Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note

A Guide to AS/NZS ISO 9606-1:2017

TGN-SG01

www.weldaustralia.com.au

Weld Australia Technical Guidance Note | A Guide to AS/NZS ISO 9606-1:2017 | © 2018 2

ForewordThis Technical Guidance Note contains basic information relevant to the qualification of welders using AS/NZS ISO 9606-1. It is designed to be read in conjunction with the standard, and, to assist users in understanding its requirements. It also includes the latest information from the ISO drafting Committee to aid in its application and understanding.

Future RevisionsThis Technical Guidance Note will be revised from time to time and comments aimed at improving its value to industry will be welcome. This publication is copyright and extracts from this publication shall not be reprinted or published without the Publisher’s express consent.

DisclaimerWhile every effort has been made and all reasonable care taken to ensure the accuracy of the material contained herein, the authors, editors and publishers of this publication shall not be held to be liable or responsible in any way whatsoever and expressly disclaim any liability or responsibility for any loss or damage costs or expenses howsoever caused incurred by any person whether the purchaser of this work or otherwise including but without in any way limiting any loss or damage costs or expenses incurred as a result of or in connection with the reliance whether whole or partial by any person as aforesaid upon any part of the contents of this Technical Guidance Note. Should expert assistance be required, the services of a competent professional person should be sought.

EditorMr Bruce CannonTechnical Publications Manager, Weld Australia

Weld AustraliaABN 69 003 696 526Building 3, Level 3, Pymble Corporate Centre20 Bridge Street, Pymble, NSW 2073PO Box 197, Macquarie Park BC, NSW 1670Phone: +61 (0)2 8748 0100www.weldaustralia.com.au

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About Weld AustraliaWho We AreWeld Australia represents the welding profession in Australia. Our members are made up of individual welding professionals and companies of all sizes. Weld Australia members are involved almost every facet of Australian industry and make a significant contribution to the nation’s economy.

Our primary goal is to ensure that the Australian welding industry remains both locally and globally competitive, both now and into the future.

A not-for-profit, membership-based organisation, Weld Australia is dedicated to providing our members with a competitive advantage through access to industry, research, education, certification, government, and the wider industrial community.

Weld Australia is the Australian representative member of the International Institute of Welding (IIW).

Our MissionOur mission is to represent the interests of members and safeguard the public by ensuring the integrity of in-service welds, and to promote the use of best practice technology and quality systems.

Our Value PropositionWeld Australia generates revenue through its commercial activities which is then reinvested back into the welding community for the benefit of members.

Weld Australia brings individual and company members together to deliver:• A forum for the exchange of ideas and the sharing of resources• A voice to promote the interests of the welding community and shape the market for welding services• Specialist technical problem solving and a conduit between industry and research organisations• A pathway for learning and career development and the opportunity to benchmark against world’s

best practice

Our ServicesWeld Australia provides:

• Events and Seminars• Technical Publications• Technical Support and Advisory Services• Project Management• Professional Development• Qualification and Certification

Real Solutions to Real Problems…Weld Australia has a team of highly qualified welding engineers and technologists available to provide expert advisory services on all welding related matters. With expertise in a wide range of industries, ranging from biotechnology to heavy engineering we have a unique capability to solve your welding problems.

Our advice can help you substantially increase the operational life of your plant and equipment and thereby reduce your maintenance and repair overheads.

Further InformationFor further information about Weld Australia and how we can help your business, please visit: www.weldaustralia.com.au.

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A Guide to AS/NZS ISO 9606-1:20071.0 IntroductionIn 2017, ISO 9606-1 was reviewed and adopted as AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 by Standards Australia. Importantly, it has many similarities to the 2007 edition of AS/NZS 2980. The 2007 edition of AS/NZS 2980 whilst being based on ISO requirements at the time of publication was not identical although many of the ISO principles within were followed.

