+ All Categories
Home > Documents > welding useful book for beginners

welding useful book for beginners

Date post: 02-Apr-2018
Category:
Upload: venkatesh-hemadribhotla
View: 228 times
Download: 1 times
Share this document with a friend

of 28

Transcript
  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    1/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    *ORVVDU\

    $UFEORZ7KHGHIOHFWLRQRIDQHOHFWULFDUFIRUPLWVQRUPDOSDWKUHTXLUHGLVREWDLQHGIURPDQHOHFWULFDUF6HHWZLQFDUERQDUFEUD]LQJ

    $UFFXWWLQJ$JURXSRIFXWWLQJSURFHVVHVZKLFKPHOWVWKHPHWDOVWREHFXWZLWKWKHKHDWRIDQDUFEHWZHHQDQHOHFWURGHDQGWKHEDVHPHWDO6HHFDUERQDUFFXWWLQJPHWDODUFFXWWLQJJDVPHWDODUF

    FXWWLQJJDVWXQJVWHQDUFFXWWLQJSODVPDDUFFXWWLQJDQGDLUFDUERQDUFFXWWLQJ&RPSDUHZLWKR[\JHQDUFFXWWLQJ

    $UFJRXJLQJ$QDUFFXWWLQJSURFHVVYDULDWLRQXVHGWRIRUPDEHYHORUJURRYH$UFR[\JHQFXWWLQJ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPR[\JHQDUFFXWWLQJ$XWRPDWLFZHOGLQJ:HOGLQJHTXLSPHQWZKLFKSHUIRUPVWKHZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQZLWKRXWDGMXVWPHQWRIWKHFRQWUROVE\DZHOGLQJRSHUDWRU7KHHTXLSPHQWPD\RUPD\QRWSHUIRUPWKHORDGLQJDQGXQORDGLQJRIWKHZRUN6HHPDFKLQHZHOGLQJ

    %DFNILUH7KHPRPHQWDU\UHFHVVLRQRIWKHIODPHLQWRWKHZHOGLQJWLSRUFXWWLQJWLSIROORZHGE\LPPHGLDWHUHDSSHDUDQFHRUFRPSOHWHH[WLQFWLRQRIWKHIODPH%DFNJRXJLQJ7KHUHPRYDORIZHOGPHWDODQGEDVHPHWDOIURPWKHRWKHUVLGHRIDSDUWLDOO\ZHOGHGMRLQWWRHQVXUHFRPSOHWHSHQHWUDWLRQXSRQVXEVHTXHQWZHOGLQJIURPWKDWVLGH%DFNLQJ$PDWHULDOEDVHPHWDOZHOGPHWDOFDUERQRUJUDQXODUPDWHULDOSODFHGDWWKHURRWRIDZHOGMRLQWIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIVXSSRUWLQJPROWHQZHOGPHWDO

    %DFNLQJULQJ%DFNLQJLQWKHIRUPRIDULQJJHQHUDOO\XVHGLQWKHZHOGLQJRISLSLQJ%DVHPDWHULDO7KHPDWHULDOWREHZHOGHGEUD]HGVROGHUHGRUFXW6HHDOVREDVHPHWDODQGVXEVWUDWH%DVHPHWDO7KHPHWDOWREHZHOGHGEUD]HGVROGHUHGRUFXW7KHXVHRIWKLVWHUPLPSOLHVWKDWPDWHULDOVRWKHUWKDQPHWDOVDUHDOVRUHIHUUHGWRZKHUHWKLVLVDSSURSULDWH6HHDOVREDVHPDWHULDODQG

    VXEVWUDWH

    %UD]HZHOGLQJ$ZHOGLQJSURFHVVYDULDWLRQLQZKLFKDILOOHUPHWDOKDYLQJDOLTXLGVDERYH)DQGEHORZWKHVROLGXVRIWKHEDVHPHWDOLVXVHG8QOLNHEUD]LQJLQEUD]HZHOGLQJWKHILOOHUPHWDOLVQRW

    GLVWULEXWHGLQWKHMRLQWE\FDSLOODU\DFWLRQ

    %UD]LQJ$JURXSRIZHOGLQJSURFHVVHVZKLFKSURGXFHVFRDOHVFHQFHRIPDWHULDOVE\KHDWLQJWKHPWRDVXLWDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHDQGE\XVLQJDILOOHUPHWDOKDYLQJDOLTXLGVDERYH)DQGEHORZWKHVROLGXVRIWKHEDVHPHWDO7KHILOOHUPHWDOLVGLVWULEXWHGEHWZHHQWKHFORVHO\ILWWHGID\LQJVXUIDFHVRIWKHMRLQWE\

    FDSLOODU\DFWLRQ

    %XUQWKUXZHOG$WHUPHUURQHRXVO\XVHGWRGHQRWHH[FHVVLYHPHOWWKUXRUDKROH6HHPHOWWKUX&DSLOODU\DFWLRQ7KHIRUFHE\ZKLFKOLTXLGLQFRQWDFWZLWKDVROLGLVGLVWULEXWHGEHWZHHQFORVHO\ILWWHGID\LQJVXUIDFHVRIWKHMRLQWWREHEUD]HGRUVROGHUHG&DUERQHOHFWURGH$QRQILOOHUPDWHULDOHOHFWURGHXVHGLQDUFZHOGLQJRUFXWWLQJFRQVLVWLQJRIDFDUERQRUJUDSKLWHURGZKLFKPD\EHFRDWHGZLWKFRSSHURURWKHUFRDWLQJV

    &ODGGLQJ$UHODWLYHO\WKLFNOD\HU!LQRIPDWHULDODSSOLHGE\VXUIDFLQJIRUWKHSXUSRVHRILPSURYHGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHVRURWKHUSURSHUWLHVVHHFRDWLQJVXUIDFLQJDQGKDUGIDFLQJ

    &RDOHVFHQFH7KHJURZLQJWRJHWKHUWHUPVFRYHUHGHOHFWURGHDQGOLJKWO\FRDWHGHOHFWURGH6HHHOHFWURGH&RDWLQJDUHODWLYHO\WKLQOD\HULQRIPDWHULDODSSOLHGE\VXUIDFLQJIRUWKHSXUSRVHRIFRUURVLRQSUHYHQWLRQUHVLVWDQFHWRKLJKWHPSHUDWXUHVFDOLQJZHDUUHVLVWDQFHOXEULFDWLRQRURWKHUSXUSRVHV6HH

    FODGGLQJVXUIDFLQJDQGKDUGIDFLQJ

    &RQVWULFWHGDUFSODVPDDUFZHOGLQJDQGFXWWLQJ$SODVPDDUFFROXPQWKDWLVVKDSHGE\DFRQVWULFWLQJQR]]OHRULILFH

    &RQVWULFWHGQR]]OHSODVPDDUFZHOGLQJDQGFXWWLQJ$ZDWHUFRROHGFRSSHUQR]]OHVXUURXQGLQJWKHHOHFWURGHDQGFRQWDLQLQJWKHFRQVWULFWLQJRULILFH

    &RQVXPDEOHLQVHUW3UHSODFHGILOOHUPHWDOZKLFKLVFRPSOHWHO\IXVHGLQWRWKHURRWRIWKHMRLQWDQGEHFRPHVSDUWRIWKHZHOG

    &RYHUHGHOHFWURGH$FRPSRVLWHILOOHUPHWDOHOHFWURGHFRQVLVWLQJRIDFRUHRIDEDUHHOHFWURGHRUPHWDOFRUHGHOHFWURGHWRZKLFKDFRQYHULQJVXIILFLHQWWRSURYLGHDVODJOD\HURQWKHZHOGPHWDOKDVEHHQ

    DSSOLHG7KHFRQYHULQJPD\FRQWDLQPDWHULDOVSURYLGLQJVXFKIXQFWLRQVDVVKLHOGLQJIURPWKHDWPRVSKHUHGHR[LGDWLRQDQGDUFVWDELOL]DWLRQDQGFDQVHUYHDVDVRXUFHRIPHWDOOLFDGGLWLRQVWRWKHZHOG

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    2/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    &UDFN$IUDFWXUHW\SHGLVFRQWLQXLW\FKDUDFWHUL]HGE\DVKDUSWLSDQGKLJKUDWLRRIOHQJWKDQGZLGWKWRRSHQLQJGLVSODFHPHQW

    &UDWHU,QDUFZHOGLQJDGHSUHVVLRQDWWKHWHUPLQDWLRQRIDZHOGEHDGRULQWKHPROWHQZHOGSRRO&UDWHUFUDFN$FUDFNLQWKHFUDWHURIDZHOGEHDG&XWWLQJWRUFKR[\IXHOJDV$GHYLFHXVHGIRUGLUHFWLQJWKHSUHKHDWLQJIODPHSURGXFHGE\WKHFRQWUROOHGFRPEXVWLRQRIIXHOWRWKHDUFDQGWRGLUHFWWKHIORZRISODVPDDQGVKHLOGLQJJDV

    'HIHFW$GLVFRQWLQXLW\RUGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVZKLFKE\QDWXUHRUDFFXPXODWHGHIIHFWIRUH[DPSOHWRWDOFUDFNOHQJWKUHQGHUDSDUWRUSURGXFWXQDEOHWRPHHWPLQLPXPDSSOLFDEOHDFFHSWDQFHVWDQGDUGVRUVSHFLILFDWLRQV7KLVWHUPGHVLJQDWHVUHMHFWDELOLW\6HHGLVFRQWLQXLW\DQGIORZ

    'HIHFWLYHZHOG$ZHOGFRQWDLQLQJRQHRUPRUHGHIHFWV'HSRVLWHGPHWDO)LOOHUPHWDOWKDWKDVEHHQDGGHGGXULQJDZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQ'HSRVLWLRQHIILFLHQF\DUFZHOGLQJ7KHUDWLRRIWKHZHLJKWRIGHSRVLWHGPHWDOWRWKHQHWZHLJKWRIILOOHUPHWDOFRQVXPHGH[FOXVLYHRIVWXEV

    'HSRVLWLRQUDWH7KHZHLJKWRIPDWHULDOGHSRVLWHGLQDXQLWRIWLPH,WLVXVXDOO\H[SUHVVHGDVSRXQGVSHUKRXUOEK

    'HSWKRIIXVLRQ7KHGLVWDQFHWKDWIXVLRQH[WHQGVLQWRWKHEDVHPHWDORUSUHYLRXVSDVVIURPWKHVXUIDFHPHOWHGGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    'LOXWLRQ7KHFKDQJHLQFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIDZHOGLQJILOOHUPHWDOFDXVHGE\WKHDGPL[WXUHRIWKHEDVHPHWDORUSUHYLRXVO\GHSRVLWHGZHOGPHWDOLQWKHGHSRVLWHGZHOGEHDG,WLVQRUPDOO\PHDVXUHGE\

    WKHSUHFHQWDJHRIEDVHPHWDORUSUHYLRXVO\GHSRVLWHGZHOGPHWDOLQWKHZHOGEHDG'LUHFWFXUUHQWHOHFWURGHQHJDWLYH'&(17KHDUUDQJHPHQWRIGLUHFWFXUUHQWDUFZHOGLQJOHDGVLQZKLFKWKHZRUNLVWKHSRVLWLYHSROHDQGWKHHOHFWURGHLVWKHQHJDWLYHSROHRIWKHZHOGLQJDUF6HHDOVRVWUDLJKWSRODULW\

    'LUHFWFXUUHQWHOHFWURGHSRVLWLYH'&(37KHDUUDQJHPHQWRIGLUHFWFXUUHQWDUFZHOGLQJOHDGVLQZKLFKWKHZRUNLVWKHQHJDWLYHSROHDQGWKHHOHFWURGHLVWKHSRVLWLYHSROHRIWKHZHOGLQJDUF6HHDOVRUHYHUVHSRODULW\

    'LVFRQWLQXLW\$QLQWHUUXSWLRQRIWKHW\SLFDOVWUXFWXUHRIDZHOGPHQWVXFKDVDODFNRIKRPRJHQHLW\LQWKHPHFKDQLFDOPHWDOOXULJLFDORUSK\VLFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHPDWHULDOVRUZOHGPHQW$GLVFRQWLQXLW\LV

    QRWQHFHVVDULO\DGHIHFW6HHGHIHFWDQGIORZ

    'RXEOHZHOGHGMRLQW,QDUFDQGR[\IXHOJDVZHOGLQJDQ\MRLQWZHOGHGIURPERWKVLGHV'RYHWDLOLQJWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJ$PHWKRGRIVXUIDFHURXJKHQLQJLQYROYLQJDQJXODUXQGHUFXWWLQJWRLQWHUORFNWKHVSUD\GHSRVLW

    'URSWKUX$QXQGHUVLUDEOHVDJJLQJRUVXUIDFHLUUHJXODULW\XVXDOO\HQFRXQWHUHGZKHQEUD]LQJRUZHOGLQJQHDUWKHVROLGXVRIWKHEDVHPHWDOFDXVHGE\RYHUKHDWLQJZLWKUDSLGGLIIXVLRQRUDOOR\LQJEHWZHHQWKH

    ILOOHUPHWDODQGWKHEDVHPHWDO

    'XW\F\FOH7KHSHUFHQWDJHRIWLPHGXULQJDQDUELWDU\WHVWSHULRGXVXDOO\PLQGXULQJZKLFKDSRZHUVXSSO\FDQEHRSHUDWHGDWLWVUDWHGRXWSXWZLWKRXWRYHUORDGLQJ

    (GJHSUHSDUDWLRQ7KHVXUIDFHSUHSDUHGRQWKHHGJHRIDPHPEHURIDZHOGLQJ(GJHZHOG$ZHOGLQDQHGJHMRLQW

    (IIHFWLYHOHQJWKRIZHOG7KHOHQJWKRIZHOGWKURXJKRXWZKLFKWKHFRUUHFWO\SURSHUWLRQHGFURVVVHFWLRQH[LVWV,QDFXUYHGZHOGLWVKDOOEHPHDVXUHGDORQJWKHD[LVRIWKHZHOG

    (IIHFWLYHWKURDW7KHPLQLPXPGLVWDQFHIURPWKHURRWRIWKHZHOGWRLWVIDFHOHVVDQ\UHLQIRUFHPHQW6HHDOVRMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ

    (OHFWURGH$FRPSRQHQWRIWKHZHOGLQJFLUFXLWWKURXJKZKLFKFXUUHQWLVFRQGXFWHGWRWKHDUFPROWHQ

    VODJRUEDVHPHWDO6HHDUFZHOGLQJHOHFWURGHEDUHHOHFWURGHFDUERQHOHFWURGHFRPSRVLWHHOHFWURGHFRYHUHGHOHFWRUGHHOHFWURGHVODJZHOGLQJHOHFWURGHHPLVVLYHHOHFWURGHIOX[FRUHGHOHFWURGHOLJKWO\

    FRDWHGHOHFWURGHPHWDOFRUHGHOHFWURGHPHWDOHOHFWRUGHUHVLVWDQFHZHOGLQJHOHFWURGHVWUDQGHGHOHFWURGHDQGWXQJVWRQHOHFWURGH

    (OHFWURGHH[WHQVLRQ*0$:)&$:6$:7KHOHQJWKRIXQPHOWHGHOHFWURGHH[WHQGLQJEH\RQGWKHHQGRIWKHFRQWDFWWXEHGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    (OHFWURGHKROGHU$GHYLFHXVHGIRUPHFKDQLFDOO\KROGLQJWKHHOHFWURGHZKLOHFRQGXFWLQJFXUUHQWWRLW)DFHRIZHOG7KHH[SRVHGVXUIDFHRIDZHOGRQWKHVLGHIURPZKLFKZHOGLQJZDVGRQH)DFHUHLQIRUFHPHQW5HLQIRUFHPHQWRIZHOGDWWKHVLGHRIWKHMRLQWIURPZKLFKZHOGLQJZDVGRQH6HH

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    3/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    DOVRURRWUHLQIRUFHPHQW

    )DFHVKLHOGH\HSURWHFWLRQ$GHYLFHSRVLWLRQHGLQIURQWRIWKHH\HVDQGDSRUWLRQRIRUDOORIWKHIDFHZKRVHSUHGRPLQDQWIXQFWLRQLVSURWHFWLRQRIWKHH\HVDQGIDFH6HHDOVRKDQGVKLHOGDQGKHOPHW)HHGUDWHWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJ7KHUDWHDWZKLFKPHWHULDOSDVVHVWKURXJKWKHJXQLQDXQLWRIWLPH$V\QRQ\PIRUVSUD\UDWH

    )LOOHUPHWDO7KHPHWDOWREHDGGHGLQPDNLQJDZHOGHGEUD]HGRUVROGHUHGMRLQW6HHHOHFWURGH

    ZHOGLQJILOOHUPHWDOGLIIXVLRQDLGVROGHUDQGVSUD\GHSRVLW)LOOHUPHWDOVWDUWGHOD\WLPH7KHWLPHWLPHLQWHUYDOIURPEHJLQQLQJRIGRZQVORSHWLPHWRWKHVWRSRIILOOHUPHWDO

    )LOOHUPHWDOVWRSGHOD\WLPH7KHWLPHLQWHUYDOIURPEHJLQQLQJRIGRZQVORSHWLPHWRWKHVWRSRIILOOHUPHWDO

    )LOOHWZHOG$ZHOGRIDSSUR[LPDWHO\WULDQJXODUFURVVVHFWLRQMRLQWLQJWZRVXUIDFHVDSSUR[LPDWHO\DWULJKWDQJOHVWRHDFKRWKHULQDODSMRLQW7MRLQWRUFRUQHUMRLQW

    )XVLRQ7KHPHOWLQJWRJHWKHURIILOOHUPHWDODQGEDVHPHWDOVXEVWUDWHRURIEDVHPHWDORQO\ZKLFKUHVXOWVLQFRDOHVFHQFH6HHGHSWKRIIXVLRQ

    )XVLRQZHOGLQJ$Q\ZHOGLQJSURFHVVRUPHWKRGZKLFKXVHVIXVLRQWRFRPSOHWHWKHZHOG)XVLRQ]RQH7KHDUHDRIEDVHPHWDOPHOWHGDVGHWHUPLQHGRQWKHFURVVVHFWLRQRIDZHOG*DVVKLHOGHGDUFZHOGLQJ$JHQHUDOWHUPXVHGWRGHVFULEHJDVPHWDODUFZHOGLQJJDVWXQJVWHQDUFZHOGLQJDQGIOX[FRUHGDUFZHOGLQJZKHQJDVVKLHOGLQJLVHPSOR\HG

