Prepared for the Town of West Jefferson, NC
June 2015
West Jefferson Streetscape RevitalizationStewardship Plan
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Elizabeth GilboyDirector
Lara BrowningLandscape Architecture Project Manager
Jack RosenbergerLandscape Architecture Project Coordinator
Jen JessupLead Landscape Architecture Designer
The Community Design Assistance Center (CDAC) is an outreach center in the College of Architecture and Urban Studies at Virginia Tech that assists communities,
neighborhood groups and non-profit organizations in improving the natural and built environments. Assistance is provided in the areas of landscape architecture,
architecture, planning, and interior design. Working with communities, the conceptual planning and design provides communities with a graphic vision of their project that
can then be used for grant applications and fundraising for the next steps toward implementation.
Community Design Assistance Center101 South Main Street
Blacksburg, Virginia 24060p: 540.231.5644f: 540.231.6089
w: http://cdac.arch.vt.edu
PROJECT TEAM
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Project funding provided by the United States Forest Service in cooperation with the Virginia Department of Forestry.
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Bruce Bytnar Managing Director, Boxerwood Nature Center & Woodland Garden
Beth Carson Horticulturalist, Blacksburg Department of Public Works
Dean Crane Director, Blacksburg Department of Parks and Recreation
Susan Day Assistant Professor, The Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation
Virginia Tech
Jeff Marion Research Biologist, U.S. Geological Survey
Adjunct Professor, The Department of Forest Resources & Environmental Conservation Virginia Tech
Jennifer Wampler Environmental Program Planner, Department of Conservation and Recreation
Acknowledgments
The Community Design Assistance Center (CDAC) recognizes the need to incorporate detailed stewardship plans with conceptual design work. A project cannot achieve long term success without a strategy for proper planting, care, and maintenance. The information in this document describes strategies for CDAC design concepts that have been implemented. Such stewardship includes general landscape maintenance, tree and planting care, controlling nonnative and invasive plant species, pests, disease control, habitats, streetscapes, and parks.
One of the greatest and most satisfying aspects of landscape design is its ever changing and transformative nature over time. CDAC is committed to providing communities with sustainable designs and the continued success of our work over time is ensured through the environmental stewardship practices described in this document. CDAC aims to provide resilient and sustainable design solutions that can grow and evolve for the benefit of future generations. After projects developed by CDAC are implemented and installed, it is our hope that this stewardship plan will help each community we assist be successful stewards of their respective conceptual designs.
Purpose and Goals of the Stewardship Plan
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
1.1 General Maintenance 8 1.1.1 Levels of Maintenance 1.1.2 Long-term vs. Short-term Maintenance 8 1.1.3 Maintenance Checklist & Schedule 8
2.1 Tree Planting and Care 11 2.1.1 Planting 11 2.1.2 Care 15
2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants 21 2.2.1 Effective Treatments 21 2.2.2 Selective Herbicide Application Methods 21 2.2.3 Selecting an Effective Herbicide 22 2.2.4 Other Treatments 23 2.2.5 Rehabilitation Phase 23
2.3 Natural Pest and Disease Control 25 2.3.1 Prevention 25 2.3.2 Beneficial Insects 25 2.3.3 Physical Pest Control Solutions 26 2.3.4 Organic Insecticides 27 2.4 Habitats 28 2.4.2 Constructed Wetlands and Riparian Corridors 28 2.4.4 Rain Gardens 31
2.5 Streetscapes 35 2.5.1 Site Preparation and Street Tree Selection 37
2.6 Parks 39
43 3.1 Appendix - Online Resources 3.2 Appendix - Book Reference Materials 48 3.3 Appendix - Attached Reference Materials 49
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Section 1: Introduction
Section 2: Stewardship by Project Type
Section 3: Appendix
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
1.1 General Maintenance 1.1.1 Levels of Maintenance
Considering the level of maintenance for different projects depends on the project type and use. Frequency of day-to-day maintenance tasks are based on the level of maintenance required for each project to be sustained as designed. Additional considerations, when determining the level of maintenance for projects, are funding and who will be performing the tasks. Each individual community must determine their resources and how those resources will be allocated within their budget.
Sources of funding may be donated by various community groups, and partnerships can help to bolster a community’s capacity. For example, if a town cannot afford to install irrigation systems for their athletic fields, a local interest group could donate that installation money. The town would then assume the management responsibilities of that irrigation system onward.
1.1.2 Long-term vs. Short-term MaintenanceShort-term maintenance refers to the day-to-day tasks involved in managing a project. Some of these tasks would include: watering, mulching, mowing, weeding, tree trimming, litter and trash removal, inspection, and other regularly scheduled activities. Short-term maintenance also includes minor repairs and replacements such as fixing a broken fence post or painting a bridge. These types of repairs should be included in a general maintenance budget.
Long-term maintenance means correcting landscape problems and replacing or restoring major components that have been destroyed, damaged, or have deteriorated. Examples of long-term maintenance could include stabilization of an eroded hillside or the control/eradication of an invasive species on a site. These costs can be unforeseen and typically warrant their own budgets. They can become projects themselves.
1.1.3 Maintenance Checklist and ScheduleA checklist and schedule should be included within a stewardship plan that addresses both short-term and long-term maintenance functions. A checklist allows for regular reporting of the day-to-day tasks and often includes itemized tasks and a section to report problems and their solutions. Reviewing these reports can help identify any trends or problem areas that could point to a less obvious dysfunction or design flaw.
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 1: Introduction
General Maintenance
A maintenance schedule should include the following:1. List of specific maintenance activities2. Frequency of each activity3. Cost per application of each activity 4. Annual cost of each activity5. Who will perform the activity (park crews, different agencies, or
volunteers)
A schedule can begin to determine budgets and labor needed for a project. For example, it may be determined that some tasks, such as power washing site amenities annually, may not be able to be covered under the project budget. Those tasks could be performed by volunteer groups.
A successful stewardship program should also promote a public monitoring system which allows for citizens to report maintenance problems and receive feedback. This is especially helpful when there is a limited crew trying to maintain a large area or a number of projects. Every set of eyes can help!
Sources: Greenways, A Guide to Planning, Design, and Development, Section 15: “Greenway Management.” Charles A. Fink & Robert M. Searns.
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West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 1: Introduction
General Maintenance
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SECTION 2: STEWARDSHIP BY PROJECT TYPE
2.1 Tree Planting and Care 2.1.1 Planting
Pre-InstallationStep 1: Check above groundDo not plant a tree where it will interfere with buildings, overhead utility lines, pavement, or intersection sightlines as it gets bigger. Make sure the planting spot is at least:
• 3 feet from pavement or fencing• 15 feet minimum from building or other trees• 25 feet from overhead electric wires if the tree will grow taller
than 30 feet
Figure 1: Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
Step 2: Check below groundAt least 72 hours in advance of planting, call the underground utility locating service in your area to be sure that there are no buried utilities where the tree will be planted. Most services will mark utilities (electric, cable, or gas) for free. 1-888-258-0808
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Step 3: Check lawsCheck with your town or municipality to see if there are any laws regarding planting and pruning.
