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Classical conditioning !!!!!
Learning
YES LEARNING !
Wave Four: Behaviorism• Behaviorism – ignored mental processes and
studied only observable behavior– Believe behavior is LEARNED through conditioning or
through observation• Classical Conditioning• Pavlov• John B. Watson
• Operant Conditioning– B.F. Skinner
• Observational Learning– Bandura
Learning• Long lasting change in a subjects behavior
brought about by repeated experiences
in that situation
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning• Ivan Pavlov• Conducted 1st experiments
in associative learning• Most known for studies in
classical conditioning• Studied Digestion of Dogs.– Dogs would salivate before
they were given food (triggered by sounds, lights etc…)
– Dogs must have LEARNED to salivate.
Classical Conditioning• Respondent Behavior -
actions that are automatic responses to a stimulus (Involuntary)– Passive learning (learner does
not have to think)– Learning associations between
events learner does not control
• First thing you need is a unconditional relationship.
• Unconditional Stimulus (UCS)- something that elicits a natural, reflexive response.– Example
• Unconditional Response (UCR)- response to the UCS.– Example
Classical Conditioning• Next you find a neutral stimulus - something
that by itself elicits no response– Example
• You present the stimulus with the UCS a whole bunch of times.
Classical Conditioning• After a while, the body
begins to link together the neutral stimulus with the UCS.
• Acquisition – initial learning of stimulus response relationship
Classical Conditioning• Once learning takes
place…• Neutral stimulus
becomes the conditioned stimulus (CS) • Example:
• unconditioned response becomes the conditioned response (CR)• Hint: conditioned
response is always the same as the unconditioned response
• Example:
Timing Matters • Delayed Conditioning: present CS, while CS is still there,
present UCS.• Trace Conditioning: present CS, short break, then present
UCS.• Simultaneous Conditioning: CS and UCS are presented at
the same time.• Backward Conditioning: UCS is presented, then CS is
presented.
Popular Classical Conditioning Examples
Two and a half men and Pavlov’s Bar
Classical Conditioning as portrayed in The Office.
See if you can identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR.
Classical Conditioning• Learning exists
because the CS is now linked to the UCS…again this is called ACQUISITION.• Example:
• Acquisition does not last forever
Extinction• EXTINCTION -
diminishing of a conditioned response• Occurs when CS is
no longer associated with the UCS,
• Example:
Spontaneous Recovery• Spontaneous Recovery –
the reappearance of a CR, after a pause, once it has been extinguished– Sometimes, after
extinction, the CR still randomly appears after the CS is presented.
– Occurs only after extinction has occurred
• Example
Generalization and DiscriminationGeneralization
• Something is so similar to the CS that you get a CR.
Discrimination• Something different to
the CS so you do not get a CR.
Example: Example: