Well-to-wheel efficiency for fuels from natural gas and biomass
Meeting in Stockholm 2003-06-17Meeting in Stockholm 2003-06-17Peter Ahlvik, Ecotraffic ERDPeter Ahlvik, Ecotraffic ERD33
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 22 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Outline
✦✦ Introduction and backgroundIntroduction and background✦✦ MethodologyMethodology✦✦ Assumptions and conditionsAssumptions and conditions✦✦ Vehicles, energy converters and drivetrainVehicles, energy converters and drivetrain✦✦ Fuel production and fuel supply (well-to-tank)Fuel production and fuel supply (well-to-tank)✦✦ Vehicle efficiency (tank-to-wheel)Vehicle efficiency (tank-to-wheel)✦✦ Full fuel cycle efficiency (well-to-wheel)Full fuel cycle efficiency (well-to-wheel)✦✦ Summary and conclusionsSummary and conclusions
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 33 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Some finalized and on-goingEcotraffic projects in this area
✦✦ BAL: Etanol, methanol fromBAL: Etanol, methanol from cellulosic cellulosic m. m.✦✦ BioMeeTBioMeeT I: Energy combine in Trollhättan I: Energy combine in Trollhättan✦✦ Well-to-wheel efficiencyWell-to-wheel efficiency✦✦ Sustainable fuels: Introduction of biofuelsSustainable fuels: Introduction of biofuels✦✦ BioMeeTBioMeeT II: ”Stakeholders” ( II: ”Stakeholders” (inclincl. DME). DME)✦✦ BLGMF: Methanol/DME from black liquorBLGMF: Methanol/DME from black liquor
Preliminary results: very low cost (!) Preliminary results: very low cost (!)✦✦ RENEWA: Methanol/DME from wasteRENEWA: Methanol/DME from waste
Compl
Compl
Compl
Compl
Compl
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 44 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040
Yea
rly
oil p
rodu
ctio
n (G
b/ye
ar)
Production statisticsEUR=1800 GbEUR=2000 GbEUR=2200 GbEUR=2400 GbEUR=2600 Gb
Worldwide yearly oil production
Source:Source: EIA, Energy Information Administration EIA, Energy Information Administration
EUR: Estimated UltimatelyEUR: Estimated UltimatelyRecoverable (global oil)Recoverable (global oil)
Gb = GigabarrelGb = Gigabarrel
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 55 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Environmental driving forcesfor vehicle development
Source: Schindler et al. (VW), DEER 2002 Workshop
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 66 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Voluntary CO2 reduction byEU car manufacturers (ACEA)
164
199185
224
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012
CO
2 em
issio
ns (g
/km
)
ACEA commitmentStatistics 1995-2000Sweden 1995&2000
Indicative target 2003:165-170 (2000: 169)
Target 2008: 140
Indicative target 2012: 120Average CO2 emissions forACEA manufacturersAverage CO2 emissions forACEA manufacturers
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 77 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
EU “biofuels” directive2003/30/EC, targets
YYeeaarr BBiiooffuueell ((%%)) SShhaarree ooff llooww--bblleennddiinngg ((%%))
22000055 22 --22000066 22,,7755 --22000077 33,,55 --22000088 44,,2255 --22000099 55 1122001100 55,,7755 11,,7755
Reference value for targets for proportion of all sold gasoline and diesel fuel (energy equiv.) in a member state.
Cancellations compared to original proposal are shown.
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 88 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Optimistic scenario in the EU
YYeeaarr BBiiooffuueell((%%))
NNaattuurraallggaass ((%%))
HHyyddrrooggeenn((%%)) TToottaall ((%%))
22000055 22 2222001100 66 22 8822001155 ((77)) 55 22 114422002200 ((88)) 1100 55 ((2233))
Assessment of alternative fuel potential if an active policy is decidedto promote them (does not exclude other possibilities, e.g. DME).
Note that this is an optimistic scenario and not part of the directive.