Installation* Planting should occur during the dormant season, in late fall after leaf drop or early spring before budbreak.
Step 1: Move the tree to a location near where it will be plantedDo not lift or carry the tree by its trunk.
Step 2: Remove trunk and branch packaging.Remove trunk wrap, twine, and labels. Leave any root packaging in place during this step.
Step 3: Prune critical branches and no others!Prune only branches that are broken or dead. Also remove competing leaders, if present. Most trees should have one central leader. If there are two or more leaders, choose which should remain and remove the other(s). Pruning should be minimized at the time of planting to combat transplant shock. Do not prune oaks in the spring or early summer if you live in an area with oak wilt!
Figure 2: Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
Step 4: Find the root flare and remove excess soilRemove soil from the top of the root ball until the top of the root flare is exposed. There should be several roots at least as big around as a pencil extending in opposite directions from the trunk. Two to four inches of soil may have to be removed before finding the main roots.
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Tree Planting and Care
Figure 3: Diagram of root flare. Image from “How to Plant a Tree.” Clemson Extension. https://www.clemson.edu/extension/hgic/videos_posters/posters/tree_planting.pdf.
Bare root trees: There is no soil or root packaging to remove.
Balled-and-burlapped trees: Remove the top of the root ball packaging. Cut any twine from around the trunk taking care not to nick the bark, then bend the wire basket back off the top of the ball. Remove soil from the top of the root ball until the main root system is found. Some of the wire may have to be cut. Leave the rest of the wire basket in place until the tree is put in the ground.
Container trees: Remove the entire container. Pull or cut the soil off the top of the root ball until the main root system is found.
* Container trees can be pot-bound. Inspect root system for circling roots. Always purchase container trees from a reputable nursery.
Figure 4: Diagram of removing the soil from the top of the root ball. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
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Tree Planting and Care
Step 5: Remove problem rootsRemove all small roots above the main root system with a hand pruner. Examine the main root system for roots that extend out but then turn to the side or back towards the trunk. Prune these roots at the point where they turn.
Step 6: Determine how deep and wide to digMeasure the height of the remaining root ball. This is exactly how deep the hole should be dug. Measure the approximate width of the root ball or root system. Multiply this by 2, or if the soil is hard (clay or compacted), by at least 3. This is how wide the hole should be dug.
Figure 5: Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
Step 7: Dig the holeThe dimensions of the hole are very important in determining the survival of the tree. Dig the hole ONLY as deep as the root system (NO deeper!).
Step 8: Put the tree in the holeIf the tree has a heavy root ball, slide it into the hole, and straighten the trunk.
Step 9: For balled-and-burlapped trees, remove root ball packagingWithout loosening the root ball, cut, peel back, and remove as much of the wire basket or burlap as possible (at least the top third).
* A root ball should remain a root ball. If it starts to fall apart while removing the wire and burlap, backfill the hole with enough soil to stabilize it then carefully remove the wire and burlap and backfill. Try to keep the root ball intact.
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Tree Planting and Care
Step 10: Backfill with the same soilMake sure the trunk is straight. Put the original soil back in the hole, breaking up large clods, and working it in with hands or a shovel.
Step 11: WaterWater the root ball and entire backfilled area.
Step 12: MulchPut a 2 to 4 inch layer of organic mulch over the backfilled area. Pull mulch away from the trunk so that none touches the bark.
* There should never be more than 4 inches of mulch over the roots. Too much can prevent the roots from getting the necessary water.
Figure 6: Diagram of proper mulching technique. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
2.1.2 CareWatering
The first 3 years of a tree’s life is critical. Smaller caliper trees need less water and can establish faster than larger caliper trees. Generally, the establishment period for trees is at least 1 year for every 1 inch caliper. Check 6 inches below the surface every other day in fast draining soils and weekly in slow draining soils to see if the soil is dry, if so, then water. If the soil is dry, 1 1/2 gallons of water per 1 inch diameter of trunk is recommended. If irrigation is not present then water trucks can be used. Watering bags or “gatorbags” are a great way to slowly release water over a long period of time and can be filled weekly.
Figure 7: Diagram of tree watering. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
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After 3 years, check weekly and water when dry. Soil type and weather conditions can influence the demand for water, watering schedules and amounts can vary.
* Trees may have small root systems for the first year after planting and may dry out sooner than anticipated! Make sure to check regularly for dry soils even after recent rainfall.
MulchingMulching helps maintain soil moisture, controls weeds, and insulates the soil. It also reduces the likelihood of tree damage from weed whackers or lawn mowers.
There are 2 types of mulch to consider: inorganic and organic. Inorganic mulch consists of various types of stone, rock, pulverized rubber, geotextile fabrics, or other materials. Some negative aspects to inorganic mulch are that it does not decompose or improve soil structure by providing nutrients. However, since it does not decompose, it does not need to be replenished very often.
Organic mulch includes wood chips, pine needles, hardwood and softwood bark, leaves, compost mixes, and a variety of other products derived from plants. Each material decomposes at a different rate depending on the climate and soil. For example, wood chips can take longer to break down and therefore should not require frequent replenishing. Avoid using fine, non-composted wood chips because soil nitrogen may be taken up by the tree’s roots as the wood chips begin to decompose. Organic mulch can improve soil quality and fertility. It is the preferred material by arborists, horticulturalists, and other landscape professionals for its benefits. Applying newspaper as a layer before mulching in grassed or weedy areas where it is no longer desired kills grass. This can also help prevent weeds from growing through unwanted mulched areas.
When applying mulch, 2 to 4 inches is recommended for well-drained sites, closer to 2 inches is recommended for poorly drained areas. Mulch should be placed to the outer edge of the tree’s crown or beyond. Excessive mulch can cause problems. It can create excessive moisture and cause root rot. Thick layers of fine mulch can prevent penetration of water while piling mulch against a trunk can stress stem tissues which can lead to insect and disease problems.
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Trunk ProtectionYoung deciduous trees have thin bark that can easily be damaged by animals and equipment such as weed whackers or lawn mowers. Mulch around trees can protect trees from these elements, but sometimes rodents such as rabbits and mice will chew on young bark. To prevent damage associated with trunk wounding, plastic tubing or hardware cloth can be installed around the trunk. The tubing should be big enough to allow 1 to 4 inches of space between it and the trunk. It should be 1 to 3 feet tall to accommodate snow and deter small rodents.