Unlike most traditional Australian and North American welder qualification standards codes, AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 is not industry-specific and can therefore be utilised across a range of applications and industries, include for the manufacture and repair of pressure equipment. It is anticipated that as the original ISO standard is improved and developed, Australia will adopt the changes and as a consequence, it is likely that in the medium term standards such as AS/NZS 2980 (revised in 2018) will be superseded by AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

2.0 HistoryISO 9606-1 was initially published in 1994, having been based on its European predecessor, EN 287-1. In 2004, whilst revising the Australian standard AS 2980, the drafting committee took cognisance of ISO 9606-1, incorporating many of its requirements into the draft. Consideration was given to adopting ISO 9606-1 at the time but this option was rejected due to a number of identified technical shortcomings within.

Following a request from New Zealand, AS 2980 was co-jointed in 2007 allowing New Zealand to progressively withdraw two of its aging welder qualification standards, NZS 4711 and NZS 4703. It should be noted that NZS 4711 had a similar approach to the 2004 edition of AS 2980 and likewise, ISO 9606-1, in that both standards allowed for a 2 year validation period, simplifying the standards jointing process in 2007 and allowing the NZS 4711 qualifications to be validated (prolonged) as defined within AS/NZS 2980:2007.

In 2012, ISO completed its revision of ISO 9606-1, taking cognisance of the objections to earlier drafts by countries including Australia, Canada, and the USA. Whilst some of the changes included in ISO 9606-1:2012 were included within AS/NZS 2980:2007, other significant changes were made by ISO and are published within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

The followings sections describe the requirements of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

3.0 GeneralAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 is similar in format and includes many of the requirements of AS/NZS 2980:2007. Whilst there is considerable alignment between the two standards, there are differences to be aware of which arose due to the need for ISO to take appropriate cognisance of Australian and North American practices not considered in the 1994 edition of ISO 9606-1. The key differences and similarities are described within Weld Australia’s Technical Guidance Note TGN-SG02.

This said, AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 has similar requirements to many other welder qualification standards. The specific requirements of the standard are discussed in detail in the following sections.

3.1 TerminologyThe terminology used in AS/NZS ISO 9606-1, being ISO based, is similar to that used in Australian industry but there are differences for the user to be aware of. These are:1. The generic term gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is used in Australia in lieu of ISO’s metal inert gas (MIG) with a

solid wire or metal active gas (MAG) with a solid wire. Notes: 1. The term MIG is also commonly used in Australia irrespective of the shielding gas type used. 2. Active gases include carbon dioxide (CO2) or argon (Ar) with additions of CO2 and/or oxygen (O2).

2. The term flux cored arc welding (FCAW) is used in Australia in lieu of ISO’s use of tubular cored arc welding or MAG welding with a flux cored electrode.

3. The generic term gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) is used in Australia in lieu of ISO’s tungsten inert gas (TIG), although the term TIG is also commonly utilised within industry.

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4.0 Essential Variables and Range of QualificationIn most respects, the essential variables within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 are similar to those found in other welder qualifications standards with the exception that the Material group variable has been replaced by the Filler material group giving the user a broader range of qualification within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1. A change in arc transfer characteristics (not present in the 1994 edition of ISO 9606-1) also applies consistent with Australian and North American practices.

4.1 Welding ProcessesThe welding processes applicable to AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 have been expanded beyond those originally specified within ISO 9606-1:1994 but remain restricted to those where the welding torch (or electrode holder) can be primarily manipulated by the welder. For the mechanised and/or automated processes, AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 refers to ISO 14732.

Joints may be welded as single process joints or multi-process joints (see Table 1 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1). The following should be noted:

Figure 1a: Welding processes in combination also qualifies each process singly Notes:

1. Process 1 root pass (deposit thickness s1 ), process 2 for fill & cap (deposit thickness s2 ):2. Combination joint has its own thickness range qualified (s1 + s2 )3. Each process has its own essential variable limits

Figure 1b: Welding processes qualified singly also qualifies the combination Notes:

1. Process 1 root pass (deposit thickness s1 ), process 3 or 4 for fill & cap (deposit thickness s2 ):2. Combination joint has its own thickness range qualified (s1 + s2 )3. Each process has its own essential variable limits

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In multi-process joints, each process also automatically qualifies as an individual single process joints based on the thickness of weld metal deposited for each process (Figure 1a). Similarly, process joints qualified singly can be used to qualify in combination (Figure 1b). It is important to note that text describing the option shown in Figure 1b is missing from Table 1 in AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

Welders utilising the options shown in Table 1 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 may be issued certificates of test for the combination qualified as well as each individual process without additional testing.