    *DVZHOGLQJ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPR[\IXHOJDVZHOGLQJ2):*URRYH$QRSHQLQJRUFKDQQHOLQWKHVXUIDFHRIDSDUWRUEHWZHHQWZRFRPSRQHQWVZKLFKSURYLGHVVSDFHWRFRQWDLQDZHOG*URRYHDQJOH7KHWRWDOLQFOXGHGDQJOHRIWKHJURRYHEHWZHHQSDUWVWREHMRLQHGE\DJURRYHZHOG*URRYHIDFH7KDWVXUIDFHRIDPHPEHULQFOXGHGLQWKHJURRYH*URRYHUDGLXV7KHUDGLXVXVHGWRIRUPWKHVKDSHRID-RU8JURRYHZHOGMRLQW*URRYHZHOG$ZHOGPDGHLQWKHJURRYHEHWZHHQWZRPHPEHUVWREHMRLQHG7KHVWDQGDUGW\SHVRIJURRYHZHOGVDUHDVIROORZV

    GRXEOHEHYHOJURRYHZHOGGRXEOHIODUHEHYHOJURRYHZHOG

    GRXEOHIODUH9JURRYHZHOG

    GRXEOH-JURRYHZHOG

    GRXEOH8JURRYHZHOGGRXEOH9JURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOHEHYHOJURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOHIODUHEHYHOJURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOHIODUH9JURRYHZHOGVLQJOH-JURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOH8JURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOH9JURRYHZHOG

    VLQJOHJURRYHZHOG

    +DUGIDFLQJ$SDUWLFXODUIRUPRIVXUIDFLQJLQZKLFKDFRDWLQJRUFODGGLQJLVDSSOLHGWRDVXEVWUDWHIRUWKHPDLQSXUSRVHRIUHGXFLQJZHDURUORVVRIPDWHULDOE\DEUDVLRQLPSDFWHURVLRQJDOOLQJDQGFDYLWDWLRQ

    6HHFRDWLQJFODGGLQJDQGVXUIDFLQJ

    ,QDGHTXDWHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ-RLQWSHQHWUDWLRQZKLFKLVOHVVWKDQWKDWVSHFLILHG,QFOLQHGSRVLWLRQZLWKUHVWULFWLRQULQJ7KHSRVLWLRQRIDSLSHMRLQWLQZKLFKWKHD[LVRIWKHSLSHMRLQWLQZKLFKWKHD[LVRIWKHSLSHLVDSSUR[LPDWHO\DWDQDQJOHRIWRWKHKRUL]RQWDODQGDUHVWULFWLRQULQJLVORFDWHGQHDUWKHMRLQW7KHSLSHLVQRWURWDWHGGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    ,QWHUPLWWHQWZHOG$ZHOGLQZKLFKWKHFRQWLQXLW\LVEURNHQE\UHFXUULQJXQZHOGHGVSDFHV,QWHUSDVVWHPSHUDWXUHV,QDPXOWLSOHSDVVZHOGWKHWHPSHUDWXUHPLQLPXPRUPD[LPXPDVVSHFLILHGRIWKHGHSRVLWHGZHOGEHIRUHWKHQH[WSDVVLVVWDUWHG

    -RLQW7KHMXQFWLRQRIPHPEHUVRUWKHHGJHVRIPHPEHUVZKLFKDUHWREHMRLQHGRUKDYHEHHQMRLQHG-RLQWFOHDUDQFH7KHGLVWDQFHEHWZHHQWKHID\LQJVXUIDFHVRIDMRLQW,QEUD]LQJWKLVGLVWDQFHLV

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    4/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    UHIHUUHGWRDVWKDWZKLFKLVSUHVHQWEHIRUHEUD]LQJDWWKHEUD]LQJWHPSHUDWXUHRUDIWHUEUD]LQJLVFRPSOHWHG

    -RLQWGHVLJQ7KHMRLQWJHRPHWU\WRJHWKHUZLWKWKHUHTXLUHGGLPHQVLRQVRIWKHZHOGHGMRLQW-RLQWHIILFLHQF\7KHUDWLRRIWKHVWUDQJWKRIDMRLQWWRWKHVWUDQJWKRIWKHEDVHPHWDOH[SUHVVHGLQSHUFHQW

    -RLQWJHRPHWU\7KHVKDSHDQGGLPHQVLRQVRIDMRLQWLQFURVVVHFWLRQSULRUWRZHOGLQJ

    -RLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ7KHPLQLPXPGHSWKDJURRYHRUIODQJHZHOGH[WHQGVIURPLWVIDFHLQWRDMRLQWH[FOXVLYHRIUHLQIRUFHPHQW-RLQWSHQHWUDWLRQPD\LQFOXGHURRWSHQHWUDWLRQ6HHDOVRFRPSOHWHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ6HHDOVRFRPSOHWHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQURRWSHQHWUDWLRQDQGHIIHFWLYHWKURDW

    .HUI7KHZLGWKRIWKHFXWSURGXFHGGXULQJDFXWWLQJSURFHVV

    .H\KROH$WHFKQLTXHRIZHOGLQJLQZKLFKDFRQFHQWUDWHGKHDWVRXUFHSHQHWUDWHVFRPSOHWHO\WKURXJKDZRUNSLHFHIRUPLQJDKROHDWWKHOHDGHGJHRIWKHPROWHQZHOGPHWDO$VWKHKHDWVRXUFHSURJUDVVHVWKH

    PROWHQPHWDOILOOVLQEHKLQGWKHKROHWRIRUPWKHZHOGEHDG

    /DFNRIIXVLRQ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPLQFRPSOHWHIXVLRQ/DFNRIMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPLQDGHTXDWHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ0HWDOFRUHGHOHFWURGH$FRPSRVLWHILOOHUPHWDOHOHFWURGHFRQVLVWLQJRIDPHWDOWXEHRURWKHUKROORZFRQILJXUDWLRQFRQWDLQLQJDOOR\LQJLQJUHGLHQWV0LQRUDPRXQWVRILQJUHGLHQWVSURYLGLQJVXFKIXQFWLRQDVDUF

    VWDELOL]DWLRQDQGIOX[LQJRIR[LGHVPD\EHLQFOXGHG([WHUQDOVKLHOGLQJJDVPD\RUPD\QRWEHXVHG

    0HWDOHOHFWURGH$ILOOHURUQRQILOOHUPHWDOHOHFWURGHXVHGLQDUFZHOGLQJRUFXWWLQJZKLFKFRQVLVWVRID

    PHWDOZLUHRUURGWKDWKDVEHHQPDQXIDFWXUHGE\DQ\PHWKRGDQGWKDWLVHLWKHUEDUHRUFRYHUHGZLWKDVXLWDEOHFRYHULQJRUFRDWLQJ

    0ROWHQZHOGSRRO7KHOLTXLGVWDWHRIDZHOGSULRUWRVROLGLILFDWLRQDVZHOGPHWDO1R]]OH$GHYLFHVZKLFKGLUHFWVVKLHOGLQJPHGLD2YHUODS7KHSURWUXVLRQRIZHOGPHWDOEH\RQGWKHWRHIDFHRUURRWRIWKHZHOGLQUHVLVWDQFHVHDPZHOGLQJWKHDUHDLQWKHSUHFHHGLQJZHOGUHPHOWHGE\WKHVXFFHHGLQJZHOG2YHUOD\LQJ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPVXUIDFLQJ2[\DFHW\OHQHFXWWLQJ2)&$$QR[\IXHOJDVFXWWLQJSURFHVVXVHGWRVHYHUPHWDOVE\PHDQVRIWKHFKHPLFDOUHDFWLRQRIR[\JHQZLWKWKHEDVHPHWDODWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHV7KHQHFHVVDU\WHPSHUDWXUHLV

    PDLQWDLQHGE\JDVIODPHVUHVXOWLQJIURPWKHFRPEXVWLRQRIDFFHW\OHQHZLWKR[\JHQ

    2[\DFHW\OHQHZHOGLQJ2$:$QR[\IXHOJDVZHOGLQJSURFHVVZKLFKSURGXFHVJDVZHOGLQJRIPHWDOVE\KHDWLQJWKHPZLWKDJDVIODPHRUIODPHVREWDLQHGIURPWKHFRPEXVWLRQRIDFHW\OHQHZLWKR[\JHQ7KH

    SURFHVVPD\EHXVHGZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISUHVVXUHDQGZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHXVHRIILOOHU

    PHWDO

    3DUHQWPHWDO6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPEDVHPHWDO3DUWLDOMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ-RLQWSHQHWUDWLRQZKLFKLVOHVVWKDQFRPSOHWH6HHDOVRFRPSOHWHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQ

    3DVV6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPZHOGSDVV3HHQLQJ7KHPHFKDQLFDOZRUNLQJRIPHWDOVXVLQJLPSDFWEORZV3HQHWUDWLRQ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQDQGURRWSHQHWUDWLRQ3LORWDUFSODVPDDUFZHOGLQJ$ORZFXUUHQWFRQWLQXRXVDUFEHWZHHQWKHHOFWURGHDQGWKHFRQVWULFWLQJQR]]OHWRLRQL]HWKHJDVDQGIDFLOLWDWHWKHVWDUWRIWKHPDLQZHOGLQJDUF

    3ODVPD$JDVWKDWKDVEHHQKHDWHGWRDQDWOHDVWSDUWLDOO\LRQL]HGFRQGLWLRQHQDEOLQJLWWRFRQGXFWDQHOHFWULFFXUUHQW

    3OXJZHOG$FLUFXODUZHOGPDGHWKURXJKDKROHLQRQHPHPEHURIDODSRU7MRLQWIXVLQJWKDWPHPEHUWR

    WKHRWKHU7KHZDOOVRIWKHKROHPD\RUPD\QRWEHSDUDOOHODQGWKHKROHPD\EHSDUWLDOO\RUFRPSOHWHO\ILOOHGZLWKZHOGPHWDO$ILOOHWZHOGHGKROHRUDVSRWZHOGVKRXOGQRWEHFRQVWUXFHGDVFRQIRUPLQJWRWKLV

    GHILQLWLRQ3RODULW\6HHGLUHFWFXUUHQWHOHFWURGHQHJDWLYHGLUHFWFXUUHQWHOHFWURGHSRVLWLYHVWUDLJKWSRODULW\DQGUHYHUVHSRODULW\

    3RURVLW\&DYLW\W\SHGLVFRQWLQXLWLHVIRUPHGE\JDVHQWUDSPHQWGXULQJVROLGLILFDWLRQ3RVLWLRQRIZHOGLQJ6HHIODWSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOIL[HGSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOUROOHGSRVLWLRQLQFOLQHGSRVLWLRQRYHUKHDGSRVLWLRQDQGYHUWLFDOSRVLWLRQ

    3RVWKHDWLQJ7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIKHDWWRDQDVVHPEO\DIWHUDZHOGLQJEUD]LQJVROGHULQJWKHUPDO

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    5/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    VSUD\LQJRUFXWWLQJRSHUDWLRQ6HHSRVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQW

    3RVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQW$Q\KHDWWUHDWPHQWVXEVHTXHQWWRZHOGLQJ3UHKHDW6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPSUHKHDWWHPSHUDWXUH3UHKHDWLQJ7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIKHDWWRWKHEDVHPHWDOLPPHGLDWHO\EHIRUHZHOGLQJEUD]LQJVROGHULQJWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJRUFXWWLQJ

    3UHKHDWWHPSHUDWXUH$VSHFLILHGWHPSHUDWXUHWKDWWKHEDVHPHWDOPXVWDWWDLQLQWKHZHOGLQJEUD]LQJ

    VROGHULQJWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJRUFXWWLQJDUHDLPPHGLDWHO\EHIRUHWKHVHRSHUDWLRQVDUHSHUIRUPHG3URFHGXUHV7KHGHWDLOHGHOHPHQWVZLWKSUHVFULEHGYDOXHVRUUDQJHVRIYDOXHVRIDSURFHVVRUPHWKRGXVHGWRSURGXFHDVSHFLILFUHVXOW

    3URFHGXUHTXDOLILFDWLRQ7KHGHPRQVWUDWLRQWKDWZHOGVPDGHE\DVSHFLILFSURFHGXUHVFDQPHHWSUHVFULEHVVWDQGDUGV

    3URFHGXUHTXDOLILFDWLRQUHFRUG345$GRFXPHQWSURYLGLQJWKHDFWXDOZHOGLQJYDULEOHVXVHGWRSURGXFHDQDFFHSWDEOHWHVWZHOGDQGWKHUHVXOWVRIWHVWVFRQGXFWHGRQWKHZHOGIRUWKHSXUSRVHRI

    TXDOLI\LQJDZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHVSHFLILFDWLRQ

    4XDOLILFDWLRQ6HHSUHIHUUHGWHUPZHOGHUSHUIRUPDQFHTXDOLILFDWLRQDQGSURFHGXUHTXDOLILFDWLRQ5DQGRPLQWHUPLWWHQWZHOGV,QWHUPLWWHQWZHOGVRQRQHRUERWKVLGHVRIDMRLQWLQZKLFKWKHZHOGLQFUHPHQWVDUHGHSRVLWHGZLWKRXWUHJDUGWRVSDFLQJ

    6KULQNDJHYRLG$FDYLW\W\SHGLVFRQWLQXLW\QRUPDOO\IRUPHGE\VKULQNDJHGXULQJVROLGLILFDWLRQ6L]HRIZHOG

    JURRYHZHOG7KHMRLQWSHQHWUDWLRQGHSWKRIEHYHOSOXVWKHURRWSHQHWUDWLRQZKHQVSHFLILHG7KHVL]HRIDJURRYHZHOGDQGLWVHIIHFWLYHWKURDWDUHRQHDQGWKHVDPH

    ILOOHWZHOG)RUHTXDOOHJVILOOHWZHOGVWKHOHJOHQJWKVRIWKHODUJHVWLVRVFHOHVULJKWWULDQJOHZKLFKFDQEHLQVFULEHGZLWKLQWKHILOOHWZHOGFURVVVHFWLRQ)RUXQHTXDOOHJILOOHW

    ZHOGVWKHOHJOHQJWKVRIWKHODUJHVWULJKWWULDQJOHZKLFKFDQEHLQVFULEHGZLWKLQWKHILOOHW

    ZHOGFURVVVHFWLLRQ1RWH:KHQRQHQXPEHUJUHDWHUWKDQGHJUHHVWKHOHJOHQJWKVL]HLVRIOHVVVLJQLILFDQFHWKDQWKHHIIHFWLYHWKURDWZKLFKLVWKHFRQWUROOLQJIDFWRUIRUWKH

    VWUHQJWKRIDZHOG

    6ODJLQFOXVLRQ1RQPHWDOOLFVROLGPDWHULDOHQWUDSSHGLQZHOGPHWDORUEHWZHHQZHOGPHWDODQGEDVHPHWDO

    6OXJJLQJ7KHDFWRIDGGLQJDVHSDUDWHSLHFHRUSLHFHVRIPDWHULDOLQDMRLQWEHIRUHRUGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    WKDWUHVXOWLQDZHOGHGMRLQWQRWFRPSO\LQJGHVLJQGUDZLQJRUVSHFLILFDWLRQUHTXLUHPHQWV6SDFHUVWULS$PHWDOVWULSRUEDUSUHSDUHGIRUDJURRYHZHOGDQGLQVHUWHGLQWKHURRWRIDMRLQWWRVHUYHDVDEDFNLQJDQGWRPDLQWDLQURRWRSHQLQJGXULQJZHOGLQJ,WFDQDOVREULGJHDQH[FHSWLRQDOO\ZLGHJDS

    GXHWRSRRUILWXS6SDWWHU7KHPHWDOSDUWLFOHVH[SHOOHGGXULQJZHOGLQJDQGZKLFKGRQRWIRUPDSDUWRIWKHZHOG6WDUWWLPH7KHWLPHLQWHUYDOSULRUWRZHOGWLPHGXULQJZKLFKDUFYROWDJHDQGFXUUHQWUHDFKDSUHVHWYDOXHJUHDWHURUOHVVWKDQZHOGLQJYDOXHV

    6XUIDFLQJ7KHGHSRVLWLRQRIILOOHUPHWDOPDWHULDORQDEDVHPHWDOVXEVWUDWHWRREWDLQGHVLUHGSURSHUWLHVRUGLPHQVLRQV6HHDOVREXWWHULQJFODGGLQJFRDWLQJDQGKDUGIDFLQJ7DFNZHOG$ZHOGPDGHWRKROGSDUWVRIDZHOGPHQWLQSURSHUDOLJQPHQWXQWLOWKHILQDOZHOGVDUHPDGH7KHUPDOFXWWLQJ$JURXSRIFXWWLQJSURFHVVHVZKLFKPHOWVWKHPHWDOPDWHULDOWREHFXW6HHDUFFXWWLQJR[\JHQFXWWLQJHOHFWURQEHDPFXWWLQJDQGODVHUEHDPFXWWLQJ

    7KURDWRIDILOOHWZHOG

    7KHRUHWLFDOWKURDW7KHGLVWDQFHIURPWKHEHJLQQLQJRIWKHURRWRIWKHMRLQWSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHK\SRWHQXVHRIWKHODUJHVWULJKWWULDQJOHWKDWFDQEHLQVFULEHGZLWKLQWKHILOOHWZHOGFURVVVHFWLRQ7KLVGLPHQVLRQLVEDVHGRQWKHDVVXPSWLRQWKDWWKHURRWRSHQLQJLVHTXDOWR]HUR

    $FWXDOWKURDW7KHVKRUWHVWGLVWDQFHIURPWKHURRWRIZHOGWRLWVIDFH(IIHFWLYHWKURDW7KHPLQLPXPGLVWDQFHPLQXVDQ\UHLQIRUFHPHQWIURPWKHURRWRIZHOGWRLWVIDFH

    7MRLQW$MRLQWEHWZHHQWZRPHPEHUVORFDWHGDSSUR[LPDWHO\DWULJKWDQJOHVWRHDFKRWKHULQWKHIRUPRID7

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    6/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    7RHRIFUDFN$FUDFNLQWKHEDVHPHWDORFFXUULQJDWWKHWRHRIDZHOG7RHRIZHOG7KHMXQFWLRQEHWZHHQWKHIDFHRIDZHOGDQGWKHEDVHPHWDO7UDYHODQJOH7KHDQJOHWKDWWKHHOHFWURGHPDGHZLWKDUHIHUHQFHVOLQHSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHD[LVRIWKHZHOGLQWKHSODQHRIWKHZHOGD[LV6HHDOVRGUDJDQJOHDQGSXVKDQJOH1RWH7KLVDQJOHFDQEHXVHGWR

    GHILQHWKHSRVLWLRQRIWKHZHOGLQJJXQVZHOGLQJWRUFKHVKLJKHQHUJ\EHDPVZHOGLQJURGVWKHUPDO

    FXWWLQJDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJWRUFKHVDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJJXQV

    7UDYHODQJOHSLSH7KHDQJOHWKDWWKHHOHFWURGHPDNHVZLWKDUHIHUHQFHOLQHH[WHQGLQJIURPWKHFHQWUHRIWKHSLSHWKURXJKWKHPROWHQZHOGSRROLQWKHSODQHRIWKHZHOGD[LV1RWH7KLVDQJOHFDQEHXVHGWRGHILQHWKHSRVLWLRQRIZHOGLQJJXQVZHOGLQJWRUFKHVKLJKHQHUJ\EHDPVZHOGLQJURGVWKHUPDO

    FXWWLQJDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJWRUFKHVDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJJXQV

    :HOG$ORFDOLVHGFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOVRUQRQPHWDOVSURGXFHGHLWKHUE\KHDWLQJWKHPDWHULDOVWRVXLWDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHVZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISUHVVXUHRUE\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISUHVVXUHDORQH

    DQGZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHXVHRIILOOHUPDWHULDO

    :HOGDELOLW\7KHFDSDFLW\RIDPDWHULDOWREHZHOGHGXQGHUWKHIDEULFDWLRQFRQGLWLRQVLPSRVHGLQWRDVSHFLILFVXLWDEO\GHVLJQHGVWUXFWXUHDQGWRSHUIRUPVDWLVIDFWRULO\LQWKHLQWHQGHGVHUYLFH

    :HOGFUDFN$FUDFNLQZHOGPHWDO:HOGHU2QHZKRSHUIRUPVDPDQXDORUVHPLDXWRPDWLFZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQVRPHWLPHVHUURQHRXVO\XVHGWRGHQRWHDZHOGLQJPDFKLQH

    :HOGHUFHUWLILFDWLRQ&HUWLILFDWLRQLQZULWLQJWKDWDZHOGHUKDVSURGXFHGZHOGVPHHWLQJSUHVFULEHG

    VWDQGDUGV:HOGHUSHUIRUPDQFHVTXDOLILFDWLRQ7KHGHPRQVWUDWLRQRIDZHOGHUVDELOLW\WRSURGXFHZHOGVPHHWLQJSUHVFULEHGVWDQGDUGV:HOGLQJ$PDWHULDOVMRLQLQJSURFHVVXVHGLQPDNLQJZHOGV:HOGLQJFXUUHQW7KHFXUUHQWLQWKHZHOGLQJFLUFXLWGXULQJWKHPDNLQJRIDZHOG:HOGLQJPDFKLQH(TXLSPHQWXVHGWRSHUIRUPWKHZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQ)RUH[DPSOHVSRWZHOGLQJPDFKLQHDUFZHOGLQJPDFKLQHVHDPZHOGLQJPDFKLQHHWF

    :HOGLQJRSHUDWRU2QHZKRRSHUDWHVPDFKLQHRUDXWRPDWLFZHOGLQJHTXLSPHQW:HOGLQJSRVLWLRQVHHIODWSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOIL[HGSRVLWLRQKRUL]RQWDOUROOHGSRVLWLRQLQFOLQHGSRVLWLRQRYHUKHDGSRVLWLRQDQGYHUWLFDOSRVLWLRQ

    :HOGLQJSURFHGXUH7KHGHWDLOHGPHWKRGVDQGSUDFWLFHVLQFOXGLQJDOOZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHVVSHFLILFDWLRQVLQYROYHGLQWKHSURGXFWLRQRIDZHOGPHQW6HHZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHVSHFLILFDWLRQ

    :HOGLQJSURFHGXUHVSHFLILFDWLRQ:36$GRFXPHQWSURYLGLQJLQGHWDLOWKHUHTXLUHGYDULDEOHVIRUDVSHFLILFDSSOLFDWLRQWRDVVXUHUHSHDWDELOLW\E\SURSHUO\WUDLQHGZHOGHUVDQGZHOGLQJRSHUDWRUV

    :HOGLQJSURFHVV$PDWHULDOVMRLQLQJSURFHVVZKLFKSURGXFHVFRDOHVFHQFHRIPDWHULDOVE\KHDWLQJWKHPWRVXLWDEOHWHPSHUDWXUHVZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISUHVVXUHRUE\WKHDSSOLFDWLRQRISUHVVXUH

    DORQHDQGZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHXVHRIILOOHUPHWDO

    :HOGLQJURG$IRUPRIILOOHUPHWDOXVHGIRUZHOGLQJRUEUD]LQJZKLFKGRHVQRWFRQGXFWWKHHOHFWULFDOFXUUHQW

    :HOGLQJWHFKQLTXH7KHGHWDLOVRIDZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHZKLFKDUHFRQWUROOHGE\WKHZHOGHURUZHOGLQJRSHUDWRU

    :HOGPHQW$QDVVHPEO\ZKRVHFRPSRQHQWSDUWVDUHMRLQHGE\ZHOGLQJ:HOGPHWDO7KDWSRUWLRQRIDZHOGZKLFKKDVEHHQPHOWHGGXULQJZHOGLQJ:HOGSDVV$VLQJOHSURJUHVVLRQRIDZHOGLQJRUVXUIDFLQJRSHUDWLRQDORQJDMRLQWZHOGGHSRVLWRUVXEVWUDWH7KHUHVXOWRIDSDVVLVDZHOGEHDGOD\HURUVSUD\GHSRVLW

    :RUNDQJOH7KHDQJOHWKDWWKHHOHFWURGHPDNHVZLWKWKHUHIHUHQFHGSODQHRUVXUIDFHRIWKHEDVHPHWDOLQDSODQHSHUSHQGLFXODUWRWKHD[LVRIWKHZHOG6HHDOVRGUDJDQJOHDQGSXVKDQJOH1RWH7KLVDQJOH

    FDQEHXVHGWRGHILQHGWKHSRVLWLRQRIZHOGLQJJXQVZHOGLQJURGVWKHUPDOFXWWLQJDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJWRUFKHVDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJJXQV

    :RUNDQJOHSLSH7KHDQJOHWKDWWKHHOHFWURGHPDNHVZLWKWKHUHIHUHQFHGSODQHH[WHQGLQJIURPWKHFHQWUHRIWKHSLSHWKURXJKWKHPROWHQZHOGSRRO1RWH7KLVDQJOHFDQEHXVHGWRGHILQHGWKHSRVLWLRQRI

    ZHOGLQJJXQVZHOGLQJURGVWKHUPDOFXWWLQJDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJWRUFKHVDQGWKHUPDOVSUD\LQJJXQV

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    7/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGLQJ3URFHVVHV

    0DMRUDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVHVDUH

    6KLHOGHG0HWDO$UF:HOGLQJ60$: *DV7XQJVWHQ$UF:HOGLQJ*7$: *DV0HWDO$UF:HOGLQJ*0$: 6XEPHUJHG$UF:HOGLQJ6$: )OX[&RUHG$UF:HOGLQJ)&$: (OHFWURVODJ(OHFWURJDV:HOGLQJ(6:(*: 3ODVPD$UF:HOGLQJ3$:2XWRIWKHDERYH60$:*7$:DUHPRVWFRPPQO\XVHGIRUPDLQWHDQQFHSXUSRVHV+HQFHRQO\WKHVHWZRDUHGLVFXVVHGLQGHWDLO+RZHYHUEULHIGHVFULSWLRQRIRWKHUZHOGLQJSURFHVVHVDUHDOVRJLYHQ

    6+,(/'('0(7$/$5&:(/',1*60$:

    6KLHOGHGPHWDODUFZHOGLQJLVDQDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVLQZKLFKFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOLVSURGXFHGE\KHDW

    IURPDQ HOHFWULFDUFWKDWLV PDLQWDLQHG EHWZHHQWKH WLS RID FRDWHG HOHFWURGH DQG WKH VXUIDFH RIEDVH

    PHWDOLQWKHMRLQWEHLQJZHOGHG$UFVKLHOGLQJLVREWDLQHGIURPWKHJDVHVWKDWIRUPDVDUHVXOWRIWKHGHFRPSRVLWLRQRIFHUWDLQLQJUHGLHQWV

    RIHOHFWURGHFRDWLQJ7KHVKLHOGLQJHPSOR\HGDORQJZLWKWKHFRUHZLUHODUJHO\FRQWUROVWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGPHWDOOXUJLFDOVWUXFWXUHRIWKHZHOGPHWDO

    +RZHYHUWKHPDLQIXQFWLRQVRIHOHFWURGHFRDWLQJDUH

    3URYLGHVDJDVWRVKLHOGWKHDUF3URYLGHVGHR[LGL]HUVDQGIOX[LQJDJHQWVWKDWSUHYHQWH[FHVVLYHJUDLQJURZWK

    (VWDEOLVKHVWKHHOHFWULFDOFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHHOHFWURGH

    3URYLGHVDVODJEODQNHWWRSURWHFWWKHKRWZHOGPHWDOIURPWKHDLU

    ,QFUHDVHWKHLRQL]DWLRQSRWHQWLDO

    %HVLGHVWKHVHIXQFWLRQVVRPHWLPHVVRPHDOOR\LQJHOHPHQWVDUHDOVRSUHVHQWLQWKHHOHFWURGHFRDWLQJWRFKDQJHWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVRIZHOGPHWDO

    7\SHVRIIOX[(OHFWURGH$UFVWDELOLW\GHSWKRI SHQHWUDWLRQPHWDOGHSRVLWLRQUDWHDQGSRVLWLRQDOFDSDELOLW\ DUHJUHDWO\LQIOXHQFHG

    E\WKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHIOX[FRDWLQJRQWKHHOHFWURGH(OHFWURGHVFDQEHGLYLGHGLQWRWKUHH

    PDLQJURXSVD&HOOXORVLF E5XWLOH F%DVLF

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    8/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    &HOOXORVLF HOHFWURGHV FRQWDLQ D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI FHOOXORVH LQ WKH FRDWLQJ DQG DUH FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ DGHHSO\SHQHWUDWLQJDUFDQGDUDSLGEXUQRIIUDWHJLYLQJKLJKZHOGLQJVSHHGV:HOGGHSRVLWFDQEHFRDUVH

    DQGZLWKIOXLGVODJGHVODJJLQJFDQEHGLIILFXOW7KHVHHOHFWURGHVDUHHDV\WRXVHLQDQ\SRVLWLRQDQGDUHQRWHGIRUWKHLUXVHLQWKHVWRYHSLSHZHOGLQJWHFKQLTXH

    )HDWXUHV

    'HHSSHQHWUDWLRQLQDOOSRVLWLRQV

    6XLWDELOLW\IRUYHUWLFDOGRZQZHOGLQJ5HDVRQDEO\JRRGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV+LJKOHYHORIK\GURJHQJHQHUDWHGULVNRIFUDFNLQJLQWKHKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH+$=

    5XWLOH HOHFWURGHV FRQWDLQ D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI WLWDQLXP R[LGH UXWLOH LQ WKH FRDWLQJ 7LWDQLXP R[LGH

    SURPRWHVHDV\DUFLJQLWLRQVPRRWKDUFRSHUDWLRQDQGORZVSDWWHU7KHVHHOHFWURGHVDUHJHQHUDOSXUSRVH

    HOHFWURGHV ZLWK JRRG ZHOGLQJ SURSHUWLHV 7KH\ FDQ EHXVHGZLWK$& DQG '&SRZHU VRXUFHV DQG LQDOO

    SRVLWLRQV7KH HOHFWURGHV DUH HVSHFLDOO\VXLWDEOH IRUZHOGLQJ ILOOHW MRLQWV LQ WKH KRUL]RQWDOYHUWLFDO +9

    SRVLWLRQ

    )HDWXUHV

    0RGHUDWHZHOGPHWDOPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV

    *RRGEHDGSURILOHSURGXFHGWKURXJKWKHYLVFRXVVODJ

    3RVLWLRQDOZHOGLQJSRVVLEOHZLWKDIOXLGVODJFRQWDLQLQJIOXRULGH

    (DVLO\UHPRYDEOHVODJ

    %DVLF HOHFWURGHV FRQWDLQ D KLJK SURSRUWLRQ RI FDOFLXP FDUERQDWH OLPHVWRQH DQG FDOFLXP IOXRULGHIOXRUVSDULQWKHFRDWLQJ7KLVPDNHVWKHLUVODJFRDWLQJPRUHIOXLGWKDQUXWLOHFRDWLQJVWKLVLVDOVRIDVW

    IUHH]LQJ ZKLFK DVVLVWV ZHOGLQJ LQ WKH YHUWLFDO DQG RYHUKHDG SRVLWLRQ 7KHVH HOHFWURGHV DUH XVHG IRU

    ZHOGLQJPHGLXPDQGKHDY\VHFWLRQIDEULFDWLRQVZKHUHKLJKHUZHOGTXDOLW\JRRGPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGUHVLVWDQFHWRFUDFNLQJGXHWRKLJKUHVWUDLQWDUHUHTXLUHG

    )HDWXUHV

    ORZZHOGPHWDOSURGXFHVK\GURJHQ

    UHTXLUHVKLJKZHOGLQJFXUUHQWVVSHHGV

    SRRUEHDGSURILOHFRQYH[DQGFRDUVHVXUIDFHSURILOHVODJUHPRYDOGLIILFXOW

    3URFHVV6FRSHRI60$:7KHVKLHOGHGPHWDO DUFZHOGLQJLV XVHGLQ MRLQLQJDQGVXUIDFLQJDSSOLFDWLRQ RQD YDULHW\RIEDVHPHWDOV

    7KH VXLWDELOLW\ RI WKH SURFHVV IRU DQ\ VSHFLILF EDVH PHWDO GHSHQGV RQ WKH DYDLODELOLW\ RI D FRYHUHG

    HOHFWURGHZKRVHZHOGPHWDOKDVWKHUHTXLUHGFRPSRVLWLRQDQGSURSHUWLHV(OHFWURGHVDUHDYDLODEOHIRUWKH

    IROORZLQJEDVHPHWDOV

    &DUERQVWHHOV

    /RZDOOR\VWHHOV&RUURVLRQUHVLVWLQJVWDLQOHVVVWHHOV

    &DVW,URQV

    $OXPLQXP$OXPLQXPDOOR\V&RSSHU&RSSHUDOOR\V

    1LFNHO1LFNHODOOR\V

    &REDOW&REDOWDOOR\V7KH 6KLHOGHG PHWDO DUF ZHOGLQJ LV DGDSWDEOH WR DQ\ PDWHULDO WKLFNQHVV ZLWKLQ FHUWDLQ SUDFWLFDO DQG

    HFRQRPLFDO OLPLWDWLRQV )RU PDWHULDO WKLFNQHVV OHVV WKDQ PP WKH EDVH PHWDO ZLOO PHOW WKURXJK DQGPROWHQ PHWDO ZLOO IDOO DZD\ EHIRUH ZHOG FDQ EH HVWDEOLVKHG %HFDXVH RI OLPLWHG GHSRVLWLRQ UDWH LW LV

    HFRQRPLFDOO\ QRW DGYLVDEOH WR JR EH\RQG PP 0RVW RI WKH 6KLHOGHG PHWDO DUF ZHOGLQJ

    DSSOLFDWLRQV LVRQ WKLFNQHVV EHWZHHQ WR PP 2QH RIWKH PDMRUDGYDQWDJHVRI 6KLHOGHGPHWDO DUF

    ZHOGLQJ LV WKDW ZHOGLQJ FDQ EH GRQH LQ DQ\ SRVLWLRQ RQ PRVW RI PDWHULDOV IRU ZKLFK WKLV SURFHVV LV

    VXLWDEOH7KHUHIRUHLWLVXVHIXORQMRLQWVWKDWFDQQRWEHSODFHGLQIODWSRVLWLRQ

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    9/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    &ODVVLILFDWLRQRI60$:(OHFWURGHV$PHULFDQ:HOGLQJ6RFLHW\KDVFODVVLILHGWKH6KLHOGHG0HWDO$UF:HOGLQJ(OHFWURGHVIRUGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOV

    $QXPEHULQJV\VWHPKDVEHHQGHYLVHGIRUHOHFWURGHVRIGLIIHUHQWPDWHULDOV

    $:6$6SHFLILFDWLRQIRU&DUERQ6WHHO&RYHUHG$UF:HOGLQJ(OHFWURGHV

    7KLV FRGLQJ V\VWHP VWDUWV ZLWK WKH SUHIL[ ( ZKLFK GHVLJQDWHV DQ HOHFWURGH 7KHQ WKH QH[W WZRGLJLW

    QXPEHU LV RU 7KH QXPEHU LQGLFDWHV WHQVLOH VWUHQJWK RI DWOHDVW NVL RI WKH ZHOG GHSRVLW6LPLODUO\PHDQVPLQLPXPZHOGPHWDOWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRINVL7KHWKLUGGLJLWLQGLFDWHVWKHSRVLWLRQLQZKLFKWKHHOHFWURGHFDQEHXVHGVDWLVIDFWRULO\DVIROORZV

    )92++

    )+ILOOHW

    )2++9GRZQ

    WKHODVWWZRGLJLWVWKLUGIRXUWKWDNHQWRJHWKHULQGLFDWHVFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQW\SHRIFXUUHQWDQGWKH

    W\SHRIFRDWLQJ)ROORZLQJWDEOHVKRZVWKHFRPSOHWHFODVVLILFDWLRQDVDOVRWKHVLJQLILFDQFHRIWKHODVWWZR

    GLJLWV

    $:6&ODVVLILFDWLRQ

    :HOG0HWDO6WUHQJWK

    7\SHRIFRYHULQJ:HOGLQJSRVLWLRQ7\SHRIFXUUHQW

    ( NVL +LJKFHOOXORVHVRGLXP!)92++ '

    ( NVL +LJKWLWDQLDSRWDVVLXP)92++ '$

    ( NVL +LJKLURQR[LGH+ILOOHW '$

    ( NVL /RZK\GURJHQSRWDVVLXPLURQSRZGHU)92+

    +

    '$

    ( NVL /RZK\GURJHQSRWDVVLXPLURQSRZGHU)2++

    9GRZQ

    '$

    $:6$/RZDOOR\VWHHOFRYHUHGDUFZHOGLQJHOHFWURGHV7KLV FODVVLILFDWLRQ V\VWHP LV WKH VDPH DV IRU FDUERQ VWHHO HOHFWURGHV LH WKH SUHIL[ ( GHVLJQDWHV WKH

    HOHFWURGHWKHILUVWWZRGLJLWVRUWKUHHRIDILYHGLJLWQXPEHUGHVLJQDWHWKHPLQLPXPWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRI

    WKHZHOGLQNVL7KHWKLUG GLJLWRUIRXUWKGLJLWRIDILYHGLJLW QXPEHULQGLFDWHV WKHZHOGLQJ SRVLWLRQ7KH ODVWWZR GLJLWV

    WDNHQWRJHWKHULQGLFDWHWKHFXUUHQWFRQGLWLRQDVZHOODVWKHFRDWLQJW\SHH[DFWO\DVLQWKHFDUERQVWHHO

    HOHFWURGHFODVVLILFDWLRQ,QDGGLWLRQDOHWWHUVXIIL[VXFKDV$%&HWFGHVLJQDWHVWKHFKHPLVWU\RI

    GHSRVLWHGPHWDO$:6$6SHFLILFDWLRQIRUFRUURVLRQUHVLVWLQJFKURPLXPDQGFKURPLXPQLFNHOVWHHOFRYHUHGZHOGLQJ

    HOHFWURGHV7KLVLVDYHU\H[KDXVWLYHVWDQGDUGFRYHULQJ FODVVHVZLWK FKURPLXPLQWKHZHOG GHSRVLWUDQJLQJIURP

    WRDQGQLFNHOIURPQLOWR

    ,Q WKLV VWDQGDUG WKH HOHFWURGHV DUH FODVVLILHG RQ WKH EDVLV RI WKH FKHPLVWU\ DQG PHFKDQLFDO SURSHUW\UHTXLUHPHQWV RI WKH ZHOG PHWDO 7KH FODVVLILFDWLRQ V\VWHP FRQVLVWV RI VXIIL[ OHWWHU ( WR LQGLFDWH DQ

    HOHFWURGHIROORZHGE\YDULRXVFRPELQDWLRQRIGLJLWVDQGOHWWHUVWRLQGLFDWHWKHFKHPLFDOFRPSRVLWLRQRI

    ZHOGPHWDOZKLFKLVIXUWKHUIROORZHGE\RUWRLQGLFDWHSRVLWLRQRIZHOGLQJDQGW\SHRIFXUUHQW

    ,QVWDLQOHVVVWHHOHOHFWURGHWKHFRUHZLUHFKHPLVWU\DQGZHOGPHWDOFKHPLVWU\QHHGQRWQHFHVVDULO\EHLGHQWLFDO)RUH[DPSOHDQ(0RHOHFWURGHRUDQ(HOHFWURGHPD\KDYH66W\SHFRUHZLUHDQG

    IOX[FRYHULQJDOOR\HGZLWKUHTXLVLWHSURSRUWLRQVRI&U1LRU0RLIQHFHVVDU\+HQFHLWZRXOGEHLQFRUUHFW

    WRYHULI\ DQHOHFWURGH FODVVE\ DQDO\VLQJ LWV FRUHZLUH 2QH PXVW JHW DWXQ GLOXWHG DOO ZHOG PHWDODQG

    GHWHUPLQHLWVFRUHZLUHFKHPLVWU\

    ,QGHVLJQDWLRQDQGLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHHOHFWURGHLQVL]HPPDQGORZHUFDQEHXVHGLQDOO

    SRVLWLRQV7KH ODVWGLJLW PHDQVWKDW WKH HOHFWURGH ZRUNVRQO\RQ '& PHDQVWKHHOHFWURGHZRUNV

    HLWKHURQ$&RU'&

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    10/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    $IHZFODVVHVFDUU\VXIIL[/ZKLFKLQGLFDWHVWKDWWKHFDUERQFRQWHQWLQWKHGHSRVLWVLVUHVWULFWHGWR PD[LPXP LQ RUGHU WR REWDLQ UHVLVWDQFH WR LQWHUJUDQXODU FRUURVLRQ FDXVHG E\ FDUELGH SUHFLSLWDWLRQ

    ZKLFKFDQRFFXU ZKHQWKH FDUERQ FRQWHQWLV KLJKHU DQG ZHOGHG MRLQWLV H[SRVHG WRFRUURVLYH PHGLDLQVHUYLFH:KHUHVXIIL["+"LWLQGLFDWHKLJKFDUERQFRQWHQW7KHVHDUHPHDQWIRUWKHZHOGLQJRIKLJKDOOR\

    KHDWDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQWFDVWLQJVRIVDPHJHQHUDOFRPSRVLWLRQ

    3RZHUVRXUFH(OHFWURGHVFDQEHRSHUDWHGZLWK$&DQG'&SRZHUVXSSOLHV1RWDOO'&HOHFWURGHVFDQEHRSHUDWHGRQ$&SRZHUVRXUFHVKRZHYHU$&HOHFWURGHVDUHQRUPDOO\XVHGRQ'&

    *$6781*'7(1$5&:(/',1**7$:

    *DV WXQJVWHQDUF ZHOGLQJ LVD ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV ZKHUHLQ FRDOHVFHQFHRI PHWDOV LV SURGXFHGE\ KHDWLQJ

    WKHP ZLWK DQHOHFWULF DUF EHWZHHQ D WXQJVWHQ QRQFRQVXPDEOH HOHFWURGH DQG WKH ZRUN 6KLHOGLQJ RI

    HOHFWURGHWKHDUFDQGZHOG]RQHLVREWDLQHGIURPDLQHUWJDVRUPL[HURILQHUWJDVHV)LOOHUPDWHULDOPD\

    RUPD\QRWEHDGGHG

    *DVWXQJVWHQDUFZHOGLQJLVYHU\JRRGIRUMRLQLQJWKLQEDVHPHWDOVEHFDXVHRIH[FHOOHQWFRQWURORIKHDW

    LQSXW 7KH SURFHVV LWVHOI OHDGV WR KLJK TXDOLW\ ZHOGLQJ ,Q YHU\ FULWLFDO VHUYLFH DSSOLFDWLRQ IRU YHU\

    H[SHQVLYHPHWDOVRUSDUWVWKHPDWHULDOVVKRXOGEHFDUHIXOO\FOHDQHGRIIVXUIDFHGLUWJUHDVHDQGR[LGHVLQ

    SUHSDUDWLRQIRUZHOGLQJ

    +RZHYHUWKHOLPLWDWLRQVRIWKHSURFHVVDUH

    6ORZHUSURFHVVWKDQFRQVXPDEOHHOHFWURGHV7XQJVWHQFRQWDPLQDWLRQ

    +LJKHUHTXLSPHQWDQGZHOGLQJFRVWWKDQRWKHUSURFHVVHV

    3URFHVV6FRSHRI*7$:7KLVSURFHVV LVEHLQJ DSSOLHGLQFUHDVLQJO\ WRLQGXVWULDOSLSH ZHOGLQJDQG LWLVH[WHQVLYHO\ XVHGRQ DOPRVW

    DOORI WKHIHUURXVDQG QRQIHUURXVSLSLQJPDWHULDOV 7KHURRW SDVVHV RI VXEVWDQWLDO TXDQWLWLHV RI FDUERQ

    VWHHO SLSLQJHVSHFLDOO\WKRVHIRUFULWLFDODSSOLFDWLRQDUHZHOGHGZLWK *DVWXQJVWHQ DUFZHOGLQJSURFHVV)RUSLSHZDOOWKLFNQHVVPRUHWKDQLWLVHFRQRPLFDOWRFRPSOHWHWKHSLSHZHOGZLWKRWKHUZHOGLQJ

    SURFHVVVXFKDV 6KLHOGHGPHWDO DUF ZHOGLQJRU *DV PHWDODUFZHOGLQJ DIWHUWKH JDV WXQJVWHQDUFURRW

    SDVVKDVEHHQPDGH5RRWUXQE\*7$:LVDOVRSUHIHUUHGZKHUHIOXVKLQJRIWKHOLQHVDIWHUZHOGLQJLVQRWSRVVLEOH

    9LUWXDOO\DOOWKHWXEHWRWXEHVKHHWZHOGLQJLVGRQHZLWKDXWRPDWHGJDVWXQJVWHQDUFZHOGLQJHTXLSPHQW

    ZLWKRUZLWKRXWWKHDGGLWLRQRIILOOHUPDWHULDO

    7XQJVWHQ(OHFWURGHV1RQFRQVXPDEOH(OHFWURGHV IRU JDV WXQJVWHQ DUF ZHOGLQJ DUH FODVVLILHG DV SXUH 7XQJVWHQ 7XQJVWHQ ZLWK RQH RU WZRSHUFHQW 7KRULD 7XQJVWHQ ZLWK WR SHUFHQW =LUFRQLD 7KHVH WXQJVWHQ HOHFWURGHV DUH JHQHUDOO\

    DYDLODEOHLQGLDPHWHUVUDQJLQJIURPWRPP

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    11/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHVRISXULW\DUHOHVVH[SHQVLYHDQGDUHJHQHUDOO\XVHGLQOHVVFULWLFDORSHUDWLRQ$SXUH7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHKDVDUHODWLYHO\ORZFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\ZLWK$&SRZHUDQGKDVDORZ

    UHVLVWDQFHWRFRQWDPLQDWLRQ7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHVZLWK RU 7KRULDDUHVXSHULRUWRSXUH 7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHLQ VHYHUDOUHVSHFWV

    7KH\KDYHKLJKHUHOHFWURQHPPLVVLYLW\EHWWHUFXUUHQWFDUU\LQJFDSDFLW\KLJKHUOLIHDQGJUHDWHUUHVLVWDQFH

    WRFRQWDPLQDWLRQ

    7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHVWKDWFRQWDLQVRPH=LUFRQLDKDYHSURSHUWLHVWKDWJHQHUDOO\IDOOEHWZHHQWKRVHRISXUHDQG7KRULDFRQWDLQLQJ7XQJVWHQHOHFWURGHV

    *$60(7$/$5&:(/',1**0$:

    *DV PHWDO DUF ZHOGLQJ LV DQ HOHFWULF DUF ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV ZKLFK SURGXFHV FRDOHVFHQFH RI PHWDOV E\

    KHDWLQJWKHPZLWKDQDUFHVWDEOLVKHGEHWZHHQDFRQWLQXRXVILOOHUFRQVXPDEOHHOHFWURGHDQGWKHZRUN

    6KLHOGLQJRIDUFDQGPROWHQZHOGSRROLVREWDLQHGHQWLUHO\IURPDQH[WHUQDOO\VXSSOLHGJDVRUJDVPL[WXUH$OOFRPPHUFLDOO\ LPSRUWDQWPHWDOVVXFKDV FDUERQ VWHHO VWDLQOHVVVWHHODOXPLQLXPDQG FRSSHU FDQ EH

    ZHOGHG ZLWKWKLV SURFHVV LQ DOOSRVLWLRQVE\ FKRRVLQJ DSSURSULDWH VKLHOGLQJJDVHOHFWURGHDQG ZHOGLQJ

    FRQGLWLRQV 7KH YDVW PDMRULW\ RI JDV PHWDO DUF ZHOGLQJ DSSOLFDWLRQV UHTXLUHV WKH XVHRI GLUHFW FXUUHQW

    UHYHUVH SRODULW\HOHFWURGH SRVLWLYH 7KLVW\SH RI HOHFWULF FRQQHFWLRQ\LHOGV D VWDEOH DUFVPRRWK PHWDO

    WUDQVIHUUHODWLYHO\ ORZVSDWWHUORVV DQGJRRGZHOG EHDGFKDUDFWHULVWLFV IRUWKH HQWLUH UDQJH RI ZHOGLQJ

    FXUUHQWXVHG

    *0$: LV RSHUDWHG LQ VHPLDXWRPDWLF PDFKLQH DQG DXWRPDWLF PRGHV ,W LV XWLOLVHG SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ KLJK

    SURGXFWLRQZHOGLQJ

    68%0(5*('$5&:(/',1*6$:

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    12/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    6XEPHUJHGDUFZHOGLQJSURGXFHVFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOE\KHDWLQJWKHPLQDQDUFRUDUFVPDLQWDLQHG

    EHWZHHQ D EDUH PHWDO HOHFWURGH RU HOHFWURGHV DQG WKH ZRUN $ EODQNHW RI JUDQXODU IXVLEOH PDWHULDOSODFHGRYHUWKHZHOGLQJDUHDVKLHOGVWKHDUF)LOOHUPHWDOLVREWDLQHGIURPWKHHOHFWURGHDQGVRPHWLPHV

    IURPDVXSSOHPHQWDU\ZHOGLQJURGRURWKHUPHWDOOLFDGGLWLRQ

    7KHIHDWXUHWKDWGLVWLQJXLVKHVVXEPHUJHGDUF ZHOGLQJIURPRWKHUDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVHV LVWKH JUDQXODU

    PDWHULDO WKDW FRYHUV WKH ZHOGLQJ DUHD ,Q FRPPRQ XVH RI WKLV PDWHULDO LV WHUPHG DV IOX[ DOWKRXJK LWSHUIRUPVVHYHUDOLPSRUWDQWIXQFWLRQVLQDGGLWLRQWRWKRVHVWULFWO\DVVRFLDWHGZLWKDIOX[LQJDJHQW

    6$:LVXVHGH[WHQVLYHO\LQVKLSDQGEDUJHEXLOGLQJUDLOURDGFDUIDEULFDWLRQSLSHPDQXIDFWXULQJDQGWKH

    IDEULFDWLRQRIVWUXFWXUDOPHPEHUVZKHUHORQJZHOGVDUHUHTXLUHG

    )/8;&25('$5&:(/',1*)&$:,PDJHQRWDYDLODEOH

    )OX[FRUHGDUFZHOGLQJLVDQDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVZKLFKSURGXFHVFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOE\KHDWLQJWKHP

    ZLWKDQDUFEHWZHHQDFRQWLQXRXVILOOHUPHWDOWXEXODUDQGFRQVXPDEOHHOHFWURGHDQGWKHZRUN6KLHOGLQJ

    LVSURYLGHGE\DIOX[FRQWDLQHGZLWKLQWKHWXEXODUHOHFWURGHDQGPD\EHVXSSOHPHQWHGE\DQH[WHUQDOO\

    VXSSOLHGJDV

    7KHIHDWXUHWKDW GLVWLQJXLVKHVWKH IOX[ FRUHGDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVIURPRWKHUDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVLVWKHHQFORVXUHRIIOX[LQJLQJUHGLHQWVZLWKLQDFRQWLQXRXVO\IHGHOHFWURGH7KHEHQHILWRIIOX[FRUHGDUFZHOGLQJ

    DUHDFKLHYHGE\FRPELQLQJWZRJHQHUDOIHDWXUHV

    7KHSURGXFWLYLW\RIFRQWLQXRXVZHOGLQJ

    0HWDOOXUJLFDOEHQHILWVWKDWFDQEHDFKLHYHGIURPDIOX[

    )&$:KDVIRXQGZLGHDSSOLFDWLRQLQVKRSIDEULFDWLRQPDLQWHQDQFHDQGILHOGHUHFWLRQZRUN

    (/(&7526/$*(/(&752*$6:(/',1*(6:(*:

    (OHFWURVODJZHOGLQJLVDZHOGLQJSURFHVVSURGXFLQJFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOZLWKPROWHQVODJZKLFKPHOWV

    WKHILOOHUPHWDODQGWKHVXUIDFHRIWKHZRUNWREHZHOGHG7KHPROWHQVODJVKLHOGVWKHPROWHQZHOGSRRO

    ZKLFKPRYHDORQJWKHIXOOFURVVVHFWLRQRIWKHMRLQWDVZHOGLQJSURJUHVVHV

    7KH SURFHVV LV LQLWLDWHG E\ VWDUWLQJDQ HOHFWULFDUF EHWZHHQ WKH HOHFWURGH DQG MRLQW ERWWRP *UDQXODWHG

    IOX[LV WKHQDGGHG DQG PHOWHG E\WKHKHDWRIDUF$V VRRQDV DVXIILFLHQWWKLFNOD\HURI PROWHQ VODJ LVIRUPHG DOO DUF DFWLRQ VWRSV DQG WKH ZHOGLQJ FXUUHQW SDVVHV IURP WKH HOHFWURGH WKURXJK WKH VODJ E\

    HOHFWULFDOFRQGXFWLRQ

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    13/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGLQJLV VWDUWHGLQ D VXPS RURQ D VWDUWLQJWDE WRDOORZ WKH SURFHVV WRVWDELOLVH EHIRUH WKH ZHOGLQJUHDFKHVWKHZRUN+HDWJHQHUDWHGE\WKHUHVLVWDQFHRIPROWHQVODJWRWKHSDVVDJHRIZHOGLQJFXUUHQWLV

    VXIILFLHQWWRIXVHWKHHGJHRIWKHZRUNSLHFHDQGWKHZHOGLQJHOHFWURGH7KHIOX[LVDPDMRUSDUWLQVXFFHVVIXORSHUDWLRQRIWKH(OHFWURVODJZHOGLQJSURFHVV)OX[FRPSRVLWLRQLVRI

    DW PRVW LPSRUWDQFH VLQFH LWV FKDUDFWHULVWLFV GHWHUPLQHV KRZ ZHOO WKH SURFHVV RSHUDWHV 'XULQJ WKH

    ZHOGLQJSURFHVVWKHIOX[LVPHOWHGLQWRVODJWKDWWUDQVIRUPVWKHHOHFWULFDOHQHUJ\LQWRWKHUPDOHQHUJ\WR

    PHOWWKHILOOHUPHWDODQGEDVHPHWDO7KLV ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV LV H[WHQVLYHO\ XVHG IRU ZHOGLQJ RI WKLFNHU VHFWLRQV 3URFHVV LV XVHG LQ VWUXFWXUDOVKLSSUHVVXUHYHVVHOVDQGFDVWLQJVZHOGLQJ