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 99 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Methodology
✦✦ Assumptions and conditions for period 2010 toAssumptions and conditions for period 2010 to2015 (2012). Fuel efficiency scenario according2015 (2012). Fuel efficiency scenario accordingto EU & car industry indicative target for 2012to EU & car industry indicative target for 2012
✦✦ Well-to-tank efficiency based on previousWell-to-tank efficiency based on previousEcotraffic WTW study “Life of Fuels” but withEcotraffic WTW study “Life of Fuels” but withextensive update using new input data.extensive update using new input data.
✦✦ Vehicle simulations: Advisor® (by NREL)Vehicle simulations: Advisor® (by NREL)✦✦ Some comparisons with studies by GM USASome comparisons with studies by GM USA
and MIT (2000) are shown (later studies by GMand MIT (2000) are shown (later studies by GMEuropa Europa and addendum by MIT are nowand addendum by MIT are nowavailable...)available...)
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1010 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Systems that have beenassessed (well-to-wheel)
MMoottoorr ffuueell EEnneerrggyy ccoonnvveerrtteerrss ((EECC)) DDrriivveettrraaiinnss ((DDTT))EEtthhaannooll ((EEttOOHH)) OOttttoo eennggiinnee ((oottttoo)) CCoonnvveennttiioonnaall ((ccoonnvv..))HHyyddrrooggeenn,, ggaasseeoouuss ((GGHH22)) FFuueell cceellll ((FFCC)) EElleeccttrriicc hhyybbrriidd ((hhyybb))MMeetthhaannooll ((MMeeOOHH)) DDiieesseell eennggiinnee ((ddiieesseell)) EElleeccttrriicc hhyybbrriidd ((hhyybb))
IInn ttoottaall:: 9988 ddiiffffeerreenntt ccoommbbiinnaattiioonnss ooff ffeeeeddssttoocckkss,, ffuueellss aanndd ddrriivveettrraaiinnss
METANOL
Feedstock production Feedstock transport Fuel production
Fuel transport Refuelling (+conversion) Energy conversion in the vehicleSome examples of pathways
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1111 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
FTD
Production of biofuels viathe synthesis gas route
Shift/cleaning
Synthesis gas production
Fuel synthesis
H2DME
CO2 Renewable H2
CO2(air)
MeOH
Biomass
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1212 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Some vehicle parameters
✦✦ Model year: 2010 – 2015 (2012)Model year: 2010 – 2015 (2012)✦✦ Vehicle size: between VW Golf andVehicle size: between VW Golf and Passat Passat✦✦ AerodynAerodyn.: A=2,1 m.: A=2,1 m33,, C Cdd=0,25,=0,25, C Cdd•A=0,525 m•A=0,525 m33
✦✦ Rolling resistance: 0,007Rolling resistance: 0,007✦✦ Vehicle weight (conventional): 1088 kg (plusVehicle weight (conventional): 1088 kg (plus
fuel and driver)fuel and driver)✦✦ Performance:Performance: acc acc. 0-100 km/h: 11,0 s ± 0,1 s.. 0-100 km/h: 11,0 s ± 0,1 s.
TheThe powertrains powertrains were scaled to match the were scaled to match theperformance criterionperformance criterion
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1313 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Vehicle weight for some fueland powertrain combinations
1097
1096 12
04
1204
1323
1272
1438
1296
1088
1102 11
95
1195 12
70
1244 1270
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
Gas,Otto
Diesel,diesel
CH4,Otto
H2, Otto H2, FC MeOH,PEFC
MeOH,DMFC
DME,PEFC
Veh
icle
wei
ght (
kg)
Hybrid (parallell, series) Conventional/direct
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1414 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Relative vehicle weightEcotraffic vs. MIT
100
100,
8 116,
7
121,
6
101,
3
100,
7 114,
3
116,
9
109,
8
110,
7
116,
7
121,
6
108,
8
100
101,
6
128,
3
104,
8
104,
9 121
103,
2 115,
7
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Otto, base
Otto, convOtto-hyb
FC-dirFC-hyb
Diesel, conv
Diesel-hybFC-dir
FC-hyb
Otto-convOtto-hyb
FC-dirFC-hyb
Rel
ativ
e ve
hicl
e w
eigh
t (ot
to=1
00)
Ecotraffic MIT
Gasoline Diesel MeOH CNG GH2
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1515 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Powertrain
✦✦ Energy convertersEnergy converters–– Otto engine: direct injection (”GDI”), N/AOtto engine: direct injection (”GDI”), N/A–– Diesel engine: direct injection, Diesel engine: direct injection, turbochargedturbocharged
(”TDI”) and downsized(”TDI”) and downsized–– Fuel cell: PEFC, DMFC (MeOH) Fuel cell: PEFC, DMFC (MeOH)
✦✦ DrivetrainDrivetrain–– Otto & diesel: Automated manual transmissionOtto & diesel: Automated manual transmission
(5 & 6 speed), conventional and parallel hybrid(5 & 6 speed), conventional and parallel hybrid–– FC: direct drive and series hybridFC: direct drive and series hybrid
✦✦ Battery: 2x performance ofBattery: 2x performance of NiMh NiMh in Advisor in Advisor
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1616 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Ecotraffic’s forecast for futureenergy converters i the EU
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009 2011 2013 2015
Mar
ket s
hare
, new
veh
icle
s (%
)
IDI diesel
CIDI diesel
SIDI (comb.)