4.2 Product TypeTwo types of product are included within the standards, these being plate (including angles and rolled sections) and pipe (including rolled hollow sections and tubulars).

4.3 Type of WeldThe standard AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 describes three types of welds – butt welds, fillet welds and branch connections, each with separate qualification requirements. Whilst welders who qualified on butt welds are deemed to qualify for fillet welds in AS/NZS 3992 for example, the option is not available within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 due to observed difficulties of welders qualified for butt welds not being able to achieve root penetration in fillet welded joints. These difficulties have also been widely observed in Australia.

AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 provides two options for welders to qualify for a butt weld in combination with a fillet weld, these being either:

a) Welding a single or 3-pass fillet in the joint shown below prior to completion of the butt joint; or

Note: This joint diagram (reproduced from Annex C of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1) has been corrected for erroneous or missing dimensions. The test shown originated from the Canadian standard CSA W47.1.

b) Welding a single pass supplementary fillet weld test piece in the PB (i.e. HV or 2F) position. This option also qualifies welders for multilayer fillet welds (see Table 12 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1), and fillet joints based in the positions that the butt weld was qualified in. For example, a welder who qualifies to a butt weld in the overhead position who then welds a supplementary fillet joint in the HV position is also qualified to weld fillet welds as if the fillet joint was welded in the overhead position.

For applications that cannot be qualified by a butt, fillet or a branch connection, a specific test piece appropriate to the welded joint should be utilised e.g. weld surfacing of plate.

4.4 Filler Material GroupingsA major change incorporated within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 was the change from a parent material based grouping to a 6-tier filler material system providing the welder with the opportunity to access a broader range of qualification based upon consumable composition and useability factors. The groups are:• FM1 – Non-alloy and fine grain steels• FM2 – High-strength steels• FM3 – Creep-resisting steels Cr < 3.75%• FM4 – Creep resisting steels 3.75 ≤ Cr ≤ 12%• FM5 – Stainless and heat-resisting allows• FM6 – Nickel and nickel alloys

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Welding with a filler material of one group also qualifies the welder for qualifying all materials within that group and other groups as shown in Table 3 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1. Most notably, welders who qualify on FM1 type consumables are also qualified to weld with FM2 consumables and vice versa.

Users should note that for consumables that do not have an ISO classification, the above groups still apply.Parent material is not an essential variable and the welder is permitted to qualify using FM5 filler for example onto a carbon steel weldment to minimise the cost of welder qualification.

4.5 Filler Material TypesRange of filler material qualification is defined within Table 4 and 5 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1, and remains unchanged from that previously published. Specifically:• Cellulosic covered consumables qualifies cellulosic coverings only.• Rutile and other non-basic coverings qualifies all non-basic coverings (except cellulosic coverings).• Basic covering qualifies for all coverings other than cellulosic.• Solid wire (and rod) qualifies for solid wire and metal cored wire and vice versa.• Rutile and other non-basic flux cored electrodes qualifies all non-basic flux cored electrodes (other than metal

core).• Basic flux cored electrode qualifies for all other cored electrodes (other than metal core).

Note: AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 treats metal cored FCAW wires similarly to solid wires.

4.6 DimensionsThe basis of thickness range qualified for butt welds within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 is based on the thickness of weld metal deposited. The actual ranges qualified remain largely unchanged from the 1994 edition of ISO 9606-1 and are similar to those of AS/NZS 2980:2007. By basing the thickness range qualified on the thickness of weld metal deposited, there is clarity around the range qualified particularly for multi-process joints and for incomplete penetration butt welds for example.