    3/$60$$5&:(/',1*3$:

    3ODVPDDUFZHOGLQJLVDQDUFZHOGLQJSURFHVVZKHUHFRDOHVFHQFHRIPHWDOVLVSURGXFHGE\KHDWLQJZLWKD

    FRQVWULFWHGDUFEHWZHHQDQHOHFWURGHDQGWKHZRUNSLHFHWUDQVIHUUHGDUFRUEHWZHHQWKHHOHFWURGHDQG

    FRQVWULFWLQJ QR]]OH QRQWUDQVIHUUHG DUF 6KLHOGLQJ LV JHQHUDOO\ REWDLQHG IURP WKH LRQLVHG JDV LVVXLQJ

    IURPWKHRULILFHRIWKHFRQVWULFWLQJQR]]OH

    /RZFXUUHQWSODVPDDUFZHOGLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVDUH

    7KLQZLUHPHVKVFUHHQILOWHUV6PDOOZLUHEXWWZHOGV

    5HOD\FDVHIDEULFDWLRQ%HOORZVDVVHPEOLHV

    +LJKFXUUHQWSODVPDDUFZHOGLQJDSSOLFDWLRQVDUH6WDLQOHVVVWHHODQGWLWDQLXPWXELQJORQJLWXGLQDOZHOGV

    *LUWKMRLQWVLQSLSHIDEULFDWLRQ0LVVLOHWDQNDJHV

    7XUELQHHQJLQHFRPSRQHQWV

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    14/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGLQJRI&DUERQ6WHHO

    &DUERQ VWHHO UHSUHVHQWV D EURDG UDQJH RI VWHHO WKDW FRQWDLQ &DUERQ PD[LPXP

    0DQJDQHVHPD[LPXPDQG6LOLFRQPD[LPXP7KHVHVWHHOVGRQRWFRQWDLQDOOR\LQJHOHPHQWVOLNH

    &KURPLXP 1LFNHO RU 0RO\EGHQXP &DUERQ VWHHOV DUH VXEGLYLGHG LQWR IRXU FDWHJRULHV EDVHG RQ WKHLU

    FDUERQFRQWHQW7\SLFDOXVHDQGWKHLU:HOGDELOLW\RIWKHVHVWHHOVDUHDVIROORZV

    &RPPRQ1DPH

    &DUERQFRQWHQW

    7\SLFDO8VH :HOGDELOLW\

    /RZ

    &DUERQ

    6WHHO

    PD[LPXP

    6SHFLDO SODWHV

    DQG VKDSHV

    VKHHWVWULS

    ([FHOOHQW

    0LOG6WHHO

    6WUXFWXUDO

    VKDSHV SODWHV

    DQGEDU

    *RRG

    0HGLXP&DUERQ

    6WHHO

    0DFKLQHSDUWDQGWRROV

    )DLU SUHKHDWDQG SRVWZHOG KHDW LV QRUPDOO\

    UHTXLUHG+LJK

    &DUERQ

    6WHHO

    6SULQJGLHVUDLOV 3RRU SUHKHDW SRVWZHOG KHDW DQG ORZ

    K\GURJHQ ZHOGLQJSURFHVVLVUHTXLUHG

    v 0$,1352%/(067+$7$5($662&,$7(':,7+:(/',1*2)&$5%2167((/$5( 0DUWHQVLWHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQ

    0DUWHQVLWHWUDQVIRUPDWLRQLV PRUHSUHGRPLQDQW LQVWHHOVZKHUHFDUERQSHUFHQWDJHLV PRUHWKDQ

    0DUWHQVLWHLV WKH VXSHUVDWXUDWHGVROXWLRQ RI FDUERQ LQDOSKD LURQ,W LVYHU\ KDUG DQG

    EULWWOH0DUWHQVLWHIRUPDWLRQIURPDXVWHQLWHLVDFFRPSDQLHGE\LQFUHDVHLQVSHFLILFYROXPHDERXWSHUFHQW 7KLV LVWKHPDLQUHDVRQ ZK\ ODUJHU VWUHVVHVDUH VHW XSLQ ZHOGPHQWDQG FUDFNFDQ

    RFFXU

    7RDYRLGWKLVSUHKHDWLQJLVGRQHSULRUWRZHOGLQJDQGSRVWZHOGLQJKHDWWUHDWPHQWLVDOVRGRQH

    +RW&UDFNLQJ7KHRWKHUSUREOHPLQSODLQFDUERQVWHHOLVGXHWRSUHVHQFHRIVXOSKXU LQ VWHHO ,Q VWHHO VXOSKXU

    HDVLO\IRUPVLURQVXOSKLGHZKLFKKDVDYHU\ORZPHOWLQJSRLQWZKLFKUHPDLQVOLTXLGHYHQZKHQZKROHVWUXFWXUHLVVROLGLILHG

    7RDYRLGWKLVZHDGG0QVRWKDWVXOSKXUZLOOIRUP0Q6EHFDXVHWKHUPRG\QDPLFDOO\WKHIRUPDWLRQRI0Q6LVPRUHIDYRXUDEOHWKDQ)H6+RZHYHULQDEVHQFHRI0QWKHPD[LPXPDOORZDEOHVXOSKXU

    LV3KRVSKRURXVKDVDOVRVLPLODUHIIHFWDVVXOSKXU%XWLWLIERWKVXOSKXUDQGSKRVSKRURXV

    DUHSUHVHQWZHXVHKLJKR[LGH)H2HOHFWURGHV7KHVHHOHFWURGHVKDYHR[\JHQSHUFHQWDJHRI

    +\GURJHQ,QGXFHG&UDFNLQJ6XFKFUDFNLQJLVDOVRNQRZQDVXQGHUEHDGFUDFNLQJRUGHOD\HGFUDFNLQJ,WJHQHUDOO\RFFXUVDWWHPSHUDWXUHEHORZ

    &LPPHGLDWHO\XSRQFRROLQJRUDIWHUDSHULRGRIVHYHUDOKRXUV7KHWLPH

    GHSHQGVRQW\SHRIVWHHOPDJQLWXGHRIZHOGLQJVWUHVVDQGK\GURJHQFRQWHQWRIZHOGDQG+HDW$IIHFWHG=RQH+$= +\GURJHQ LQGXFHG FUDFNLQJLQ ZHOGHG MRLQWVPD\ EHFDXVHG E\VWUHVVHVGHYHORSHGIURPWUDQVIRUPDWLRQKDUGHQLQJRUE\H[FHVVLYHVWUHVVHVLPSRVHGXSRQWKHMRLQW6XFK

    FUDFNLQJLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHFRPELQHGSUHVHQFHRIWKUHHFRQGLWLRQV3UHVHQFHRI+\GURJHQLQ6WHHO

    $6XVFHSWDEOHPLFURVWUXFWXUHWKDWLVSDUWO\RUZKROO\PDUWHQVLWLF

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    15/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    $7HQVLOH6WUHVVDWWKHVHQVLWLYHORFDWLRQ+\GURJHQLQGXFHGFUDFNLQJZLOOQRWWDNHSODFHLIDQ\RQHRIWKHVHFRQGLWLRQVLVDEVHQWRUDWORZ

    OHYHO

    6WUDLQ$JHLQJ$WFHUWDLQSRVLWLRQLQVROLGVQLWURJHQDWRPVGLIIXVHWRGLVORFDWLRQVDQGFDXVHVHJUHJDWLRQ7KLV

    VHJUHJDWLRQ RI QLWURJHQ DWRPV EORFN WKH PRYHPHQW RI GLVORFDWLRQ SUHYHQWLQJ WKH SODVWLF

    GHIRUPDWLRQ DQGOHDGLQJWRHPEULWWOHPHQW7KLV SKHQRPHQRQRFFXUVDW

    &6WUDLQ DJHLQJ LV

    DYRLGHGE\KHDWLQJWKHZHOGDW

    &$OWKRXJKFDUERQLVWKHPRVWVLJQLILFDQWDOOR\LQJHOHPHQW

    DIIHFWLQJ ZHOGDELOLW\ WKH HIIHFWV RI RWKHU HOHPHQWV FDQ EH HVWLPDWHG E\ HTXDWLQJ WKHP WR DQ

    HTXLYDOHQWDPRXQWRIFDUERQ7KXVWKHHIIHFWRIWRWDOFRQWHQWFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRID

    FDUERQHTXLYDOHQW

    v 6(/(&7,212)(/(&752'(),//(5:,5(6HOHFWLRQRIZHOGLQJHOHFWURGHRUILOOHUZLUHLVEDVHGRQFRPSDWLELOLW\EHWZHHQEDVHPHWDOWREH

    MRLQHGDQGVHUYLFHUHTXLUHPHQWRIWKHZHOGPHQW&DUERQVWHHOFDQEHZHOGHGZLWKHVVHQWLDOO\DQ\FODVVLILFDWLRQRIFRYHUHGFDUERQVWHHOHOHFWURGHVZLWKLQFHUWDLQOLPLWDWLRQDQGVHUYLFHUHTXLUHPHQW

    7KHVHOLPLWDWLRQVDUHWKHFDUERQDQG VWUHQJWKOHYHORIWKHEDVHPHWDODQG WKHUHVWUDLQFRQGLWLRQ7KH

    HVVHQWLDOIDFWRUVLQVHOHFWLRQRIHOHFWURGHVIRUFDUERQVWHHOVDUH

    0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUW\ 0DWHULDO&RPSRVLWLRQ &RVW

    0HFKDQLFDO3URSHUW\&DUERQVWHHOHOHFWURGHVFODVVLILHGLQWKHW\SH([[VHULHVPD\EHXVHGIRUZHOGLQJORZHUFDUERQ

    FRQWHQW VWHHO :KHUH KLJKHU VWUHQJWKV DUH UHTXLUHG HOHFWURGHV SRVVHVVLQJ KLJKHU ZHOG PHWDOGHSRVLWVVWUHQJWKLH ([[VHULHVDUHXVHG )RUIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQZHOGV DQ HOHFWURGHPXVW EH

    VHOHFWHG WR HQVXUH FRPSDWLELOLW\ ZLWK WKH PLQLPXP VWUHQJWK OHYHO RI WKH EDVH PHWDO )RU ILOOHWZHOGV WKH PDWFKLQJ RI PLQLPXP VWUHQJWK SURSHUWLHV PD\ EH FRPSURPLVHG WR WKH H[WHQW RI

    PRGLI\LQJWKHZHOGVL]H

    0DWHULDO&RPSRVLWLRQ&DUERQ VWHHOZKLFKSRVVHVOHVVWKDQ &DUERQ DUH UHDGLO\ZHOGDEOH ZLWKDQ\ FODVVRI /RZ

    &DUERQ6WHHOHOHFWURGH6WHHOVZKLFKSRVVHVD&DUERQFRQWHQWRQWKHUDQJHRIWR&DUERQKDYHUHVWULFWLRQLQWKHDSSOLHGZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHDQGHOHFWURGHVHOHFWLRQ,QWKLVUDQJH

    ORZ +\GURJHQ HOHFWURGHV DUH QHFHVVDU\ 3UHKHDWLQJ PD\ EH UHTXLUHG GHSHQGLQJ RQ FDUERQ

    FRQWHQW FRQGLWLRQ RI UHVWUDLQW DQG VHUYLFH WHPSHUDWXUH 3RVW ZHOG KHDW WUHDWPHQW PD\ EH

    UHTXLUHGGHSHQGLQJ XSRQVHUYLFHUHTXLUHPHQW :LWK&DUERQ FRQWHQW DERYH WKHZHOGLQJ

    SURFHGXUH UHTXLUHVWKHVDPHSUHFDXWLRQV EXW XVHVKLJKHU SUHKHDW WHPSHUDWXUH &DUERQ VWHHOVFRQWDLQLQJRYHU6LOLFRQUHTXLUHORZ+\GURJHQHOHFWURGH

    &RVW7KH SULQFLSDO IDFWRUV ZKHQ FRQVLGHULQJ ZHOGLQJ FRVW LV GHSRVLWLRQ UDWH 7KLV LQIOXHQFHV RYHUDOOZHOGLQJFRVWLQWZRDUHDVFRVWRIODERXUDQGSURGXFWLYLW\7KHKLJKHUWKHGHSRVLWLRQUDWHWKH

    JUHDWHU WKH QXPEHU RILQFKHV RIZHOGWKDWFDQ EHSURGXFHG SHU XQLW RIWLPH 'HSRVLWLRQ UDWH

    KRZHYHUZLWKLWVHIIHFWXSRQZHOGLQJWUDYHOVSHHGVKRXOGQRWH[FHHGWKHPD[LPXPWUDYHOVSHHG

    FDSDELOLW\UHTXLUHGWRPDLQWDLQTXDOLW\ZHOGV

    v 48$/,7

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    16/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGVRIKLJK\LHOGDQGXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKV7KLV W\SH RI ZHOGV DUH SURGXFHG E\ FRDWHG HOHFWURGH RU 2[\$FHW\OHQH ZHOGLQJ EHFDXVH WKHVH

    SURFHVVHVKDYHKLJKUDWHRIFRROLQJWKXVKDYLQJILQHJUDLQVL]HZKLFKOHDGWRKLJK\LHOGVWUHQJWK

    DQGKLJKXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK

    :HOGVRIORZ\LHOGDQGXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWK7KHVHW\SHVRIZHOGVDUHSURGXFHGE\VXEPHUJHGDUFZHOGLQJ,QVXEPHUJHGDUFZHOGLQJZKROH

    ZHOGPHWDOLVVXEPHUJHGLQIOX[EODQNHW6RKHDWGLVVLSDWLRQLVORZOHDGLQJWRORZFRROLQJUDWHDQGWKXVODUJHJUDLQVL]HORZ\LHOGDQGXOWLPDWHWHQVLOHVWUHQJWKRIWKH

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    17/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGLQJRI$OOR\6WHHOV

    $OOR\VWHHOV RIWKHVH IDPLO\ FRQWDLQ WR RI&KURPLXPDQG RU 0RO\EGHQXP 7KH

    FDUERQ FRQWHQW LV QRUPDOO\ OHVV WKDQ IRU JRRG ZHOGDELOLW\ EXW WKH DOOR\V KDYH KLJK

    KDUGHQDELOLW\7KHFKURPLXPSURYLGHVLPSURYHGR[LGDWLRQDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHDQGPRO\EGHQXP

    LQFUHDVHVVWUHQJWKDWHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHV&KURPLXP0RO\EGHQXP&U0R6WHHOVDUHZLGHO\XVHGLQSHWUROHXPLQGXVWULHVDQGLQVWHDPSRZHUJHQHUDWLRQDQGHOHYDWHGWHPSHUDWXUHDSSOLFDWLRQ

    7KH&U0RVWHHOVDUHUHDGLO\ MRLQHGE\DUFZHOGLQJDQGEUD]LQJSURFHVVHVFRPPRQO\XVHGIRUFDUERQ

    VWHHOV7KHFRPELQHGFDUERQDQGDOOR\FRQWHQWRIWKHVHVWHHOVLVVXIILFLHQWWRSURPRWHWKHIRUPDWLRQ

    RI0DUWHQVLWHIURPDXVWHQLWHRQUDSLGFRROLQJZKLFKPD\EHKDUGDQGEULWWOH6WHHOVLQWKLVJURXSDUHDOVR YHU\ VHQVLWLYH WR K\GURJHQ LQGXFHG FUDFNLQJ 7KHUHIRUH WKH ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV DQG SURFHGXUHV

    VKRXOGPLQLPLVHWKHSUHVHQFHRIK\GURJHQGXULQJZHOGLQJDVZHOODVWKHIRUPDWLRQRI0DUWHQVLWH7R

    DYRLGWKHVHSUREOHPVSUHKHDWLQJDQGSRVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQWDUHGRQH([WHQWRISUHKHDWDQGSRVW

    ZHOGKHDWLQJLVGHFLGHGE\&DUERQ(TXLYDOHQWLQWKHSDUWLFXODUVWHHO

    &$5%21(48,9$/(17$OWKRXJK&DUERQ LV WKHPRVW VLJQLILFDQW DOOR\LQJ HOHPHQW DIIHFWLQJZHOGDELOLW\7KH HIIHFWV RI RWKHU

    HOHPHQWVFDQEHHVWLPDWHGE\HTXDWLQJWKHPWRDQHTXLYDOHQWDPRXQWRIFDUERQ7KXVWKHHIIHFWRI

    WRWDODOOR\FRQWHQWFDQEHH[SUHVVHGLQWHUPVRIFDUERQHTXLYDOHQF\&(

    6WHHOV KDYLQJ &( OHVV WKDQ XVXDOO\ UHTXLUH QR SUHKHDWLQJ DQG SRVW KHDWLQJ 6WHHOV KDYLQJ &(EHWZHHQ DQG XVXDOO\ UHTXLUH SUHKHDWLQJ DQG VWHHOV ZLWK &( PRUH WKDQ UHTXLUH ERWK

    SUHKHDWLQJDQGSRVWKHDWLQJ%HFDXVHWKHFDUERQHTXLYDOHQWLVFDOFXODWHGIURPEDVHPHWDOFRPSRVLWLRQDQGLQFOXGHVQRRWKHUYDULDEOHLWLVRQO\DQDSSUR[LPDWHPHDVXUHRIZHOGDELOLW\RUVXVFHSWLELOLW\WRZHOG

    FUDFNLQJ6HFWLRQWKLFNQHVVRUZHOGPHQWUHVWUDLQWVDUHRIHTXDORUJUHDWHULPSRUWDQFH

    7KUHHPDMRUVWHSVDUHLQYORYHGLQWKHZHOGLQJRIWKH/RZ$OOR\6WHHOV7KHVHDUH

    3UHKHDWLQJ3UHKHDWLQJLVUHTXLUHGLQPRVWFDVHVWRSUHYHQWKDUGHQLQJDQGFUDFNLQJ5HFRPPHQGHGPLQLPXPSUHKHDW

    DQGLQWHUSDVVWHPSHUDWXUHVIRUYDULRXVWKLFNQHVVRI&U0RVWHHOVDUHJLYHQEHOORZV

    %DVH0HWDO*URXS1RPLQDO:DOO7KLFNQHVV

    PP0LQLPXP3UHKHDW

    ,QWHUSDVV7HPSHUDWXUH

    &

    $OOR\6WHHO&UPP!PP

    $OOR\6WHHO!

    $OO

    $OOR\6WHHO! $OO

    7KH PHWKRG RI KHDWLQJ VKRXOG EH RQH WKDW ZLOO SURYLGH D XQLIRUP WHPSHUDWXUH DORQJ WKH HQWLUH MRLQWOHQJWKEHIRUHZHOGLQJLVVWDUWHG$OVRWKHZLGWKRIWKHKHDWHGDUHDVKRXOGEHVXIILFLHQWWRHQVXUHWKDWWKH

    WHPSHUDWXUHLVQHDUO\XQLIRUPWKURXJKRXWWKHWKLFNQHVV

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    18/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    6HOHFWLRQRI(OHFWURGH)LOOHU0DWHULDO7KH ILOOHU PHWDO VKRXOG KDYH WKH VDPH QRPLQDO FRPSRVLWLRQ DV WKH EDVH PHWDO H[FHSW IRU WKH FDUERQ

    FRQWHQW 1RUPDOO\ WKH FDUERQ FRQWHQW LV ORZHU WKDQ WKDW RI WKH EDVH PHWDO 6XJJHVWHG ZHOGLQJ

    FRQVXPDEOHVDUHJLYHQEHORZ

    $OOR\6WHHO (OHFWURGHIRU60$:

    (OHFWURGHIRU*7$:

    &U

    0R (;;% (5;%/

    &U

    0R

    &U

    0R(;;%

    (;;%/

    (5;%

    (5;%/

    &U

    0R

    &U0R(;;%

    (;;%/

    (5;%

    (5;%/

    &U0R(;;%

    (;;

    (5;%

    (5

    &U0R (;; (5

    &U

    0R (&U;;(5

    (5&U0R (;; (5

    6KLHOGHG0HWDO$UF:HOGLQJ(OHFWURGHVIURP$:66SHFLILFDWLRQ$RU$:HOGLQJ5RGRU)LOOHUPDWHULDOIURP$:66SHFLILFDWLRQ$RU$

    3RVW:HOG+HDW7UHDWPHQW$VWUHVVUHOLHIKHDWWUHDWPHQWLVXVHGWRUHGXFHZHOGLQJVWUHVVHVDQGDOVRWRLQFUHDVHWKHGXFWLOLW\DQG

    WRXJKQHVVRIWKHZHOGPHWDODQGKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH+$=7KHZHOGHGMRLQWRUWKHHQWLUHZHOGPHQWLVKHDWHG WR VRPH WHPSHUDWXUH EHORZ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH DW ZKLFK WKH VWHHO ZLOO EHJLQ WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ WR

    DXVWHQLWH5HFRPPHQGHGWHPSHUDWXUHDQGKROGLQJWLPHIRUDOOR\VWHHOVDUHJLYHQEHORZ

    %DVH0HWDO*URXS

    1RPLQDO:DOOWKLFNQHVVPP

    5HFRPPHQGHG7HPSHUDWXUH

    5DQJH

    +ROGLQJ7LPHKU,QFKRIZDOO

    7KN

    0LQLPXP+ROGLQJ7LPH

    $OOR\6WHHO&U

    !

    1RQH

    &

    1RQH

    1RQH

    $OOR\6WHHO

    !

    !

    1RQH

    &

    1RQH

    1RQH

    $OOR\6WHHO

    &5$OO

    &

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    19/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    :HOGLQJRI6WDLQOHVV6WHHOV

    6WDLQOHVVVWHHOVDUHPDLQO\FODVVLILHGLQWKUHHJURXSV

    $XVWHQLWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO )HUULWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO 0DUWHQVLWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO :HOGLQJRI$XVWHQLWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO

    $XVWHQLWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHOV H[FHSW IRU WKH IUHH PDFKLQLQJ DUH PRUH ZHOGDEOH WKDQ IHUULWLF DQG

    PDUWHQVLWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO 7KH ZHOGHG MRLQW RI WKLV VWHHO LV FKDUDFWHULVHG E\ KLJK GHJUHH RI

    WRXJKQHVV 6DWLVIDFWRU\ ZHOGV DUH UHDGLO\ REWDLQHG LI WKH ZHOGLQJ FRQGLWLRQ DGRSWHG DUH

    FRPSHWHQWHQRXJK ZLWK SK\VLFDO DQG PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV RI DXVWHQHWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO EHLQJ

    ZHOGHG+RZHYHUWKHSUREOHPVZKLFKDULVHGXULQJZHOGLQJRI$XVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOVDUH

    &DUELGH3UHFLSLWDWLRQ7KLVLVDOVRNQRZQDVVHQVLWLVDWLRQRIVWDLQOHVVVWHHO$WKLJKWHPSHUDWXUH

    &&KURPLXP

    FDUELGHLVIRUPHGZKLFKLVYHU\KDUGDQGUHPDLQVLQZHOGDVQRQPHWDOOLFLQFOXVLRQ6RLQZHOG

    DQG+$=D&KURPLXPGHSOHWHG]RQHLVIRUPHGDQGFRUURVLRQUHVLVWDQFHSURSHUW\RIVWDLQOHVV

    VWHHOLVUHGXFHGLQWKLV]RQH7RSUHYHQWFDUELGHSUHFLSLWDWLRQWKHIROORZLQJSUHFDXWLRQVDUHWREHWDNHQ

    +HDWWKHZHOGHGVWUXFWXUHWRDERXW

    &DQGTXHQFKLVWDNHQ$GG1LRELXPRU7DQWDOXPRUERWKLQVWHHO

    8VHDVWHHORIYHU\ORZFDUERQ&

    E0LFURILVVXULQJRU+RWFUDFNLQJ,Q DXVWHQLWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO PLFURILVVXULQJ LV SUHGRPLQDQWO\ UHODWHG WR PLFURVWUXFWXUH RI ZHOG

    PHWDO,QWKHFDVHRIDXVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOZHOGPHWDOZLWKZKROO\DXVWHQLWLFVWUXFWXUHLVPRUH

    VXVFHSWLEOHWRPLFURILVVXULQJWKDQZHOGPHWDOZLWKDGXSOH[VWUXFWXUHRIGHOWDIHUULWHLQDXVWHQLWH

    7KLV FDQ EH UHGXFHG E\ VPDOO LQFUHDVH RI FDUERQ QLWURJHQ RU D VXEVWDQWLDO LQFUHDVH LQ

    PDQJDQHVH

    ,WLVLPSRUWDQWWRPLQLPLVHDPRXQWRIVWUHVVLPSRVHGRQDXVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOZHOGPHWDODVLWFRROVIURPVROLGXVGRZQWRDERXW

    &,WLVLQWKLVWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHWKDWZHOGPHWDOLVPRVWVXVFHSWLEOHWRPLFURILVVXULQJ

    8QGHU%HDG&UDFNLQJ8QGHUEHDGFUDFNLQJRIWHQRFFXUVZKHQWKLFNQHVVLVPRUHWKDQDQGSDUWLFXODUO\LIZHOGPHWDOFRQWDLQV&ERU7D7KHFUDFNLQJLVPRUHVXVFHSWLEOHLIWKH&ROXPELXPIRUPV&ROXPELXPFDUELGH

    OHDGLQJWRFUDFNLQJEHQHDWKWKHZHOG

    (OHFWURGHRU)LOOHUPDWHULDO6HOHFWLRQ7\SHRI$XVWHQHWLF

    6WDLQOHVV6WHHO5HFRPPHQGHG(OHFWURGHIRU

    60$:5HFRPPHQGHG)LOOHU

    0DWHULDOIRU*7$:

    ( (5

    % ( (5

    / (/( (5/(5

    6H ( (5

    6H ( (5

    6 ( (5

    ( (5

    / (/( (5/(5

    ( (5

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    20/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    ( (5

    3UHKHDWLQJLVQRWUHTXLUHGLQDXVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHO6WUHVVUHOLHYLQJRUSRVWZHOGKHDWLQJFRXOGEHXVHGWRWDNHFDUHRIVWUHVVGLOXWLRQDQGVWDELOLW\

    7KLV LV FDUULHG RXW DW

    & IRU KUV SHU LQFK WKLFNQHVV 7KRXJK LW LV QRW QHFHVVDU\ EXWGHVLUDEOH%XWWKLVFRXOGOHDGWRFDUELGHSUHFLSLWDWLRQLQWKHZHOG

    :HOGLQJRI)HUULWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO)HUULWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO LV OHVV ZHOGDEOH WKDQ DXVWHQLWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO EXW EHWWHU ZHOGDEOH WKDQ

    PDUWHQVLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHO7KH PDLQSUREOHPVLQYROYHGLQZHOGLQJRIWKLVW\SHRI VWDLQOHVVVWHHO

    DUH

    0DUWHQVLWH)RUPDWLRQ$OWKRXJK PRVW IHUULWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHOV KDYH FRPSRVLWLRQ WKDW HQVXUHV D IHUULWLF VWUXFWXUH

    YDULDWLRQLQFRPSRVLWLRQLQUHJXODUOLPLWVFDQUHVXOWLQIRUPDWLRQRI PDUWHQVLWHLQ DPDWUL[RIIHUULWHWKHPDUWHQVLWHUHGXFHVERWKGXFWLOLW\DQGWRXJKQHVVRIVWHHO

    *UDLQ&RDUVHQLQJ,QDGGLWLRQWRIRUPDWLRQRIPDUWHQVLWHKHDWLQJWRWHPSHUDWXUHDERYH

    &UHVXOWVLQJUDLQ

    FRDUVHQLQJZKLFKDOVRUHGXFHVWKHGXFWLOLW\DQGWRXJKQHVVRIVWHHO$OWKRXJKDQQHDOLQJFDQ

    HOLPLQDWHPDUWHQVLWHWKHFRDUVHQHGIHUULWHJUDLQUHPDLQVXQDIIHFWHG

    7KUHHPDMRUVWHSVDUHLQYORYHGLQWKHZHOGLQJRIWKH)HUULWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHOV7KHVHDUH

    3UHKHDWLQJ3UHKHDWLQJ RI IHUULWLF VWDLQOHVV VWHHO LV HVVHQWLDO 5HFRPPHQGHG WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH IRU IHUULWLF

    VWDLQOHVVVWHHOLV

    &WR

    &7KHQHHGIRUSUHKHDWLQJLVGHFLGHGWRDODUJHH[WHQWE\WKHFRPSRVLWLRQ PHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHV DQGWKLFNQHVV RI VWHHO EHLQJZHOGHG)HUULWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHO

    OHVVWKDQWKLFNQHVVDUHPXFKOHVVOLNHO\WRFUDFNLQZHOGLQJZKHQWKLFNQHVVLVPRUHWKDQ

    WKLFN+RZHYHURWKHUIDFWRUVOLNHW\SHRIMRLQWMRLQWORFDWLRQUHVWUDLQWVLPSRVHGE\FODPSLQJDQGMLJJLQJ ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV DQG UDWH RI FRROLQJ IURP ZHOGLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH DOVR DIIHFW WKH ZHOG

    FUDFNLQJ

    6HOHFWLRQRI(OHFWURGHRU)LOOHU0DWHULDO7\SHRI

    )HUULWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO

    5HFRPPHQGHG(OHFWURGHRU)LOOHU0DWHULDO

    &E

    ))6H

    )

    )6H

    7KXVZHVHHWKDWERWK)HUULWLF$XVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVILOOHUPDWHULDOVDUHXVHGLQWKHDUFZHOGLQJRI

    IHUULWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHO)HUULWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOURGVJLYHVLPLODUSURSHUWLHVDVWKHSDUHQWPHWDOEXW

    WKHXVHRIDXVWHQHWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOURGVSURGXFHVZHOGVRIKLJKHUGXFWLOLW\

    3RVW:HOG+HDW7UHDWPHQW7KHWHPSHUDWXUHUDQJHIRUSRVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQWRIIHUULWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOLV

    &WR

    &

    ZKLFK LV VDIHO\ EHORZ WKH WHPSHUDWXUH IRU DXVWHQLWLF WUDQVIRUPDWLRQ $QQHDOLQJ WUDQVIRUPV D

    PL[HGVWUXFWXUHWRZKROO\IHUULWLFVWUXFWXUHDQGUHVWRUHVWKHPHFKDQLFDOSURSHUWLHVDQGFRUURVLRQ

    UHVLVWDQFH WKDW PD\ KDYH EHHQ DGYHUVHO\ DIIHFWHG E\ KLJK WHPSHUDWXUH HQFRXQWHUHG GXULQJ

    ZHOGLQJ$QQHDOLQJH[FHSWIRULWVLQDELOLW\WRUHILQHFRDUVHQHGIHUULWHJUDLQLVJHQHUDOO\EHQHILFLDO

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    21/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    +RZHYHUDQQHDOLQJKDVGLVDGYDQWDJHRIFRQVXPLQJWLPHDQGKHDWHQHUJ\DVZHOODVSURGXFLQJVFDOHRQVXUIDFH

    :HOGLQJRI0DUWHQVLWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHO:HOGLQJ RI WKLV W\SH RI VWDLQOHVV VWHHO LV PRUH GLIILFXOW WKDQ RWKHU VWDLQOHVV VWHHOV 0DUWHQVLWLF

    EHLQJKDUGSKDVHLWVZHOGPHWDOLVPRVWVXVFHSWLEOHWRFUDFNLQJGXULQJVROLGLILFDWLRQ3UHKHDWLQJ

    DQG SRVW ZHOG KHDWLQJ DUH QRUPDOO\ GRQH GXULQJ ZHOGLQJ RI WKHVH VWDLQOHVV VWHHOV7KUHHPDMRUVWHSVDUHLQYORYHGLQWKHZHOGLQJRIWKH)HUULWLF6WDLQOHVV6WHHOV7KHVHDUH

    3UHKHDWLQJ)RUSUHKHDWLQJIROORZLQJJXLGHOLQHVDUHXVHGD &DUERQEHORZLQJHQHUDOQHLWKHUSUHKHDWLQJQRUSRVWZHOGKHDWLQJDUHUHTXLUHGE &DUERQWRSUHKHDWLQJRI &LVGRQHF &DUERQWRSUHKHDWLQJRI &LVGRQHG &DUERQPRUHWKDQSUHKHDWLQJRI &LVGRQH 6HOHFWLRQRI(OHFWURGHRU)LOOHU0DWHULDO$XVWHQLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOILOOHUPDWHULDOVDUHRIWHQXVHGWRZHOGWKHPDUWHQVLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOV

    7KHVH ZHOGLQJ URGV SURYLGH D ZHOG GHSRVLW RI VRPHZKDW ORZHU VWUHQJWK EXW ZLWK JUHDWHU

    WRXJKQHVV+RZHYHUDQGDUHRQO\VWDQGDUGPDUWHQVLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHODYDLODEOHLQWKHIRUPRIHOHFWURGH

    3RVW:HOG+HDWWUHDWPHQW3RVWZHOGKHDWWUHDWPHQWLQPDUWHQVLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHODUHFDUULHGRXWWRUHGXFHKDUGQHVVRIWKH

    ZHOG PHWDO DQG KHDW DIIHFWHG ]RQH +$= 6RPH WLPH LW LV DOVR FDOOHG DQQHDOLQJ1RUPDOO\ WZR W\SH RI SRVW ZHOG DQQHDOLQJ DUH GRQH QDPHO\ VXEFULWLFDO DQQHDOLQJ DQG IXOO

    DQQHDOLQJ 7KH WHPSHUDWXUH UDQJH IRU VXEFULWLFDO DQQHDOLQJ DQG IXOO DQQHDOLQJ RI PDUWHQVLWLFVWDLQOHVVVWHHOVDUHDVIROORZV

    7\SHRI0DUWHQVLWLF6WDLQOHVV

    6WHHO

    6XEFULWLFDO$QQHDOLQJ

    7HPSHUDWXUH

    &

    )XOO$QQHDOLQJ7HPSHUDWXUH

    &

    $%&

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    22/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    &RPPRQ:HOGLQJ'HIHFWV

    ,Q:HOGLQJWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHLVWRREWDLQVRXQGGHIHFWIUHHZHOGHGMRLQWVEXWWKLVLVQRWDOZD\VHDV\WR

    DWWDLQ,WKDVWREHDGPLWWHGWKDWSHUIHFWZHOGVDUHDOPRVWLPSRVVLEOHWRREWDLQRQDSURGXFWLRQVFDOH1RUPDO ZHOGV DOZD\V FRQWDLQ PLQXWH VODJLQFOXVLRQV RU SRURVLW\ DV UHYHDOHG LQ QRQGHVWUXFWLYHWHVWLQJ

    6XFK VPDOO LPSHUIHFWLRQV ZKLFK FDXVH VRPH YDULDWLRQ LQ WKH QRUPDO DYHUDJH SURSHUWLHV RI WKH ZHOGPHWDODUHFDOOHGGLVFRQWLQXLWLHV:KHQDGLVFRQWLQXLW\LVODUJHHQRXJKWRDIIHFWWKHIXQFWLRQRIWKHMRLQWLWLV WHUPHG D GHIHFW 'HIHFWV DUH FDXVHG E\ VXEVWDQGDUG ZHOGLQJ FRQVXPDEOHV LQDGHTXDWH ZHOGLQJ

    SURFHGXUHVLQVXIILFLHQWZRUNPDQVKLSODFNRIFOHDQOLQHVVXQIDYRXUDEOHSURSHUWLHVRIWKHEDVHPHWDODQGH[WUDQHRXVDJHQFLHVVXFKDVORZDPELHQWWHPSHUDWXUHDQGDWPRVSKHUH(YHQZKHQDOOWKHVHIDFWRUVDUH

    WDNHQFDUHRI LPSHUIHFWLRQV FDQ DQG GRRFFXUDQG WKH\ PD\ EHDOORZHGRU UHPRYHG DQG UHSDLUHG DV

    GLFWDWHGE\WKHQDWXUHRIWKHIDEULFDWLRQDQGLWVLQWHQGHGVHUYLFH+DYLQJ UHDOLVHG WKDW FRQVLVWHQW SURGXFWLRQ RI UDGLRJUDSKLFDOO\ SHUIHFW ZHOGHG MRLQWV LV DQ H[SHQVLYH