Figure 8: Sketch of tree protection guard. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
FertilizingIt is not recommended that fertilizers be used in the first year after planting a tree due to the tree’s small root system. Apply additional fertilizers after the tree’s establishment period only if an arborist or soil test indicates that it is necessary. Overdosing with fertilizer can harm the tree. Fertilizer not absorbed by the tree can alter the soil or leach out, potentially polluting groundwater, rivers, ponds, and lakes. Be careful when using “weed and feed” on lawn areas surrounding trees. Some combinations of fertilizers and herbicides will injure trees.
Checking Tree HealthTo maintain a tree’s health, yearly inspection is important. Check for size, color, trunk damages, and distribution of leaves. Observe the growth rate of the tree compared to the past year’s growth. Fast growth does not necessarily mean good health, but a dramatic reduction in growth rate could indicate a problem. Trees should also be in inspected after storms for broken, dead, or hanging branches. Cracks, fungi, branch unions, or a weak trunk on a leaning trunk should be treated quickly.
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PruningPruning can be dangerous in certain situations. Hire an arborist or contact the appropriate people to prune if the following applies:
• Pruning cannot be done with both feet on the ground • Trees or branches are located within 10 feet of utility lines• Pruning requires power equipment
Pruning is important for public safety and tree health. It can encourage trees to develop a strong structure which can reduce the amount of damage during severe weather.
Pruning for public safety involves removing branches that could fall and cause injury or property damage, trimming branches that interfere with sight lines of streets or driveways, and removing branches that could grow into utility lines.
Pruning for tree health would involve removing diseased or insect-infested wood, thinning the crown to increase airflow and reduce pest problems, and removing crossing or rubbing branches.
Pruning Young TreesPruning correctly when trees are young will help the tree develop a strong, well-balanced crown. During the first to third years after planting, attention should be paid to pruning a tree. Young trees should have branches that are well attached to the trunk, one central leader, good spacing between branches, enough clearance between the ground and the first branch, and a good crown height. Pruning correctly early in a tree’s life can greatly help to produce a long-lived tree and will be more cost efficient in the long-run. Refer to http://tinyurl.com/trainingyoungtrees for a video on how to prune a young tree.
Figure 9: Diagram of proper pruning technique. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
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Pruning Mature TreesBeginning 3 years after planting, trees should be pruned lightly every year or every other year. After 10 years, frequency of pruning will vary depending on the species of tree and the conditions in which it is planted. A general rule is not to remove more than 25% of a tree’s living branches. Broken, dead, rubbing branches, or branches sprouting from the base of the trunk can be removed every year.
Winter is the best time of year to prune because branches are easy to see, diseases cannot be spread, and there is minimal stress to the tree. Most trees, however, can be pruned at any time except for trees that are prone to fire blight or oak wilt. Trees susceptible to fire blight include mountain ash, apple, crabapple, hawthorn, pear, flowering quince, and pyracantha. Trees susceptible to oak wilt include most oaks.
ToppingOne pruning technique that should be avoided is topping. Topping is the indiscriminate removal of branch ends. Many myths revolve around topping. Some believe topping will make the tree easier to maintain or that it invigorates a tree. Others believe it will add value to their property; however, the opposite is true. Topped trees will require more attention because of the fast growing, loosely attached shoots that form. Topping also immediately injures the tree and exposes it to decay and invasion from insects and disease, which will cause the life span of a tree to be reduced. The property value of a home may also decrease because topped trees lack natural beauty. Topping is not pruning, not recommended for any tree, and not performed by certified arborists. If topping is suggested by someone maintaining your trees, it may reflect a lack of knowledge and another professional should be found.
Figure 10: Sketch of a topped tree. Image from “Tree Owner’s Manual.” United States Department of
Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.
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Protecting Trees from Construction DamageAnother consideration to take when caring for trees is the impact construction may have on a tree’s health. When protecting trees from construction damage a defined protected root zone should be identified. To identify the protected root zone, the following should be considered:
• Measure the diameter (width) of the trunk at chest height to the nearest inch.
• Multiply that number by 1.5 feet for every inch for mature or stressed trees or by 1 foot for young, healthy trees. For example, 20 inches of trunk diameter would equal 30 feet of protected root zone.
• Measure that distance from the trunk of the tree. The area within that radius is the protected root zone.
• A minimum of 6 feet must be protected around trees regardless of the trunk diameter.
All construction activities, such as storing materials and moving equipment, changing the grade, excavating, and paving should be kept away from the protected root zone by placing a tree protection fence around the radius of the tree.
When to Hire an Arborist? At some point during the life span of a tree an arborist may need to be consulted. Certain situations may require an arborist’s expertise such as: when pruning or removing large trees, when pruning around utilities or structures, when pruning involves heights taller than standing capability or the use of powered equipment, or if disease or insect problems occur.
Sources: Training Young Trees. Larry Costello, University of California. http://tinyurl.com/trainingyoungtrees.
Tree Owner Information. International Society of Arboriculture. www.treesaregood.org & www.isa-arbor.com
Tree Owner’s Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
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2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants The best defense against nonnative invasive plants is constant surveillance of all projects and the use of effective control measures upon discovery of invaders. Early detection can minimize cost and labor compared to eradicating an established infestation. It is possible to eradicate established invasive stands but only with the proper treatment and persistence. The following discusses ways to effectively treat nonnative invasive plants.
2.2.1 Effective TreatmentsIf a stand of invasive plants already exists, proper and aggressive eradication measures should be taken to avoid spread. Using effective herbicide applications offers the best means of controlling or eradicating because herbicides can kill the roots without leaving the soil bare and susceptible to reinvasion or erosion. However, herbicide use is never a recommended method along rivers because it can cause the destruction of aquatic and animal life. When using herbicides, use only EPA–approved products. To be successful with herbicide treatments, the following should be done:
• Use the most effective herbicide for the species.• Follow the application methods as prescribed on the label.• Choose the optimum time of year to apply treatments. For
leaves, apply mid-summer to early fall and no later than a month before expected frost. Evergreens and semi-evergreens can be treated effectively in winter.
• Adhere to all label prohibitions, precautions, and best management practices during herbicide transport, storage, mixing, and application.
• After application, be patient; allow herbicides to work for several months before resorting to other treatment options.
2.2.2 Selective Herbicide Application Methods Some aggressive infestations require a broadcast treatment of herbicide. Broadcast treatment, however, may kill desirable plants, as well as invasive species. In many cases, the best approach can be spot application to target invasive plants while avoiding exposure to desired plant material.
Directed Foliar SpraysDirected foliar sprays are usually applied with a backpack sprayer and aim to target plant foliage by saturating all leaves to the point of run off. It is recommended to use low pressure, drift retardants, or spray shields when using this method to avoid unwanted overspray. This method of application is very cost efficient and should be applied from mid-summer to late fall to be most effective.