For welds in pipes, there has been confusion over the range of pipe outside diameter qualified. The ISO drafting committee has clarified that:• D ≤ 25 mm qualifies welder over the range D to 2D• D > 25mm to D ≤ 50 mm qualifies welder for D ≥ 25mm• D ≥ 50mm qualifies welder ≥ 0.5D

It should be noted that unlike butt welds, fillet welds are qualified based on the material thickness tested. In most instances, it is only for thicknesses less than 3mm that a restrictive range applies.

4.7 Welding PositionsThe weld positions qualified are consistent with more challenging positions qualifying for easier positions, consistent with Australian standards and ASME IX. Likewise, butt and fillet welded joints require separate qualification. For pipe welds, the option is included to weld two pipes in say the PH and PC position to qualify for welding in the H-L045 (6G) position and vice versa.

4.8 Weld DetailsQualifications regarding backing materials include options for no backing, material backing, welding from both sides, gas backing, consumable inserts and flux backing within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

Range of qualification based on layer technique for fillet welds remains common to that published in other standards with the exception that a welder who qualifies on a butt weld and welds a supplementary HV (PC or 2F) fillet, are also qualified for both single pass and multipass fillet welds.

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4.9 Examination & Testing4.91 ExaminationThe examination requirements within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 in terms of supervision and general requirements are similar to those typically specified in other standards.

4.9.2 Test PiecesMinimum test piece length for butt and fillet welds in plates is ≥ 200mm within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1. Longer test pieces may be used if required but not shorter. For pipe joints, where the minimum test length is less than 150mm, multiple test pieces may need to be welded.

4.9.3 Welding ConditionsAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 requires that the test weld be made by the welder following a suitably qualified weld procedure (WPS), or draft procedure (pWPS), provided that the latter is successfully qualified in conjunction with the weld test. AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 requires that the procedure be prepared in accordance with ISO 15609-1 or ISO 15609-2. This does not necessarily require the procedure to be qualified to ISO standards, rather these ISO standards specify the parameters that must be recorded on the WPS once qualified. Provided that the procedure being followed by the welder contains all requirements needed by the welder to reproduce the weld as specified within the appropriate application standard (e.g. AS/NZS 3992, AS/NZS 1554.1 etc), the only additional parameters that need to be reported are the ISO/TR 15608 parent material group numbers (including sub-group numbers) and the welding process numbers as these details are recorded on the welders certificate of test.

4.9.4 Test MethodsTest requirements are specified in Table 13 of AS/NZS ISO 9606—1. To assist the user in navigating the requirements of the qualifying notes to the table, the test method options are summarised as follows: a. Butt welds:

• VT + RT; or, Note: If RT used with GMAW, FCAW (metal core only) or oxy-acetylene processes, additional bend or fracture tests required (Cl 6.5.2.4).

• VT + UT (≥ 8mm ferritic steel only); or,• VT + bend tests; or,• VT + fracture tests; or,• VT + notched tensile test (pipe with OD ≤25mm only).

b. Fillet and branch welds:• VT + fracture tests; or,• VT + macros; or;• VT + RT (pipe only).

Notes:1. Bend test: ISO test method is ISO 5173, Australian test method is AS 2205.3.1.2. Fracture test: ISO test method is ISO 9017, Australian method for butt welds is AS 2205.4.1 (Nick-break test) and for fillet welds is AS2205.4.2

(Fillet-break test). ISO 9017 provides alternative notch profiles not available within AS 2205.3. Macro test: ISO test method is ISO 17639, Australian test method is AS 2205.5.1.4. Radiographic test: ISO test method is ISO 17636, AS 2177 is the Australian test method. The methods are not identical and cannot be

substituted.5. Ultrasonic test: ISO method is ISO 17640. AS 2207 is the Australian test method. The methods are not identical and cannot be substituted.6. Visual test: ISO test method is ISO 17637, Australian method is AS 3978.7. The Australian test methods for bend testing, fracture testing, macro testing and visual examination (VT), are similar to the ISO methods

specified within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1, and provide similar technical outcomes. In some cases, the ISO test methods provide for alternative test details not available under AS 2205 or other test methodologies.