    H[HUFLVHDQGJRXJLQJRXWDQGUHSDLULQJLQWHUQDOZHOGLQJGHIHFWVLQFUHDVHVIDEULFDWLRQFRVWVFRQVLGHUDEO\VWDQGDUGFRGHVGRSHUPLWOLPLWHGOHYHOVRILPSHUIHFWLRQVEDVHGRQIUDFWXUHPHFKDQLFVDSSURDFKWDNLQJ

    LQWRFRQVLGHUDWLRQWKHVHUYLFHFRQGLWLRQVRIWKHIDEULFDWLRQ'LIIHUHQWW\SHVRIZHOGLQJ'HIHFWVDUH

    /DFNRI3HQHWUDWLRQ /DFNRI)XVLRQ 8QGHUFXW 6ODJ,QFOXVLRQ 3RURVLW\ &UDFN )DXOW\:HOG6L]H3URILOH 'LVWRUWLRQ /DFNRI3HQHWUDWLRQ

    7KLVGHIHFWRFFXUVDWWKHURRWRIWKHMRLQWZKHQWKHZHOGPHWDOIDLOVWRUHDFKLWRUWKHZHOGPHWDOIDLOV

    WRIXVHFRPSOHWHO\ZLWKWKHURRWIDFHVRIWKHMRLQW$VDUHVXOWDYRLGUHPDLQVDWWKHURRW]RQHZKLFK

    PD\ FRQWDLQ VODJ LQFOXVLRQV ,Q D ILOOHW ZHOG SRRU SHQHWUDWLRQ DW WKH URRW ]RQH FDQ JLYH ULVH WR

    FUDFNLQJ,QFRPSOHWHSHQHWUDWLRQLVFDXVHGE\LQFRUUHFWVL]HRIHOHFWURGHLQUHODWLRQWRWKHIRUPRIMRLQWORZ ZHOGLQJFXUUHQW RULQDFFXUDWH MRLQWSUHSDUDWLRQDQG ILWXS,WRFFXUVPRUHRIWHQLQYHUWLFDODQGRYHUKHDGSRVLWLRQV7KHILJXUHVKRZQEHORZDUHGHSLFWVWKHYDULRXVW\SHVRI/DFNRISHQHWUDWLRQ

    FDXVHGE\GLIIHUHQWSDUDPHWHUV

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    23/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    ,QDEXWWZHOGZKHUHDFFHVVLVSRVVLEOHRQO\IURPRQHVLGHDGHTXDWHURRWSHQHWUDWLRQLVHQVXUHGE\XVLQJDWHPSRUDU\RUSHUPDQHQWEDFNLQJDQGGHSRVLWLQJWKHILUVWSDVVZLWKDVXIILFLHQWO\KLJKFXUUHQW:KHQD

    EXWWMRLQWLVWREHZHOGHGIURPERWKVLGHVFDUHPXVWEHWDNHQWRFKLSRXWRUIODPHJRXJHWKHEDFNRIWKHILUVW UXQ EHIRUH GHSRVLWLQJ WKH EDFN UXQ IURP WKH VHFRQG VLGH RI WKH MRLQW 7KH JURRYH IRUPHG DIWHU

    FKLSSLQJRUJRXJLQJPXVWUHDFKWKHVRXQGPHWDODQGEHZLGHHQRXJKWRSHUPLWSURSHUPDQLSXODWLRQRI

    WKHHOHFWURGHDQGHQVXUHIXOOSHQHWUDWLRQRIWKHZHOGPHWDOZKLOHWKHEDFNLQJUXQLVEHLQJGHSRVLWHG

    ,QDILOOHWZHOGDGHTXDWHURRWSHQHWUDWLRQLVHQVXUHGE\ XVLQJWKHFRUUHFWVL]HRIHOHFWURGHRUPPGLDPHWHUDQGVXIILFLHQWO\KLJKFXUUHQWDQGGLUHFWLQJWKHDUFWRZDUGVWKHURRWGXULQJGHSRVLWLRQRIWKHURRWSDVV7KHXVHRIDVPDOOHOHFWURGHRU PPGLDPHWHUDWUHODWLYHO\ORZFXUUHQWGRHVQRWQHFHVVDULO\PHDQLPSURYHGSHQHWUDWLRQ

    5HFWLILFDWLRQRIWKLVGHIHFWLVDYHU\FRVWO\SURSRVLWLRQEHFDXVHLWUHTXLUHVUHPRYDORIWKHHQWLUHWKLFNQHVV

    RIWKHZHOGDQGUHZHOGLQJ&DUHPXVWEH WDNHQWKDWDIWHU UHPRYLQJ WKH GHIHFWLYHPHWDO D VXIILFLHQWO\

    ZLGHJURRYHUHPDLQVLQZKLFKWKHHOHFWURGHFDQEHFRUUHFWO\PDQLSXODWHG

    /DFNRI6LGH:DOO)XVLRQ/DFNRIIXVLRQLVGHILQHGDVD FRQGLWLRQZKHUHERXQGDULHVRIXQIXVHGPHWDOH[LVWEHWZHHQWKHZHOGPHWDODQGEDVHPHWDORUEHWZHHQDGMDFHQWOD\HUVRIZHOGPHWDO7KHWHUPVKRXOGQRWEHFRQIXVHG

    ZLWKODFNRISHQHWUDWLRQ

    7RSUHYHQWWKHRFFXUUHQFHRIWKLVGHIHFWWKHIROORZLQJVWHSVVKRXOGEHWDNHQD.HHS-RLQWVXUIDFHVIUHH

    E8VHDGHTXDWHZHOGLQJFXUUHQWF'HVODJHDFKZHOGSDVVWKURXJKO\

    G3ODFHZHOGSDVVHVFRUUHFOW\QH[WWRHDFKRWKHU

    8QGHUFXW7KLVGHIHFWDSSHDUVDVDFRQWLQXRXVRUGLVFRQWLQXRXVJURRYHDWWKHWRHVRIDZHOGSDVVDQGLVORFDWHG

    RQWKHEDVHPHWDORULQWKHIXVLRQIDFHRIDPXOWLSDVVZHOG,WRFFXUVSURPLQHQWO\RQWKHHGJHRIDILOOHWZHOGGHSRVLWHGLQWKHKRUL]RQWDOSRVLWLRQ

    ,WLVXVXDOO\FDXVHG E\H[FHVVLYH ZHOGLQJFXUUHQW,W PD\ DOVRUHVXOW IURP WRR KLJKD VSHHGRI DUFWUDYHOZURQJHOHFWURGHDQJOHRUH[FHVVLYHVLGHPDQLSXODWLRQ,Q VSHFLDOFDVHVLWLVFDXVHGE\GDPS

    RULPSURSHUO\IRUPXODWHGHOHFWURGHV

    7KHGHIHFW LV UHFWLILHG E\ ILOOLQJ XS WKH XQGHUFXWJURRYH ZLWK D ZHOG SDVV ,I XQGHUFXW LV GHHS DQGFRQWDLQVVODJLWVKRXOGEHFKLSSHGDZD\EHIRUHUHZHOGLQJ,IWKHUHFWLILFDWLRQLVEHLQJFDUULHGRXWRQ

    WKLFNMRLQWVDQGRQKLJKWHQVLOHVWHHOVWKHZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHLQFOXGLQJSUHKHDWLQJVKRXOGFRUUHVSRQG

    WRWKHUHFRPPHQGHGSURFHGXUHIRUWKHSDUWLFXODUVWHHO

    6ODJ,QFOXVLRQ

    7KLVGHIHFWLVFDXVHGE\WKHSUHVHQFHRIVFDOHGLUWR[LGHVODJ

    DQG RWKHU QRQPHWDOOLF VXEVWDQFHV ZKLFK SUHYHQW WKHXQGHUO\LQJ PHWDO IURP UHDFKLQJ WKH PHOWLQJ WHPSHUDWXUH

    ,PSURSHUGHVODJJLQJRIDZHOGSDVVDOVRFDXVHVLWEHIRUHDQ

    DGMDFHQW RU RYHUODSSLQJ SDVV LV GHSRVLWHG :KHQ LQGLYLGXDOSDVVHVDUHEDGO\SODFHGRUWKHLUVXUIDFHVDUHURXJKWKRURXJK

    GHVODJJLQJ EHFRPHV GLIILFXOW ,Q VXFKFDVHV WKHZHOGVKRXOGEHFKLSSHGRUJRXJHGEHIRUHWKHQH[WSDVVLVGHSRVLWHG2QH

    W\SLFDOH[DPSOHRI ODFNVLGHZDOOWRZHOGPHWDOSRROIXVLRQ LVVKRZQKHUH

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    24/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    1RQPHWDOOLF SDUWLFOHV RI FRPSDUDWLYHO\ ODUJH VL]HHQWUDSSHG LQ WKH ZHOGPHWDO DUH WHUPHG DV VODJLQFOXVLRQ7KHWHUPVKRXOGQRWEHFRQIXVHGZLWKQRQPHWDOOLFLQFOXVLRQVZKLFKUHVXOWIURPWKHPHWDO

    VODJUHDFWLRQVLQWKHPROWHQZHOGSRRODQGDUHILQHO\GLVSHUVHGWKURXJKRXWWKHZHOG6ODJLQFOXVLRQVDUH GHWHFWHG E\ WKH QRUPDO QRQGHVWUXFWLYH WHVWLQJ PHWKRGV ZKLOH QRQPHWDOOLF LQFOXVLRQV DUH

    REVHUYHGLQWKHZHOGPLFURVWUXFWXUHDWKLJKPDJQLILFDWLRQ

    6ODJLQFOXVLRQXVXDOO\RFFXUVLQPXOWLSDVVZHOGVGXHWRLPSHUIHFWFOHDQLQJRIWKHVODJEHWZHHQWKH

    GHSRVLWLRQRI VXFFHVVLYHSDVVHV+HDY\PLOOVFDOHORRVHUXVWGLUWJULWDQGRWKHUVXEVWDQFHVSUHVHQWRQWKH VXUIDFH RI WKH EDVH PHWDO RUEDUH HOHFWURGH PD\ DOVR FDXVH LW 7\SLFDO VODJ LQFOXVLRQV DUHVKRZQEHORZ

    7RSUHYHQWVODJLQFOXVLRQIROORZLQJVWHSVDUHWDNHQD8VHSURSHUZHOGLQJFRQVXPDEOHV

    E.HHSMRLQWVXUIDFHVHVSHFLDOO\JDVFXWVXUIDFHVDQGEDUHILOOHUZLUHV3HUIHFWO\FOHDQF$YRLGXQGHUFXWVDQGJDSVEHWZHHQGHSRVLWHGSDVVHV

    G&OHDQWKHVODJWKRURXJKO\EHWZHHQZHOGSDVVHV

    7RUHFWLI\WKLVGHIHFWWKHSRUWLRQVRIZHOGPHWDOZKLFKFRQWDLQVODJLQFOXVLRQVPXVWEHUHPRYHGDQGWKHQILOOHGZLWKVRXQGZHOGPHWDO

    3RURVLW\

    3RURVLW\LVFDXVHGE\

    &KHPLFDOO\LPSHUIHFWZHOGLQJFRQVXPDEOHVIRUH[DPSOHGHILFLHQWLQGHR[LGLVHUV

    )DXOW\FRPSRVLWLRQRIWKHEDVHPHWDORUHOHFWURGHZLUHIRUH[DPSOHKLJKVXOSKXUFRQWHQW2LOJUHDVHPRLVWXUHDQGPLOOVFDOHRQWKHMRLQWVXUIDFH

    ([FHVVLYHPRLVWXUHLQWKHHOHFWURGHFRDWLQJRUVXEPHUJHGDUFIOX[

    ,QDGHTXDWHJDVVKLHOGLQJRULPSXUHJDVLQDJDVVKLHOGHGSURFHVV/RZZHOGLQJFXUUHQWRUWRRORQJDQDUF

    4XLFNIUHH]LQJRIWKHZHOGGHSRVLW3UHVHQFHRI VPDOO ILQHO\ GLVSHUVHG SRURVLW\LV QRUPDOO\QRW H[SHFWHG WRDIIHFW WKH VWDWLF DQG HYHQ

    G\QDPLF SURSHUWLHV RI D ZHOGHG MRLQW +RZHYHU H[FHVVLYH SRURVLW\ EORZKROHV RU SLSLQJ PXVW EH

    7\SLFDOUHGLRJUDSKVKRZLQJVODJLQFOXVLRQ6ODJLQEHWZHHQWKHSDVVHV

    7KH SUHVHQFH RI D JURXS RI JDV SRUHV LQ D ZHOG FDXVHG E\ WKH

    HQWUDSPHQWRIJDVGXULQJVROLGLILFDWLRQLVWHUPHGDVSRURVLW\7KHSRUHVDUHLQWKHIRUPRIVPDOOVSKHULFDOFDYLWLHVHLWKHUFOXVWHUHG

    ORFDOO\RUVFDWWHUHGWKURXJKRXWWKHZHOGGHSRVLW6RPHWLPHVWKH

    HQWUDSSHGJDVJLYHVULVHWRDVLQJOHODUJHFDYLW\ZKLFKLVWHUPHG

    DV D EORZKROH ,Q VRPH UDUHU FDVHV HORQJDWHG RU WXEXODU JDV

    FDYLWLHV DUH UHVHQWHG 7KHVH DUH UHIHUUHG WR DV L LQ RU

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    25/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    JXDUGHG DJDLQVW DV WKH\ VHULRXVO\ LPSDLU WKHVH SURSHUWLHV 7KHLU SUHVHQFH LV GHWHFWHG E\ WKHFRQYHQWLRQDO1'7PHWKRGV7KHGHIHFWLYHSRUWLRQVPXVWEHUHPRYHGDQGUHZHOGHG

    &UDFN&UDFNLVGHILQHGDVDGLVFRQWLQXLW\FDXVHGE\WKHWHDULQJRIWKHPHWDOZKLOHLQDSODVWLFFRQGLWLRQKRW

    FUDFNRUE\IUDFWXULQJRIWKHPHWDOZKHQFROGFROGFUDFN,WUHSUHVHQWVDIDLOXUHXQGHUVWUHVVRID

    PHWDOZKHQLWLVEHKDYLQJLQDEULWWOHPDQQHULHLWLVLQFOLQHVWRIUDFWXUHZLWKRXWGHIRUPDWLRQ&UDFNLQJFDQRFFXULQWKHZHOGPHWDODWWKHIXVLRQOLQHRULQWKHEDVHPHWDO&UDFNVPD\EHFODVVLILHG

    DFFRUGLQJWRORFDWLRQDQGGLUHFWLRQRIOLQHDQGWKH\PD\UDQJHLQVL]HIURPODUJHFUDFNVZKLFKFDQEHVHHQE\WKHQDNHGH\HFDOOHGPDFURFUDFNVWRH[WUHPHO\VPDOOILVVXUHVZKLFKDUHGHWHFWHGZLWKWKH

    DLGRIDPLFURVFRSHFDOOHGPLFURFUDFNV

    +RW&UDFNV

    +RWFUDFNVFDQDOVRRFFXULQWKH+$=RIWKHEDVHPHWDOZKHQLWFRQWDLQVFRPSOH[FDUELGHVRULQWHUPHWDOOLF

    FRPSRXQGVRIORZHUPHOWLQJSRLQWV6XFKFUDFNVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGLQWKHZHOGLQJRI&U0RVWHHOWXELQJ

    KDYLQJWKHIROORZLQJFRPSRVLWLRQ&&UDQG0R

    &ROG&UDFNV

    &UDWHU&UDFN7KLVFUDFN WHQGVWR RFFXULQ WKHFUDWHU IRUPHGDW WKHHQG RIDZHOGEHDG EHFDXVHWKH FUDWHUFRROV DWD

    IDVWHUUDWHWKDQWKHUHVWRIWKHEHDGDQGEHFDXVHWKHFUDWHUVROLGLILHVIURPDOOVLGHVWRZDUGVWKHFHQWUH+HQFHLWLV DIRUPRI VKULQNDJH FUDFNLQJ &UDWHU FUDFNLQJLV HQFRXUDJHG E\HOHPHQWV OLNH &6 DQG &E

    ZKLFKDUHSURQHWRVHJUHJDWLRQ7RUHGXFHWKHSRVVLELOLW\RILWVRFFXUUHQFHWKHFUDWHUPXVWEHILOOHGXS

    SURSHUO\ZLWKWKHZHOGPHWDODQGWKHHOHFWURGHZLWKGUDZQJUDGXDOO\

    )DXOW\:HOG6L]HDQG3URILOH

    7KHVHFUDFNVRFFXUDWWHPSHUDWXUHVDERYH&DQG ZKHQ REVHUYHG XQGHU WKH PLFURVFRSH DUH WRKDYH WUDYHOOHG DFURVV WKH ERXQGDULHV EHWZHHQ WKH

    JUDLQVLQWHUJUDQXODU,IWKHFUDFNKDVH[WHQGHGWR

    WKH VXUIDFH WKH IUDFWXUHG VXUIDFH LV IRXQG WR EH

    FRDWHGZLWKEOXHVFDOHRUSRVVLEO\EODFNVFDOH$ W\SLFDO H[DPSOH LV )H6 LURQ VXOSKLGH ,Q D

    VROLGLI\LQJVWHHOULFKLQVXOSKXUWKHODVWWUDFHRIWKH

    OLTXLGFRQWDLQLQJ)H6ZLOOQRWVROLGLI\XQWLODERXW

    &6XFKKRWVKRUWQHVVFDXVHGE\VXOSKXUFDQEHDYRLGHGE\KDYLQJHQRXJK0QLQWKHVWHHOEHFDXVH

    VXOSKXUKDVKLJKHUDIILQLW\IRUWKLVHOHPHQWWKDQIRU

    7KHVH FUDFNV XVXDOO\ RFFXU LQ WKH +$= RI WKH EDVHPHWDOZKHQWKLV]RQHEHFRPHVKDUGDQGEULWWOHGXH

    WR LWV UDSLG FRROLQJ DIWHU WKH ZHOGPHWDO KDV EHHQ

    GHSRVLWHGDQGVXIILFLHQWK\GURJHQKDVEHHQDEVRUEHG

    E\ WKH ZHOGPHWDO IURP WKH DUF DWPRVSKHUH -RLQW

    UHVWUDLQW DOVR FRQWULEXWHV WR LWV RFFXUUHQFH &ROG

    FUDFNLQJ LV DOVR UHIHUUHG WR DV K\GURJHQLQGXFHG

    FUDFNLQJ&ROGFUDFNLQJFDQEHSUHYHQWHGE\XVLQJ$VWHHORIORZHUFDUERQHTXLYDOHQW

    +LJKHUKHDWLQSXWGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    3UHKHDWLQJ