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Stem InjectionStem Injection is an herbicidal concentrate mixed with water and applied to incision cuts spaced around woody stems created by an ax, hatchet, machete, brush, or tree injector. This application is best for large trees and shrubs with trunks more than 2 inches in diameter. When applying the injection treatment, avoid times when rainfall might occur within 48 hours. The incisions could be washed out into the soil and nearby plants can be damaged. The most effective time of year to use this application is late winter and throughout the summer. Sap production in the spring can wash herbicides from cuts.
Cut-TreatThe cut-treat application method involves an herbicidal concentrate mixed with water and applied to the outer circumference of freshly cut stumps or the entire top surface of cut stumps. A backpack sprayer, spray bottle, wick or paint brush can all be used to apply the herbicide with this method. The most effective time of year to use this application is in the late winter and summer.
Basal SpraysBasal sprays are herbicidal oil based mixtures sprayed or daubed onto the lower portions of woody stems with a backpack sprayer or wick applicator. This method is effective in controlling invasives with woody stems that are less than 6 inches in diameter. Examples of basal sprays are Pathfinder II and Vine-X which are premixed and ready to use. The most effective time of year to apply this herbicide is late winter and early spring when the leaves do not hinder spraying the stem. Summer sprays can also be effective but are difficult due to the presence of leaves.
Soil SpotsSoil spots are Velpar L herbicide applied in measured amounts to the soil around targeted invasive woody stems or in a grid pattern for treating many stems in one area. This can be applied with a spot gun or a backpack sprayer with a stream nozzle. This application is only effective on specific nonnative invasive species when applied during the spring and early summer.
2.2.3 Selecting an Effective Herbicide Nonnative invasive plants are usually difficult to control or eradicate. Herbicides that are both applied to the foliage and soil are usually the most effective with the least number of applications. However, when using herbicides on the soil, caution should be taken to limit the damage to surrounding plants when their roots are present in the treatment area or soon after a rainfall. Some herbicides have residues
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that can be transferred to other plants during temperatures exceeding 80 degrees fahrenheit, therefore it is recommended to only apply those herbicides on cooler days. Also when possible, use herbicides that target specific invasive species and choose the proper time of year to apply. For example, basal sprays should be applied to the bark of invasive plants in the late winter before most other plants emerge and foliar sprays on evergreen/semi evergreen invasives should be applied after surrounding plants have entered a dormant period.
2.2.4 Other Treatments OvergrazingOvergrazing can reduce the growth of invasives but it will not eradicate them. Examples of overgrazing can be the use of goat herds in large invasive areas. Charlottesville Virginia has successfully used goats in some of their parks to control invasive plant spread.
Prescribed Burning Prescribed burning can also eradicate invasives, but it is limited in its effectiveness and requires specific knowledge to be successful.
Cutting or Mowing Cutting or mowing invasives removes the above ground plant and slows down the growth but doesn’t eradicate them. This method, when used with herbicides, can be extremely effective in eradication.
Hand-Pulling If discovered early, small infestations can be controlled with hand-pulling of the plants.
An eradication program for infestations of invasive plants usually requires several years of treatment and many more years of surveillance to check for new invasions. To be successful, a planned strategy should be followed with persistence.
2.2.5 Rehabilitation PhaseThe rehabilitation phase can be the most important step in the process of eradicating and reclaiming sites. Rehabilitation requires establishment of native plants that can outcompete and outlive any surviving nonnative invasive plants while stabilizing and protecting the soil. In some areas, native plant communities may naturally reinitiate successions after eradicating nonnative plants, but if not, native plants should be seeded or planted. Tree nurseries operated by state forestry agencies are a good source for many species of native trees and shrubs. Native plant seed can also be used, but proper
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sowing and planting would be required to assure fast germination. To ensure the success of a project, constant surveillance, treatment of new invasives, and rehabilitation following eradication are critical to preventing and controlling invasions of nonnative species.
Sources: Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control, Section “General Principles for Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs062/07_other_nn_plants.pdf
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2.3 Natural Pest and Disease Control Natural pest control has many benefits. It can be more cost effective than buying and applying pesticides and it is safer for the garden, people, wildlife and the environment. Most pests can be controlled by planting a diverse garden that can attract a variety of beneficial insects. To target certain pests, in addition to beneficial insects, physical controls may also need to be put in place. If needed, an organic insecticide can be used. A products list, approved by the US National Organic Program, has been included in section 2.3.4 Organic Insecticides.
2.3.1 PreventionA healthy garden is the best defense against garden pests. To maintain a healthy garden consider the following:
• Remove any dead or weak plants. Even if the plants aren’t dead they can attract predators. Dispose of plants away from the garden area.
• Naturally composting, mulching, and top-dressing your planting beds can be a great way to develop strong, vigorous plants.
• Use seaweed spray or fertilizer in mulch. Seaweed contains iron, zinc, barium, calcium, sulfur, and magnesium which promotes growth in plants and helps repel slugs.
• Clear garden area of debris and weeds which can be breeding grounds for insects.
• Interplant and rotate crops. When plantings are mixed, pests are less likely to spread. Rotating crops can prevent a reinfestation year after year.
• Keep foliage dry. Water planting beds early in the day so the foliage can dry throughout the day. Wet foliage encourages insects and fungal disease. Drip irrigation can be used to avoid wet foliage.
• Disinfect tools that have been in contact with infested plants. This can reduce the spread of disease.
2.3.2 Beneficial InsectsBeneficial insects are insects which you can attract to a garden or release that will prey on harmful insects and their larvae. There are many different species that target specific problems. For a more extensive list refer to Organic Pest Control Series: Beneficial Insects which can be found in section 3.1 Appendix: Online References.
• Braconids, Chalcids, and Ichneumon Wasps destroy leaf eating caterpillars. Plant carrots, celery, parsley, and caraway (members of the Umbelliferae family) to attract these insects to a garden.
• Ladybugs are common insects that consume aphids, mites,
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whiteflies and scale. Attract ladybugs to a garden by planting members of the daisy family (Compositae) such as yarrow. Ladybugs can be purchased online and released into the garden.
• Lacewings are consumers of aphids and their larva. Lacewings are attracted to “composite” flowers such as yarrow, goldenrod, black-eyed susan’s and asters. Lacewings can also be purchased online and released into the garden.
• Hover-flies eat aphids, and the larva of hover-flies eat aphids and other pests. They are also attracted to flowers like yarrow, goldenrod, black eyed susan’s and asters.
• Praying Mantis are large insects that eat most garden pests. Their eggs are available online.
• Soldier beetle larvae feed on the eggs and larvae of beetles, grasshoppers, moths and other insects. Adult soldier beetles feed on aphids and other soft bodied insects. Plant marigolds and goldenrod to attract these beneficial insects.
• Nematodes are effective against cutworms, beetles, and root weevil larvae. Nematode eggs are mixed with water and applied to the soil where they hatch and go to work. Wash eggs off foliage onto the ground if needed.
2.3.3 Physical Pest Control SolutionsOften it is necessary to use physical pest control solutions in addtion to beneficial insects. Below is a list of physical pest control ideas.
• Yellow Flypaper can be effective to trap aphids and whiteflies. Any board painted yellow and coated with a sticky substance, such as tanglefoot, can be effective.
• Apple Maggot Traps are sticky red sphere traps. Hang one trap for every 100 apples in a tree. Apple maggots can be extremely destructive pests for apples.
• Pheromone traps attract insects and catch them with a sticky substance. Position them around the garden perimeter to avoid attracting unwanted pests into the garden
• Floating Row Covers consist of lightweight opaque material which can be draped over planting beds or trees. Sunlight and water can penetrate the cover but insects and birds cannot. The material is light enough to allow plants to continue to grow underneath it. Anchor the cover, with rocks or boards to prevent the wind from lifting it. Row covers are great for protecting seedlings and vegetables such as carrots, beets, broccoli, chard and spinach.
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• Cloche is a miniature greenhouse for seedbeds and young plants. Unlike the row cover, the cloche needs to be opened to water and during hot days.
• Barrier Paper is scraps of waxed cardboard such as milk cartons or roofing felt. It is a simple and effective method against cabbage moths
2.3.4 Organic Insecticides
If needed, an organic insecticide can be used to combat diseases. Below is a brief list of approved products by the US National Organic Program. Refer to A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions for more information in the Appendix: Online References section.
• Bt (Bacillus thuringiensis) Apply late in the day to be effective on armyworms, cabbageworms, corn earworms, diamondback moths, grape leaf rollers, melon worms, tomato fruitworms, tomato hornworms, and various webworms and budworms. Do not apply on butterfly host plants.
• Diatomaceous earth (DE) is a powder that has sharp edges and cuts into insects’ bodies killing them of dehydration. Lightly sprinkle dry DE on the soil’s surface where Japanese beetles, slugs, or other pests will come into direct contact with the dry particles.
• Horticultural oils applied directly to pests interfere with respiration, causing insects to suffocate and die. These oils help control aphids, whiteflies and other pests, but can also kill beneficial mites and injure the leaves of some plants.
• Insecticidal soaps have fatty acids that break down the protective cuticles of soft-bodied pests, such as aphids, which will then quickly become dehydrated and die. Soap sprays have no residual effect and only kill insects that are sprayed directly.
• Iron phosphate slug bait can be sprinkled throughout your garden beds, and slugs will eat it instead of plants, then crawl off to die. The bait is nontoxic to pets and humans.
• Neem is an oil that can slow the growth of many insects. It is best used on young insects and can control aphids and leaf-eating caterpillars.
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• Pyrethrum is one of the oldest known pesticides. It is fast-acting and the strongest insecticide allowed under U.S. National Organic Standards, so use it only after all other methods have been exhausted. Insects, including beneficial ones, typically become paralyzed as soon as they come into contact with pyrethrum, which is made from the dried flowers of the daisy Tanacetum cinerariifolium.
• Spinosad is a biological pesticide derived from the bacterium Saccharopolyspora spinosa. Spinosad controls all types of caterpillars, Colorado potato beetle larvae and blister beetles, and works best on pests that consume a lot of leaf tissue.
Sources:A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions. Mother Earth News. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/natural-garden-pest-control-zm0z14jjzsto.aspx?PageId=4#axzz3D1YnWNED
Natural Garden Pest Control. Eartheasy: Solutions for Sustainable Living. http://eartheasy.com/grow_nat_pest_cntrl.htm
Organic Pest Control Series: Beneficial Insects. Mother Earth News. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/beneficial-insects-zl0z0413zkin.aspx#axzz3D1YnWNED 28
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2.4 Habitats 2.4.1 Constructed Wetlands and Riparian Corridors
Constructed WetlandsConstructed wetlands are large, shallow, planted ponds that filter stormwater runoff, slow water flow, and help control flooding to a downstream waterway or stormwater system. They should be managed properly to perform well. Typically, it can take up to 3 years for a wetland to become established. Once established, constructed wetlands should require little maintenance but still should be routinely monitored, inspected, and outlet systems should be cleaned to ensure a successful and functioning habitat. Below is a guide to maintaining a constructed wetland.
Hydrology• Water should reach all parts of the wetland surface. • Check monthly and after storms to ensure that water is moving
and that debris, litter, or other blockages are not blocking flow paths.
• Remove floating debris from the pond area. • Inspect for algal blooms or dead fish. This could indicate water
has extremely low levels of oxygen, high nutrient loads, and/or pollutants. Test water quality if this is suspected.
Structures• Dikes, spillways, and water control structures should be
inspected monthly or following a storm. Debris or blockage should be removed immediately.
• Any damage, erosion, or blockage should be repaired as soon as possible to prevent the wetland from not functioning and causing more expensive repairs.
• Inspect banks for settlement, erosion, scouring, cracking, sloughing, seepage and rilling. Repair as needed.
• Sediment should be removed from the forebay before it occupies 50 percent of the forebay, typically every 3 to 7 years.
Vegetation• Water levels are key to the success of wetland vegetation.• Wetland plants can tolerate some changes in water level;
however, attention should be paid to the species and their tolerance levels for water changes over extended periods of time.
• During the first growing season, vegetation should be inspected every 2 to 3 weeks.
• Replace dead plants as needed to fill the voids. • Vegetation should maintain at least 85 percent cover of the
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emergent vegetation zone (the area where plants grow in the water, but their leaves and stems extend out of the water.)
• Prevent excessive shading by controlling tree and tall shrub growth. Most wetland plants require at least 6 hours of sun every day.
• Invasives species should be removed immediately. (Refer to Section 2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants: 2.2.4 Other Treatments)
• Herbicides should not be used since they can severely damage water quality and emergent vegetation.
• Water depth should be increased during the winter to increase retention time and to protect against freezing.
Burrowing animals and Mosquitoes• Muskrats and other burrowing animals can damage water
control structures. If wire screening is not installed, a thick layer of gravel or rock can deter these animals.
• Stagnant water creates a breeding ground for mosquitoes. The best defense is to keep water flowing and vegetation cover. Vegetation cover provides oxygen and prevents stagnant water.Unblocking flows also prevent stagnant backwaters.
• Disperse floating plants to provide cover. • Purple martins, swallows, and bats can help manage mosquito
population. Provide houses, perches, and boxes for wildlife. • The use of insecticides is usually ineffective because they
dilute in the water or the organic matter absorbs them. • It is not recommended to chemically treat for mosquitoes
because you run the risk of contaminating both the wetland, wildlife, and the downstream water body.
Monitoring• Monitoring is needed to measure whether the wetland is
meeting its goals. • Photographs should be taken each time at the same location. • Systems that have little inflow and have been doing well, only
need to be checked monthly and after a major storm. Systems with heavier inflow require more detailed monitoring.
Riparian CorridorsRiparian corridors are stream buffers that improve water quality by filtering pollutants from stormwater runoff such as oil, fertilizers, pesticides, and animal waste. They reduce flooding and erosion by stabilizing stream banks and moderate stream temperatures by
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providing shade and keeping fish and other aquatic life healthy. The corridor also provides nesting and foraging habitats for many species of wildlife. A riparian buffer should be monitored and maintained regularly, then periodically as the buffer becomes established. Routine maintenance may be necessary, depending on weather conditions. Below is a list of items to consider when maintaining a riparian buffer.
Water• During the first growing season, newly planted trees and
shrubs need water at least once a week or as needed until established, approximately 2 to 3 years. (Refer to Section 2.1 Tree Planting and Care)
• After heavy rains, vegetation should be inspected for damage.
Weed Control• Weed control may be necessary for the first few years of
establishment. Refer to Section 2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants.
• Organic mulches such as leaf humus, wood chips, pine mulch, or shredded bark can help to retain moisture and limit weeds in a newly planted buffer. Once a vegetative cover is created, the shade should prevent weeds from forming; however, time is needed for native species to grow without competition from weeds.
• Mechanical methods of weed control, such as hand-pulling, are recommended. The use of herbicides are not recommended because they can damage water quality, vegetation, and wildlife habitat. If absolutely necessary, spot-treat only.
• Fallen trees form important habitats and should remain where they pose no hazard to safety.
Mowing• Most riparian buffers need at least 100 feet total width from the
stream’s edge. Native grasses and wildflowers planted in the upland zone, furthest from the stream’s edge, can be mowed once or twice a year to prevent it from becoming overgrown with shrubs (Refer to Figure 1). Avoid mowing from April to July when birds may be nesting. This zone is important for slowing runoff and trapping sediment.
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Figure 1: Diagram of a stream buffer zones. Image from “Around the Water Cooler: Riparian Buffers”: Greenversations: An Official Blog of the U.S. EPA. http://blog.epa.gov/science/2012/09/around-the-water-
cooler-riparian-buffers/. 2.4.2 Rain Gardens
A rain garden is a small, shallow, constructed garden depression that is planted with deep-rooted native plants and grasses. It is usually located in an area that receives runoff from hard surfaces such as a roof, sidewalk, or driveway. Rain gardens slow, capture, and hold water from these surfaces for a short period of time. This allows it to naturally infiltrate into the ground. Rain gardens can be easy to maintain but are not maintenance free. It is important to weed, clean, and re-mulch the garden. The first 2 years require the most care while plants are becoming established. Below is a guide to maintaining a rain garden.
Water• Water plants weekly during the first 1 to 2 growing seasons.• A newly planted rain garden needs approximately 1 inch of
water per week or roughly 6 gallons per square yard per week. The length of time to water can vary based on the size of the garden and water pressure.
• If your rain garden or pond has a pump, inspect it regularly to maintain working condition. Refer to manufacturer’s guide on the maintenance of your pump. In general, if filters are present, clean weekly. Turn off pumps and filters during the winter months. Unless fish are present, pumps are not generally needed to maintain a healthy water garden with clear water.
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Weeding• During the establishment period, weeding should be done
often. Weeding in the spring will help control weeds in the summer. It is best to remove weeds before the seeds mature and spread.
• Pulling weeds reduces competition for space, light, and water. As the garden matures, weeding will need to happen less frequently.
Mulching• Mulch 2 to 3 inches during the spring to keep soil moist and
allow easy infiltration of rain water.• Use an organic mulch.
Monitoring• Rain gardens should be inspected monthly.• Clear any dead vegetation and debris that may have collected. • Replanting may be necessary over time. If a plant is not thriving
in one location of the garden, try relocating it to a wetter or dryer area
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Sources: A Handbook of Constructed Wetlands, Chapter 9 “Operation, Maintenance, and Monitoring.” USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US Environmental Protection Agency. http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/restore/upload/constructed-wetlands-handbook.pdf
Apple Tree Care. National Gardening Association Editors. http://www.garden.org/foodguide/browse/fruit/apple/1600
Grow a Native Grass Meadow. Carol A. Heiser. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/wild-in-the-woods/grow-a-native-grass-meadow.pdf
Growing Apple Trees In The Home Garden. Michael L. Parker, Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8301.html
Landscape Design Guidelines, Section 5 “Installation and Maintenance.” Tennessee Department of Transportation. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/environment/beautification/landscape/Chapter_5_Installation_Maintenance.pdf
Maintaining a Rain Garden. Crystal Environmental Quality Commission. http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/cityofcrystal/uploads/Maintaining_a_Rain_Garden_Information_2011.pdf
Maintaining your Rain Garden. Rutgers University, Water Resources Program. http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGMaintenance.pdf
Maintaining Your Woodland Garden. Evelyn J. Hadden. http://www.lesslawn.com/articles/article1073.html
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Managing Riparian Buffer Areas. Forestry Commission. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-6MVK4U
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual, Chapter 6 “BMP 6.6.1: Constructed Wetland.” http://www.raingardensforthebays.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/PASWBMPManualChapt6.pdf
Riparian Buffers for Wildlife. Penn State Extension. http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/wildlife/habitat-management/pa-wildlife-16-riparian-buffers-for-wildlife
Stream Buffers. Clean Water Education Partnership. http://nccwep.org/involvement/buffers/index.php
Wetlands Operation & Maintenance Guide. Auckland Council. http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/stormwater/Documents/wetlandsconstructionguide.pdf
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2.5 StreetscapesA streetscape refers to the natural and built fabric of a street. It is a public place where people are able to engage in various activities and helps define a community’s aesthetic quality, economic activity, health, and sustainability. Streetscapes include the road, adjoining buildings, street furniture, trees and open spaces, that combine to form the street’s character. Street trees provide green infrastructure and vegetation that softens noise, reduces glare, and provides shade, while increasing beauty, reducing stress, and improving livability within a community. A streetscape stewardship plan involves maintaining all the hardscape elements, such as benches, trash receptacles, lighting, and vegetation within the right of way.
Below is a list of maintenance tasks that are included when maintaining streetscapes. Based on the type of project, choose the elements that make sense for your project.
Watering• Newly planted trees (Refer to Section 2.1 Tree Planting and Care)• Watering planting beds from a truck should be done with care so
that the force from the water does not damage the plants or mulch. • A watering schedule is necessary. • Establishment period for shrubs and ground covers is
approximately 6 months to 1 year. Flowers establish much more quickly.
• Water planting beds 2 to 3 times per week for the first 8 weeks after planting then water once a week until they are established.
Irrigation System (if present)• Inspect system monthly and repair system if needed. • Back flow test annually.
Mulching • Maintain mulch depth of 2 to 4 inches.
(Refer to Section 2.1 Tree Planting and Care for more mulching information)
Tree Pruning• Prune low branches posing hazard to pedestrian walkways or
streets.• Prune to a minimum height of 6 to 7 feet to allow comfortable
passage beneath by pedestrians and vehicles.
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Shrub and Ornamental Grass Pruning• Selectively prune shrubs based on species. Maintain sightlines at
intersections.• Ornamental grasses have attractive foliage throughout the winter
and should not be pruned until the spring. This also helps insulate the crown of the plant. In the spring, before growth resumes, cut back ornamental grasses to approximately 4 to 6 inches.
Pest Management• Problem areas should be inspected monthly and handled on a
case by case basis. Spot–treat, DO NOT over treat.• Immediately remedy problem in accordance with the Departments
of Integrated Pest Management Program (IPM).
Vandalism • Graffiti should be repaired immediately within 24 hours if possible.
Hardscape • Remove debris, sand, dirt, and organic material from walks weekly.• Remove tripping hazards from pedestrian areas as soon as
possible.• Blow grass clippings after mowing away from hard surfaces.• Remove weeds growing in cracks as needed.
Litter and Trash Removal• Pick up litter from tree grates and empty trash containers on a
regular basis as determined to be needed by your community.
Holiday Banners • Consider appropriate timin for putting up and removing holiday
banners.• Replace banners as needed.
Seasonal/Annual Plantings in Pots or Hanging Baskets • Replant seasonally.• Check daily for moisture content.• Water every other day during times of drought or when needed.• Use drip irrigation system if present.
Signage• Inspect sign lettering, surfaces, and posts at least monthly.• Repair/replace signs to maintain design and safety standards as
needed.
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Site Amenities• Inspect benches, trash containers, bicycle racks, and other site
amenities at least monthly. Repair or replace as needed.• Clean/power wash amenities annually if possible.
Lighting• Inspect monthly.• Repair/replace bulbs or posts immediately.
2.5.1 Site Preparation and Street Tree SelectionMany factors can place stress on a street tree, such as air pollution, temperature extremes, lack of sufficient soil for root growth, limited space, overhead obstructions, and improper use (i.e. using a tree as a bike rack.) With proper selection and site preparation, trees can survive and thrive in an urban environment. Available space for proper root growth is one of the most limiting factors and can deteremine a tree’s health and longevity. When designing tree pits consider the following to provide the best environment for a street tree to thrive:
• Tree pits should be as large as possible to allow tree roots ample growing space. Optimal tree pit size would be 4 feet by 10 feet or 5 feet by 10 feet if available.
• If tree pits already exist within a sidewalk, enlarge the tree well as much as possible while still allowing adequet space for pedestrain traffic.
• Combine tree pits to include several trees in a continuous planting strip.
• Use a porous pavement, such as dry-laid pavers in surrounding sidwalk to allow water to penetrate the soil below.
• Use a structural soil mix, also known as engineered soil, under paved areas. Structural soil consists of gap-graded gravels which are made up of crushed stone, clay loam, and a hydrogel stabilizing agent. (* Source: http://www.hort.cornell.edu/uhi/outreach/csc/article.html) It uses angular stones in the planting mix under hardscaped areas, such as sidwalks and parking lots, which can be compacted to provide the structural support required for hardscape installation but also be open enough to provide adequate drainage and aeration for trees.
• If there is a public park or lawn nearby, let the roots grow into the adjacent area by planting the tree at the back of the sidewalk.
Selecting the right tree for the situation is also important to a healthy street tree. For example, a large tree that is thriving in an open park space may not do well in a tree well along a street. The tree that thrives in a park may need much more space to adequetely grow
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roots and obtain the proper amount of water, nutrients, and support to become an healthy specimen. There are many tree species that can survive in challanging spatial situations. For example, if spacing is too tight between street and building or overhead utility lines exist, select a tree that will fit. If a tall tree is desired for a tight space consider selecting a cultivar with a narrow upright growth habit. For further information on which cultivars work best for certain situations refer to Urban Tree Selection Manual in the sources at the end of this section.
Sources: Environmental Best Management Practices and Design Standards Manual, Chapter 8 “Streetscape Management.” Bellevue Parks & Community Services. http://www.bellevuewa.gov/pdf/Parks/E12_Ch-08-Streetscape-Management.pdf
Landscape Design Guidelines, Section 5 “Installation and Maintenance.” Tennessee Department of Transportation. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/environment/beautification/landscape/Chapter_5_Installation_Maintenance.pdf
Urban Tree Selection Manual: A Guide for Selecting Trees for the Urban Environment. 2007. John Alexopoulos, Paula Stahl, and Robert M. Ricard.
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2.6 ParksA park stewardship plan consists of day-to-day maintenance tasks as well as long-term maintenance such as controlling invasive species and taking on projects like upgrading park elements. Each park’s level of maintenance depends on the type, usage, and budget. For example, the frequency of mowing would vary if it were a recreational field versus a low-trafficked passive park. Another example would be a volunteer group taking responsibility for a certain maintenance task in a park. Towns sometimes do not have the budget or man power to maintain every park to a certain level of quality and may need to coordinate with volunteer groups for help.
Some parks could have different elements not found in others therefore requiring different tasks. Below is a list of maintenance tasks that are included when maintaining parks. Based on the type of park, choose the elements that make sense for your project.
Athletic Fields• Mow twice a week if used heavily or once a week if needed to
maintain 2 ½ inches height. • Frequency of mowing depends on rain/watering.• Fertilize twice a year.• Apply pre-germinated seed to heavily worn areas.• Aerate twice a year.• Over seed annually.
Park Lawns• Mow once a week if needed to maintain 3-3 ¼ inches height. • Trim perimeters once per week with string trimmer.
Trees (Refer to Section 2.1 Tree Planting and Care)
Shrub and Ornamental Grass Pruning• Selectively prune shrubs based on species and desired form. • Ornamental grasses have attractive foliage throughout the winter
and should not be pruned until the spring. This also helps insulate the crown of the plant.
• In the spring, before growth resumes, cut back ornamental grasses to approximately 4 to 6 inches.