8. For radiographic (RT) and ultrasonic (UT) examinations, the specified ISO methods must be utilised if the weld procedure being followed by the welder is qualified to ISO standards. If the procedure was qualified to standards such as AS/NZS 1554.1, AS/NZS 3992 or other Australian standards then the Australian RT or UT test method must be used.

The appropriate standard for the method of test will vary. In most cases, the ISO specified tests should be utilised where AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 is being followed, even though in many cases the AS 2205 standard series tests can be substituted.

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Where radiography or ultrasonic examination is required, the method of test associated with the weld test acceptance criteria standard must be followed. For example, if either AS/NZS 1554.1or AS/NZS 3992 is applicable, the methods specified within AS 2177 or AS 2207 must be used. If ISO 5817 is specified for test acceptance, then the ISO methods specified in ISO 17636 or ISO 17640 must be used.

4.10 Acceptance RequirementsTest acceptance criteria specified within clause 7 of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1, and is based on ISO 5817 unless alternative criteria is specified.

For example, AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 can utilise AS/NZS 1554.1 for structural applications, and as specified within AS/NZS 3992 for pressure equipment applications.

4.11 Re-testsAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 allows for the welder to repeat the test once without additional training.

4.12 Period of Validity4.12.1 Confirmation of ValidityAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 provides a method of confirmation of validity every six months and in all cases, the basic requirements are similar. The period of validity may be extended every six months up to the limits as indicated below.Extending the period of validity every six months is also consistent with the requirements of Australian application standards such as the AS/NZS 1554 series and AS/NZS 3992.

4.12.2 Revalidation/Prolongation of QualificationAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 offers three methods of revalidation of the welders test certificate. In summary, the methods are:1. Japanese method – The welder’s qualification test certificate remains valid for up to three years after which the

welder must be retested.2. European method – The welder’s qualification test certificate remains valid for up to two years. To revalidate

the certificate, two welds produced in the previous 6 months must be tested as per the original requirements, reproducing the original test conditions other than thickness and outside diameter.

3. USA method – The welder’s qualification test is valid indefinitely provided that the certificate is reconfirmed every six months, the employers quality program is verified as compliant with ISO 3834-2 or ISO 3834-3, and the welder has not changed employer.

4.13 Welder’s Qualification Test CertificateAll standards require a certificate of test to be issued to the welder. An electronic certificate is also acceptable. Requirements that need to be specified are similar however the format used is at the discretion of the examining body.

Usually only one certificate is issued per test, but in the case of a multi-process joint, certificates for each process may be issued as well as the certificate for joint as a whole.

4.14 DesignationAS/NZS ISO 9606-1 requires that a designation consisting of abbreviations or symbols associated with test parameters used be recorded on the welder’s certificate of test. Recording of the designation then enables the certificate reviewer to ascertain the basis of qualification of the welder from the coding used, or alternatively, by recording this information, it enables the fabricator to rapidly search for welders with specific attributes of test.

4.15 Job KnowledgeJob knowledge requirements within AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 are optional, and whilst syllabus items are as defined within its Annex B, it is noted that these items remain consistent with the AS 1796 theory syllabus competency requirements. Welders with who have successfully completed the existing the AS 1796 theory examination can usually be deemed to comply by the examiner or examining body.

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5.0 Transition RequirementsWelders who have valid AS/NZS 2980:2007 qualification test certificates are able to transition to AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 when prolongation (or validation) falls due. The following apply:1. AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 allows welders to transition directly from national standards however the terms and

conditions of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 apply for the transition process. In situations where the welder may not have had two welds tested that reproduce the original weld test conditions (excluding thickness and pipe diameter (where relevant)), it may be simpler (and cheaper) for the fabricator to simply opt to retest the welder.

2. Welders qualified to weld both butt and fillet welds under AS/NZS 2980:2007 will need undertake a fillet weld test to maintain both the fillet and butt weld qualifications, unless the welder can demonstrate the ability to satisfactorily produce fillet welds from those produced and tested in the previous six months – see item 1 above.

3. In cases where the welder qualifications are transitioning from AS/NZS 2980:2007, fabricators who are required to routinely radiograph or ultrasonically examine their welds may prefer to remain with the two year validation method, or, for example, transition to the three year retest method during the transition period irrespective of the application of AS/NZS ISO 9606-1.

6.0 ReferencesStandards referenced in this note include the following:

1. AS 1796 Certification of welders and welding supervisors2. AS 2205 Method for destructive testing of welds in metal3. AS 2980:1987 Qualification of arc-welders for welding of steels4. AS/NZS 2980:2007 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels5. AS/NZS 2980:2018 Qualification of welders for fusion welding of steels — Additional requirements for

Australian and New Zealand6. AS/NZS ISO 9606-1 Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels7. AS/NZS 3992 Pressure equipment—Welding and brazing qualification8. NZS 4703 Welder qualification tests for stainless steel pipe for the dairy industry9. NZS 4711 Qualification tests for metal-arc welders10. AWS D1.1 Structural welding code—Steel11. ISO 5817 Welding — Fusion-welded joints in steel, nickel, titanium and their alloys (beam welding excluded)

— Quality levels for imperfections12. ISO 9606-1:2012 Qualification testing of welders — Fusion welding — Part 1: Steels13. ISO 14732 Welding personnel — Qualification testing of welding operators and weld setters for mechanized

and automatic welding of metallic materials14. ISO 15609-1 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding

procedure specification — Part 1: Arc welding15. ISO 15609-2 Specification and qualification of welding procedures for metallic materials — Welding

procedure specification — Part 1: Gas welding16. ISO/TR 15608 Welding — Guidelines for a metallic materials grouping system17. CSA W47.1 Certification of companies for fusion welding of steel18. EN 287-1 Qualification test of welders—Fusion welding—Part 1: Steels

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Weld Australia Technical NotesTN 1 - The Weldability of SteelsGives guidance on the preheat and heat input conditions (run size, current, voltage) required for acceptable welds and to avoid cold cracking in a wide variety of steels. The Note is applicable to a wide range of welding processes.

TN 2 - Successful Welding of AluminiumThis note covers the major welding processes as they are used for the welding and repair of aluminium and its alloys. Information is given on the processes, equipment, consumables and techniques. It also provides information on the range of alloys available and briefly covers safety, quality assurance, inspection and testing, costing and alternative joining processes.

TN 3 - Care and Conditioning of Arc Welding ConsumablesGives the basis and details for the correct care, storage and conditioning of welding consumables to control hydrogen and to ensure high quality welding.

TN 4 - The Industry Guide to Hardfacing for the Control of WearDescribes wear mechanisms and gives guidance on the selection of hardfacing consumables and processes for a wide range of applications. Includes Australian Hardfacing Suppliers Compendium 1998.

TN 5 - Flame Cutting of SteelsGives a wealth of practical guidance on flame cutting including detailed procedures for efficient cutting, selection of equipment and gases, practices for identifying and curing defective cutting, methods of maximising economy and other important guidance on the use of steels with flame cut surfaces.

TN 6 - Control of Lamellar TearingDescribes the features and mechanisms of this important mode of failure and the means of controlling tearing through suitable design, material selection, fabrication and inspection. Acceptance standards, repair methods, specification requirements and methods of investigation are proposed. Four appendices give details on the mechanism, material factors, tests for susceptibility and the important question of restraint.

TN 7 - Health and Safety in WeldingProvides information on all aspects of health and safety in welding and cutting. Designed to provide this information in such a way that it is readily useable for instruction in the shop and to provide guidance to management. Recommendations are given for safe procedures to be adopted in a wide variety of situations in welding fabrication.