SIDI otto
Fully VVTotto (TWC)
Conv. otto(TWC)
Fuel cells
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1717 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
110%
112%
114%
116%
118%
120%
122%
124%
1998-01 1999-01 2000-01 2001-01 2002-01 2003-01 2004-01
Rel
ativ
e ef
ficie
ncy
(%)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Num
ber
of c
ars
(#)
Relative mileageNumber of cars
Relative efficiency, gasoline anddiesel cars with similar performance
Based on fuel consumption in NEDCEqual performance: acc., 0-100 km/hStatistical data compiled by Ecotraffic
Based on fuel consumption in NEDCBased on fuel consumption in NEDCEqual performance:Equal performance: acc acc., 0-100 km/h., 0-100 km/hStatistical data compiled by EcotrafficStatistical data compiled by Ecotraffic
FE
No. of cars
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1818 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Comparison of efficiencies forCI diesel and SI methanol engines
Diesel fuelDiesel fuelMethanolMethanol
Adapted from SAE 2002-01-2743
Is it possible to improve ICEs, i.e. achieve a higher efficiency than the diesel engine?
The efficiency achieved in SAE 2002-01-2743 wassignificantly higher than in the Ecotraffic WTW studyThe efficiency achieved in SAE 2002-01-2743 wassignificantly higher than in the Ecotraffic WTW study
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 1919 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Efficiency for various fuel cellsystems (fuel cell “engine”)
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55Power (kW)
Eff
icie
ncy
(%)
ANL, atmospheric (Advisor)Ecotraffic, pressurizedANL, gasoline w/ reformer
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2020 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Fuel cell - reformer
250 °C
550 °C
850 °C
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Gasoline
Ethanol
Methanol
Reforming temperature (°C)
What about efficiency???
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2121 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Well-to-tank (WTT) efficiencyEcotraffic, MIT and GM USA
82,9
% 88,0
%
55,0
%
67,3
%
70,1
%
87,0
%
85,5
%
61,1
%
43,1
%
82,5
% 87,9
%
52,0
%
65,0
%
85,0
%
59,0
%
79,9
%
82,3
%
59,0
%
62,8
%
76,9
%
53,9
%
41,1
%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
Gas Diesel FTD MeOH DME CNG LNG GH2 LH2
Wel
l-to-
tank
eff
icie
ncy
(%)
Ecotraffic MIT GM USA
Natural gasfeedstockNatural gasfeedstock
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2222 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Tank-to-wheel (TTW) efficiencyEcotraffic, MIT and GM USA
100
124
118 12
3
118
142
88
100
144
86
114
168
100
121
135
150
118
146
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
Gas, otto,base
Gas, otto,conv
Gas, otto-hybrid
Gas, FC-direct
Gas, FC-hybrid
DF, diesel,conv
DF, diesel-hybrid
Tan
k-to
-whe
el e
ffic
ienc
y (r
el. c
onv.
