building Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,

vitamins, and minerals

Oxygen Required for chemical reactions

Survival Needs

Water 60–80% of body weight Provides for metabolic reaction

Stable body temperature Atmospheric pressure must be

appropriate

Homeostasis

Maintenance of a stable internal environment = a dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostasis must be maintained for normal body functioning and to sustain life

Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease

Overview of Homeostasis

Figure 1.4

Maintaining Homeostasis

The body communicates through neural and hormonal control systems Receptor

Responds to changes in the environment (stimuli)

Sends information to control center

Maintaining Homeostasis Control center

Determines set point Analyzes information Determines appropriate response

Effector Provides a means for response to the

stimulus

Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback Includes most homeostatic control

mechanisms Shuts off the original stimulus, or

reduces its intensity Works like a household thermostat

Feedback Mechanisms

Positive feedback Increases the original stimulus to push

the variable farther In the body this only occurs in blood

clotting and birth of a baby

Check Point List the functions that humans must

perform to maintain life.

List the survival needs of the human body.

Define Homeostasis and explain importance. What is negative feedback?

Anatomical Terminology

Anatomical position = standing erect face forward upper limbs at side palms forward

The Language of Anatomy

Special terminology is used to prevent misunderstanding

Exact terms are used for: Position Direction Regions Structures

Organization of the Human Body 2 portions

1. axial portion = head, neck, trunk

2. appendicular portion = arms & legs

Relative positions

Superior: inferior anterior posterior medial lateral proximal distal superficial deep

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1

Orientation and Directional Terms

Table 1.1 (cont)

Body Landmarks

Anterior

Figure 1.5a

Body Landmarks

Posterior

Figure 1.5b

Body Planes

Figure 1.6

Body Cavities

Figure 1.7

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Figure 1.8a

Abdominopelvic Regions

Figure 1.8b

Abdominopelvic Major Organs

Figure 1.8c

Know these Body Regions Nasal Cephalic Orbital Carpal Digital Gluteal Pectoral Lumbar Acromial Frontal Crural Umbilical

Femoral Sternal Vetebral Brachial Mammory Cervical Plantar Coxal Sacral Axillary Cubital

Check Point:

What is the anatomical position? What are the anatomical terminology

to describe body directions, surfaces, and body planes?

What are the major body cavaties, list the chief organs in each cavity?