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    26/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    $ ZHOG ZKLFK LVRWKHUZLVH FRUUHFWO\GHSRVLWHG DQGIRUPHG LVWHUPHG IDXOW\ ZKHQLW LV GLIIHUHQWLQVKDSHDQGRUVL]HIURPWKDWVSHFLILHG

    $EXWWZHOGLVFRQVLGHUHGIDXOW\LILWKDVODFNRIUHLQIRUFHPHQWH[FHVVLYHUHLQIRUFHPHQWRULUUHJXODUSURILOH:KHQWKHIDFHRIDZHOGOLHVEHORZWKHSDUHQWSODWHVXUIDFHWKHZHOGLVVDLGWRKDYHODFNRI

    UHLQIRUFHPHQW2QWKHRWKHUKDQGZKHQWKHZHOGPHWDOLV GHSRVLWHGLQH[FHVVRIWKHUHLQIRUFHPHQW

    UHTXLUHGRUVSHFLILHGWKHZHOGLVFRQVLGHUHGDVKDYLQJH[FHVVLYHUHLQIRUFHPHQW

    $OOWKHVHIDXOWVDULVHIURPWKHXVHRIDQLQFRUUHFWZHOGLQJSURFHGXUHDQGZLOOQRWRFFXULIWKHIROORZLQJIDFWRUVDUHFRUUHFWO\VSHFLILHGDQGIROORZMRLQWSUHSDUDWLRQDQGILWXS

    HOHFWURGHVL]HDQGZHOGLQJFXUUHQW

    QXPEHUDQGORFDWLRQVRIUXQVDQG

    ZHOGLQJVSHHGRUOHQJWKRIUXQSHUHOHFWURGH,QWKHFDVHRID ILOOHWZHOGIDXOW\ZHOGVL]HUHIHUVWR

    XQGHUVL]HZHOGRUZHOGRIYDULDEOHVL]HDVPHDVXUHGE\WKHPLQLPXPOHJOHQJWK)DXOW\SURILOHUHIHUV

    WRH[FHVVLYHFRQFDYLW\RUFRQYH[LW\

    XQHTXDOOHJOHQJWKVDQGLUUHJXODUZHOGIDFH

    ([FHVVLYHFRQFDYLW\RUFRQYH[LW\PD\EHFDXVHGE\DQLQFRUUHFWO\IRUPXODWHGHOHFWURGHRUE\XVHRI

    LQFRUUHFWZHOGLQJFXUUHQW

    'LVWRUWLRQ%HFDXVHDZHOGPHQWLVORFDOO\KHDWHGE\PRVWZHOGLQJSURFHVVHVWKHWHPSHUDWXUHGLVWULEXWLRQLQWKHZHOGPHQWLVQRWXQLIRUPDQGFKDQJHVWDNHSODFHDVZHOGLQJSURFHVVHV7\SLFDOO\WKHZHOGPHWDO

    DQGWKHEDVHPHWDOKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQHLPPHGLDWHO\DGMDFHQWWRLWDUHDWD WHPSHUDWXUHVXEVWDQWLDOO\

    DERYHWKDWRIWKHXQDIIHFWHGEDVHPHWDO$VWKHPROWHQSRROVROLGLILHVDQGVKULQNVLWEHJLQVWRH[HUWVKULQNDJH VWUHVVHV RQ WKH VXUURXQGLQJ ZHOG PHWDO DQG KHDWDIIHFWHG ]RQH DUHD :KHQ LW ILUVW

    VROLGLILHV WKLVZHOGPHWDO LVKRW UHODWLYHO\ZHDN DQGFDQ H[HUWOLWWOHVWUHVV$V LW FRROV WR DPELHQW

    WHPSHUDWXUHKRZHYHUWKHVKULQNDJHRIWKHZHOGPHWDOH[HUWVLQFUHDVLQJVWUHVVRQWKHZHOGDUHDDQGHYHQWXDOO\UHDFKHVWKH\LHOGSRLQWRIWKHEDVHPHWDODQGWKHKHDWDIIHFWHG]RQH

    5HVLGXDOVWUHVVHVLQZHOGPHQWVKDYHWZRPDMRUHIIHFWV)LUVWWKH\SURGXFHGLVWRUWLRQDQGVHFRQGWKH\PD\EHWKHFDXVHRISUHPDWXUHIDLOXUHLQZHOGPHQWV'LVWRUWLRQLVFDXVHGZKHQWKHKHDWHGZHOG

    UHJLRQFRQWUDFWVQRQXQLIRUPO\FDXVLQJVKULQNDJHLQRQHSDUWRIWKHZHOGWRH[HUWHFFHQWULFIRUFHVRQ

    WKHZHOGFURVVVHFWLRQ7KHGLVWRUWLRQPD\DSSHDULQEXWWMRLQWVDVERWKORQJLWXGLQDODQGWUDQVYHUVHVKULQNDJHRUFRQWUDFWLRQ

    DQGDVDQJXODUFKDQJHURWDWLRQZKHQWKHIDFHRIWKHZHOGVKULQNVPRUHWKDQWKHURRW'LVWRUWLRQLQILOOHWZHOGVLVVLPLODUWRWKDWLQEXWWZHOGVWUDQVYHUVHDQGORQJLWXGLQDOVKULQNDJHVDVZHOO

    DVDQJXODUGLVWRUWLRQUHVXOWIURPWKHXQEDODQFHGQDWXUHRIWKHVWUHVVHVLQWKHVHZHOGV

    &RQWURORIGLVWRUWLRQFDQEHDFKLHYHGE\DQXPEHURIWHFKQLTXHV7KHPRVWFRPPRQO\XVHGDUHWKRVH

    ZKLFK FRQWURO WKH JHRPHWU\ RI WKH ZHOG MRLQW HLWKHU EHIRUH RUGXULQJ ZHOGLQJ ([DPSOHV RI WKHVHWHFKQLTXHVLQFOXGHSUHSRVLWLRQLQJWKHZRUNSLHFHVSULRUWRZHOGLQJVRWKDWZHOGGLVWRUWLRQOHDYHVWKHP

    LQWKHGHVLUHGILQDOJHRPHWU\RUUHVWUDLQLQJWKHZRUNSLHFHVVRWKH\FDQQRWPRYHDQGGLVWRUWGXULQJZHOGLQJ

    f

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    27/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    6DIHW\LQ:HOGLQ

    :HOGLQJLVDVVRFLDWHGZLWKVHYHUDOKD]DUGVWRKHDOWKDQGVDIHW\:HOGHUVZHOGLQJRSHUDWRUVDQGZHOGLQJ

    VXSHUYLVRUVVKRXOGEHDZDUHRIWKHVHVDIHW\LVVXHV

    7KHZRUNVKRSHQYLURQPHQW,WPXVWEHHQVXUHGWKDWWKHOLJKWLQJFRQGLWLRQVDUHDGHTXDWHIRUWKHZRUNXQGHUWDNHQ:HOGHUVVWDQGIRUORQJSHULRGVRIWLPHVLQFHWKH\PXVWNHHSDYHU\VWHDG\KDQGSRVLWLRQDQGWKLVPHDQVWKDWWKH\

    FDQEHFRPHTXLWHFROGLIWKHZRUNVKRSLVQRWVXIILFLHQWO\ZHOOKHDWHG&RQYHUVHO\LQKRWZHDWKHUWKH

    HQYLURQPHQWFDQEHFRPHXQEHDUDEO\KRWDQGWKHZHOGHUKDVQRWJRWWKHRSWLRQRIUHPRYLQJ

    FORWKLQJ%RWKRYHUKHDWLQJDQGXQGHUKHDWLQJFDQFDXVHIDOOLQFRPIRUWHIILFLHQF\DQGSURGXFWLYLW\

    +RXVHNHHSLQJLVH[WUHPHO\LPSRUWDQWWRDYRLGVOLSVWULSVDQGIDOOVGDPDJHWRHTXLSPHQWDQGILUH2QHW\SLFDOH[DPSOH6DIHDQG8QVDIHFRQGLWLRQLVVKRZQEHORZ

    8QVDIH:RUNVKRS(QYLURQPHQW8QVDIH:RUNVKRS(QYLURQPHQW

    (OHFWULFDO6DIHW\:HOGLQJVXSHUYLVRUQHHGVWRHVWDEOLVKWKHOHYHORIFRPSHWHQFHRIWKHHOHFWULFLDQZKRLVJLYHQWKHWDVNRI

    ZLULQJ WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ DQG WKH W\SH RI PDLQWHQDQFH ZKLFK WKH LQVWDOODWLRQ DQG WKH HTXLSPHQW ZLOO

    VXEVHTXHQWO\QHHG7KHUHVKRXOGEHDUHTXLUHPHQWIRUSHULRGLFHOHFWULFDOFKHFNVWREHGRQHRQSRZHUVRXUFHV7KHGHVLJQRIZHOGLQJSRZHUVRXUFHVWKHPVHOYHVKDVJRQHWKURXJKDQXPEHURI FKDQJHVDQG

    IRUHDFKWKHUHDUHGLIIHUHQWVWDQGDUGVRIVDIHW\)XPH:HOGLQJYDSRUL]HVPHWDOVDQGDQ\WKLQJZKLFKLVUHVWLQJRQWKHVXUIDFH7KLVJLYHVULVHWRIXPHZKLFKLV

    FRQGHQVHG ILQH SDUWLFXODWH PDWHULDO 7KH IXPH LV PRVWO\ R[LGHV RI WKH PHWDOV LQFOXGLQJ DQ\ DOOR\LQJ

    HOHPHQWV EXW LW DOVR FRQWDLQV JDVHV SURGXFHG LQ WKH DUF VXFK DV R]RQH RU R[LGHV RI QLWURJHQ DQG

    GHFRPSRVLWLRQ SURGXFWV IURP DQ\ SDLQW RU FRDWLQJ ZKLFK ZDV RQ WKH PHWDO VXUIDFH 7KH QDWXUH DQG

    TXDQWLW\ RI WKLV IXPH GHSHQGV FULWLFDOO\ XSRQ WKH ZHOGLQJ SURFHVV WKH PDWHULDOV DQG WKH ZHOGLQJ

  • 7/27/2019 welding useful book for beginners

    28/28

    :::HHHOOOGGGLLLQQQJJJ

    SDUDPHWHUV6RPHLVKDUPIXOWRKHDOWKIRULQVWDQFHVWDLQOHVVVWHHOIXPHFRQWDLQVFKURPLXPDQGZHOGLQJJDOYDQL]HG VWHHO SURGXFHV ]LQF IXPH 7KHVH PHWDO IXPHV FDXVH 0HWDO IXPH IHYHU

    0HWDOIXPHIHYHULVDFRQGLWLRQLQZKLFKWKHVXIIHUHUKDVLQIOXHQ]DW\SHV\PSWRPVDUDLVHGWHPSHUDWXUHFKLOOVDFKHVDQGSDLQVQDXVHDDQGGL]]LQHVV,WLVFDXVHGE\H[SRVXUHWRWKHIXPHRIFHUWDLQPHWDOV

    FRPPRQO\]LQF 2WKHUPHWDOV WKDWKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHG WREULQJ RQWKH V\PSWRPV RIPHWDO IXPH IHYHU

    LQFOXGHFRSSHUDQGFDGPLXP

    7KHV\PSWRPVVWDUW WRDSSHDUVHYHUDO KRXUVDIWHUH[SRVXUH0HWDOIXPHIHYHUDULVLQJIURPH[SRVXUHWR]LQFIXPHLVWUDQVLHQWDQGUHFRYHU\LVXVXDOO\FRPSOHWHZLWKLQDIHZGD\V+RZHYHUH[SRVXUHWRVRPHPHWDOIXPHVXFKDVFDGPLXPFDQFDXVHPRUHVHULRXVLOOQHVVRUHYHQGHDWK

    $OWKRXJKFDGPLXPLV QRWXVHGDQ\ORQJHUDVDPHWDOFRDWLQJLW FDQVWLOOEH IRXQGRQROGHULQVWDOODWLRQV

    ([SRVXUH WR FDGPLXP IXPHVFDQ RFFXU GXULQJ ZHOGLQJ UHSDLUVPDLQWHQDQFH RU R[\JDV FXWWLQJ DULVLQJ

    IURPGHFRPPLVVLRQLQJRSHUDWLRQV

    ,WLVGHVLUDEOHWRSUHYHQWH[SRVXUHWRVXFKIXPHDOWRJHWKHUE\WKHXVHRIHIILFLHQWIXPHH[WUDFWLRQ$Q\

    VXUIDFHFRDWLQJVRQVWHHOPXVWEHLGHQWLILHGEHIRUHZHOGLQJRUFXWWLQJ&RDWLQJVRI]LQFRUFDGPLXPZLOO

    UHTXLUHVSHFLDOFRQVLGHUDWLRQDQGLIZHOGLQJLVWDNLQJSODFHWKHFRDWLQJVKRXOGEHUHPRYHGERWKVLGHRI

    WKHZHOGDQGIDUHQRXJKEDFNWRSUHYHQWWKHJHQHUDWLRQRIDQ\IXPHV,QVRPHFLUFXPVWDQFHVEUHDWKLQJ

    DSSDUDWXVPD\EHUHTXLUHG

    1RLVH:HOGLQJHQYLURQPHQWVDUHIUHTXHQWO\VXIILFLHQWO\QRLV\WREHDERYHG%$6RPHRSHUDWLRQVVXFKDV

    GHVODJJLQJFDQWDNHWKHQRLVHOHYHOLQH[FHVVRIG%$7KLVPHDQVWKDWKHDULQJSURWHFWLRQLVDOPRVWFHUWDLQWREHUHTXLUHGDWOHDVWIRUVRPHRSHUDWLRQV6RPHKHDOWKVXUYHLOODQFHPD\EHQHFHVVDU\

    2SWLFDO5DGLDWLRQ7KHZHOGLQJSURFHVVSURGXFHVD ODUJHTXDQWLW\RI YLVLEOH OLJKW XOWUDYLROHWDQGLQIUDUHG([SRVXUHWR WKH

    UDGLDWLRQIURPDQDUFFDXVHVEXUQVWRWKHVNLQDQGGDPDJHWRWKHH\HV)RUWKLVUHDVRQZHOGHUVQHHGWR

    ZHDU FORWKLQJWR SURWHFW WKHLUERGLHV DQG DUPVUHJDUGOHVV RIWKH ZHDWKHU FRQGLWLRQV 7KH\ DOVR QHHGHIILFLHQWH\HSURWHFWLRQZKLFKLVXVXDOO\VXSSOLHGLQWKHIRUPRIDSURWHFWLYHVKLHOG7KHSUHFLVHFKRLFHRI

    WKH VKDGHRI JODVVILOWHULQWKHVH VKLHOGVGHSHQGVRQ WKHW\SH RIZHOGLQJRSHUDWLRQVLQFH WKH\ YDU\ LQ

    WKHLUOLJKWRXWSXW

    :HOGHUVDVVLVWDQWVDOVRQHHGSURWHFWLYH FORWKLQJDQGH\HSURWHFWLRQ3DVVHUVE\VKRXOG EHSURWHFWHG E\

    SODFLQJRSDTXHRUSURSHUO\ILOWHUHGVFUHHQVDURXQGWKHZRUNDUHD%XUQVDQG0HFKDQLFDO+D]DUGV:HOGHUVQHHGJRRGTXDOLW\JORYHVSUHIHUDEO\OHDWKHUJDXQWOHWVVDIHW\ERRWVRUVKRHVDQGJRRGTXDOLW\

    FDSDQGRYHUDOOV$OHDWKHUDSURQPD\DOVREHQHHGHG:HOGLQJSURGXFHVTXDQWLWLHVRIPROWHQGURSOHWVRI

    PHWDOZKLFKDUHVFDWWHUHGLQDOOGLUHFWLRQV,WLVHVVHQWLDOWKDWWKHZHOGHUZHDUVFORWKLQJZKLFKZLOOQRW

    EXUQRU PHOW DQGZKLFK LVVWRXWHQRXJK WR SURYLGH DGHTXDWH SURWHFWLRQ ,Q D ZRUNVKRS HQYLURQPHQW

    VXLWDEOHVDIHW\IRRWZHDULVHVVHQWLDO

    *DV&\OLQGHUV*DV&\OLQGHUVQHHGWREHVWRUHGWRFRQIRUPZLWKWKHUHJXODWLRQVDQGWKHZHOGHUVQHHGWREHDZDUHRI

    WKHVDIHW\UXOHVVXFKDVWKHXVHRIWKHFRUUHFWUHJXODWRUWHWKHULQJWKHF\OLQGHUVRWKDWLWGRHVQRWIDOONHHSLQJWKHRXWOHWVIUHHIURPFRQWDPLQDWLRQVXFKDVRLORUJUHDVH

    :HOGLQJLQGLIILFXOWVLWXDWLRQVRXWGRRUVFRQILQHGVSDFHV7KHUH DUH PDQ\ ZRUN VLWXDWLRQV WKDW DGG WR WKH KD]DUGV RI ZHOGLQJ (DFK PXVW EH DVVHVVHG FDUHIXOO\VLQFH WKHUH PD\ EH DGGHG KD]DUGV VXFK DV IDOOV RU DVSK\[LDWLRQ 7KLV LV SDUWLFXODUO\ WUXH RI ZRUN LQ

    FRQILQHG VSDFHV ZKHUH WKHUH LV D YHU\ UHDO ULVN RI GHDWK DQG WKH HPSOR\HU VKRXOG PDNH D FULWLFDO

    DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH ZRUN WR EH GRQH DQG KRZ LW PD\ EH FDUULHG RXW VDIHO\ 7KHUH PD\ EH VWDWXWRU\UHTXLUHPHQWVLQWKHVHVLWXDWLRQV*XLGDQFHOLWHUDWXUHLVDYDLODEOHLQPRVWFRXQWULHV

    f


Recommended