gas
car
) Ecotraffic MIT GM USA
Gasoline Diesel
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116,1
81,9
128,8120,2
70,2
115,4126,6
94,3
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CNG FC-hyb
LNG FC-hyb
DME diesel-hyb
GH2 FC-hyb
MeOH diesel-hyb
FT diesel-hyb
LH2 FC-hyb
El-GH2 FC-hybWel
l-to-
whe
el e
ff.,
inde
x (g
asol
ine=
100)
Principal fuel (FFV)Principal fuel (non-FFV)Niche fuel (non-FFV)
Natural gas feedstock (WTW)Efficiency ranking of fuels, index
Best fuel/Best fuel/drivelinedriveline combination for each fuel combination for each fuel Index: petrol=100
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2424 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
71,6
92,5 90,9
67,676,1
87,7
78,6
58,4
73,5
0
20
40
60
80
100
DME diesel-hyb
GH2 FC-hyb
MeOH diesel-hyb
LH2 FC-hyb
EtOH diesel-hyb
FT diesel-hyb
CBG FC-hyb
SNG FC-hyb
El-GH2 FC-hybWel
l-to-
whe
el e
ff.,
inde
x (g
asol
ine=
100)
Principal fuel (FFV)Principal fuel (non-FFV)Niche fuel (non-FFV)
Biomass feedstock (WTW) Efficiency ranking of fuels, index
Best fuel/Best fuel/drivelinedriveline combination for each fuel combination for each fuel Index: petrol=100
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2525 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Relative efficiency (WTW) forliquid biofuels in hybrid cars
100
85
73
103
8679
9592 88
105
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
MeOH EtOH FTD LH2
Wel
l-to-
whe
el e
ffic
ienc
y (M
eOH
, ott
o=10
0)
Otto engine Fuel cel l Diesel engine
Liquid fuels Cryogenic fuel
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2626 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Fossil and non-fossil energy useConventional gasoline = 100
83,2 86,7 86,7 88,3 91,4 86,1 89,4
102,4 106,7 108,1 110,1 113,9105,8 109,8
4,34,26,46,16,06,05,80
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio NG Bio
Rel
ativ
e en
ergy
use
(gas
olin
e=10
0)
B ioenergyFossil energy
MethanolDME GH2D
ME
die
sel-h
yb
DM
E d
iese
l-hyb
DM
E F
C-h
yb
DM
E F
C-h
yb
MeO
H d
iese
l-hyb
MeO
H d
iese
l-hyb
MeO
H F
C-h
yb
MeO
H d
iese
l-hyb
MeO
H d
iese
l-hyb
MeO
H d
iese
l-hyb
GH
2 di
esel
-hyb
GH
2 di
esel
-hyb
GH
2 di
esel
-hyb
GH
2 di
esel
-hyb
108,1112,7 114,1 116,3 120,3
110,0 114,2
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2727 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
Summary and conclusions
✦✦ WTW in 2010 to 2015 timeframe (2012)WTW in 2010 to 2015 timeframe (2012)✦✦ Improved drivetrain is essential, i.e. hybrids.Improved drivetrain is essential, i.e. hybrids.
Diesel and fuel cells more efficient than otto.Diesel and fuel cells more efficient than otto.✦✦ Performance criteria are important conditions.Performance criteria are important conditions.✦✦ Biomass conversion has “low” efficiency.Biomass conversion has “low” efficiency.✦✦ Fossil energy use can be kept low (i.e. ~5%)Fossil energy use can be kept low (i.e. ~5%)✦✦ CNG/LNG rank high; low process energy.CNG/LNG rank high; low process energy.✦✦ DME, GHDME, GH22 and MeOH are “best” biofuels and MeOH are “best” biofuels✦✦ Differences between studies can be explainedDifferences between studies can be explained
in most casesin most cases✦✦ Many issues and uncertainties still remain...Many issues and uncertainties still remain...
2003-06-172003-06-17 IEA Annex XV meeting in Stockholm 2828 EcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotrafficEcotraffic
This concludes my presentation
✦✦ Thank you for your attention!Thank you for your attention!✦✦ Questions?Questions?
More information available at: www.ecotraffic.se
(e.g. reports, presentations, etc.)