TN 8 - Economic Design of WeldmentsPrinciples and guidance are given on methods and procedures for optimising design of weldments and welded joints and connections to maximise economy in welding fabrication. Factors influencing the overall cost of weldments which need to be considered at the design stage are discussed.

TN 9 - Welding Rate in Arc Welding Processes: Part 1 MMAWGives practical guidance and information on the selection of welding conditions to improve productivity during manual metal arc welding (MMAW). Graphs are provided showing rates as a function of weld size. The graphs enable a direct comparison of different types of welding electrodes when used for butt and fillet welds in various welding positions.

TN 10 - Fracture MechanicsProvides theory and gives practical guidance for the design and fabrication of structures, planning of maintenance and assessment of the likelihood of brittle or ductile initiation from flaws in ferrous and non-ferrous alloys. Engineering critical assessment case histories are discussed.

TN 11 - Commentary on the Structural Steel Welding Standard AS/NZS 1554The Note complements AS/NZS 1554 parts 1 to 7, by presenting background information which could not be

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included in the Standard. It discusses the requirements of the Standard with particular emphasis on new or revised clauses. In explaining the application of the Standard to welding in steel construction, the commentary emphasises the need to rely on the provisions of the Standard to achieve satisfactory weld quality.

TN 12 - Minimising Corrosion in Welded Steel StructuresDesigned to provide practical guidance and information on corrosion problems associated with the welding of steel structures, together with possible solutions for minimising corrosion.

TN 13 - Stainless Steels for Corrosive Environments (A Joint publication with ACA)Provides guidance on the selection of stainless steels for different environments. Austenitic, ferritic and martensitic stainless steels are described together with the various types of corrosive attack. Aspects of welding procedure, design, cleaning and maintenance to minimise corrosion are covered.

TN 15 - Welding and Fabrication of Quenched and Tempered SteelProvides information on quenched and tempered steels generally available in Australia and gives guidance on welding processes, consumables and procedures and on the properties and performance of welded joints. Information is also provided on other fabrication operations such as flame cutting, plasma cutting, shearing and forming.

TN 16 - Welding Stainless SteelThis Technical Note complements Technical Note Number 13 by detailing valuable information on the welding of most types of stainless steels commonly used in industry.

TN 18 - Welding of CastingsProvides basic information on welding procedures for the welding processes used to weld and repair ferrous and non-ferrous castings. It also provides information on the range of alloys available and briefly covers non-destructive inspection, on-site heating methods and safety.

TN 19 - Cost Effective Quality Management for WeldingProvides guidelines on the application of the AS/NZS ISO 9000 series of Quality Standards within the welding and fabrication industries. Guidance on the writing, development and control of Welding Procedures is also given.

TN 20 - Repair of Steel PipelinesProvides an outline of methods of assessment and repair to a pipeline whilst allowing continuity of supply.

TN 21 - Submerged Arc WeldingProvides an introduction to submerged arc welding equipment, process variables, consumables, procedures and techniques, characteristic weld defects, applications and limitations. Describes exercises to explore the range of procedures and techniques with the use of solid wire (single and multiple arcs) and provides welding practice sheets, which may be used as instruction sheets to supplement demonstrations and class work, or as self-instruction units.

TN 22 - Welding Electrical SafetyProvides information and guidance on welding electrical safety issues: welding equipment, the body and the workplace.

TN 23 - Environmental Improvement GuidelinesProvides information and guidance on how to reduce consumption in the Welding and Fabrication industry, while reducing the impact on the environment at the same time.

TN 25 – Welding Specification for the Water IndustryPublished with the Water Services Association of Australia. Applies to all metal fabrication and repair work involving welding, carried out by a Water Agency (WA) and its Contractors/Subcontractors. Prescribes weld preparation, qualification of welding procedures and personnel, workmanship and inspection requirements for welds related to the arc welding by manual metal arc and other processes approved by the WA responsible Welding Coordinator.

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PO Box 197, Macquarie Park BC, NSW 1670Phone: +61 (0)2 8748 0100www.weldaustralia.com.au