Weeding• The goal is to establish a solid cover of desired vegetation that will
choke out weed growth. • Proper plant selection, spacing, and soil conditions should reduce
long-term weed growth by providing plants the optimum conditions to grow to their mature size and block the light needed for weeds
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to grow.• Identify which plants are a part of the habitat and which should be
removed. • Certain techniques such as using newspaper or weed cloth
beneath the mulch in planting beds can lessen the need for weeding.
• Weed in early spring thoroughly before weeds can take root and become a bigger labor intensive problem during the summer.
• Hand-pulling weeds can be effective if they are removed immediately upon discovery.
Storm Cleanup (Usually a town water department’s responsibility)• Inspect drain covers twice a month. Remove debris and organic
material immediately. • Maintain water inlet height and an undisturbed flow of drainage.
Watering Plants• Watering from a truck should be done with care so that the force
from the water does not damage the plants or mulch. • A watering schedule is necessary. • Establishment period for shrubs and ground covers is
approximately 6 months to 1 year. Flowers establish much more quickly.
• Water 2 to 3 times per week for the first 8 weeks after planting then water once a week until they are established.
Mulching Plants• Maintain mulch depth of 2 to 4 inches.
(Refer to Section 2.1 Tree Planting and Care for more mulching information)
Irrigation System (if present)• Inspect system monthly and repair system if needed based on
park usage • Back flow test annually.
Litter and Trash Removal• Pick up litter and empty trash containers every day, as needed,
or develop a regular litter/trash pick up schedule as deteremined appropriate for your community (ie. once a week, twice a week, once a day etc.)
• During the cold season (November – March) this will not need to be as frequent, but a regular schedule should be developed based on your community’s needs.
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Vandalism • Graffiti should be repaired immediately within 24 hours if possible.
Hardscapes (around buildings, pathways, or gathering areas)• Inspect surfaces at least once a month. Replace or repair any
surface that poses a hazard to pedestrians.• Remove dirt, sand, and organic debris from hard surfaces after
storms. The frequency depends on available labor.
Outdoor Courts• Inspect weekly (when mowing) for damages and repair.• Replace nets when broken or removed.• Maintain posts, backboards, rims, and hardware to original design
specifications.
Site Amenities• Inspect benches, trash containers, picnic tables, grills, bicycle
racks, drinking fountains, and other site amenities at least monthly. Repair or replace as needed.
• Clean/power wash amenities yearly. This task is an example of what could be done by a volunteer group like the boy scouts. The town could provide supplies while the volunteer group provided the time and labor.
Fences and Gates• Inspect fences, gates, and bollards when mowing. Repair any
damages.
Signage• Inspect sign lettering, surfaces, and posts when mowing or at least
monthly.• Repair/replace signs to maintain design and safety standards
immediately.• Clean signs yearly. Another task where volunteer groups could
provide time and labor while the town could provide supplies.
Lighting• Inspect monthly.• Repair/bulb replace immediately.
Pest Management• Problem areas should be inspected monthly and handled on a
case by case basis. Spot–treat, DO NOT over treat.• No pesticides on parks with kid or dog activity.
(Refer to Section 2.3 Natural Pest and Disease Control)
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Open Space (Refer to Section 2.3 Habitats)
Invasive Plants (Refer to Section 2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants)
Each park’s future success depends on how well it is maintained for its use. A park improvement team is one example of how that success can continue throughout a park’s lifespan. A park improvement team consists of community volunteers that inspect and review successes and failures of different parks. Each person has a different perspective and can comment on what maintenance or design aspects are working or not working for each park. For example, after inspecting park benches it could be noted that placing pavers under benches can eliminate water ponding and the need to edge.
Long-term maintenance considerations should be included in a stewardship plan. What will a park look like in 5 to 10 years or 15 years? Landscapes have a lifespan and when necessary adjustments should be made to accommodate plants nearing the end of their lifecycle. For example, as mature trees begin to reach their lifespan, younger trees can be planted so that they will be established by the time the older trees need to be removed.
Sources: Cranberry Township Parks Maintenance Plan. Public Works Grounds Maintenance Division. http://www.cranberrytownship.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/16787
Landscape Design Guidelines, Section 5 “Installation and Maintenance.” Tennessee Department of Transportation. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/environment/beautification/landscape/Chapter_5_Installation_Maintenance.pdf
Maintenance Management Plan: Oakland County Parks. Pros Consulting LLC. http://www.destinationoakland.com/Documents/March%202010%20Commission%20Maintenance%20Management%20Plan.pdf
Preparing Landscape Management Plans for Seattle Green Factor Compliance. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpds021344.pdf
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SECTION 3: APPENDIX
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3.1 Online ResourcesSection 2.1 Tree Planting and Care
Training Young Trees. Larry Costello, University of California. http://tinyurl.com/trainingyoungtrees.
Tree Owner Information. International Society of Arboriculture. www.treesaregood.org & www.isa-arbor.com
Tree Owner’s Manual. United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, and Northeastern Area State and Private Forestry. www.treeownersmanual.info.
Section 2.2 Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants Nonnative Invasive Plants of Southern Forests: A Field Guide for Identification and Control, Section “General Principles for Controlling Nonnative Invasive Plants.” U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. http://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/gtr/gtr_srs062/07_other_nn_plants.pdf
Section 2.3 Natural Pest and Disease Control A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions. Mother Earth News. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/natural-garden-pest-control-zm0z14jjzsto.aspx?PageId=4#axzz3D1YnWNED
Natural Garden Pest Control. Eartheasy: Solutions for Sustainable Living. http://eartheasy.com/grow_nat_pest_cntrl.htm
Organic Pest Control Series: Beneficial Insects. Mother Earth News. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/benefi-cial-insects-zl0z0413zkin.aspx#axzz3D1YnWNED
Section 2.4 Habitats A Handbook of Constructed Wetlands, Chapter 9 “Operation, Maintenance, and Monitoring.” USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service and the US Environmental Protection Agency. http://water.epa.gov/type/wetlands/restore/upload/constructed-wetlands-handbook.pdf
Apple Tree Care. National Gardening Association Editors. http://www.garden.org/foodguide/browse/fruit/apple/1600
Grow a Native Grass Meadow. Carol A. Heiser. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/wild-in-the-woods/grow-a-native-grass-meadow.pdf
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Online Resources
Growing Apple Trees In The Home Garden. Michael L. Parker, Department of Horticultural Science North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8301.html
Landscape Design Guidelines, Section 5 “Installation and Maintenance.” Tennessee Department of Transportation. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/environment/beautification/landscape/Chapter_5_Installation_Maintenance.pdf
Maintaining a Rain Garden. Crystal Environmental Quality Commission. http://www.ci.crystal.mn.us/cityofcrystal/uploads/Maintaining_a_Rain_Garden_Information_2011.pdf
Maintaining your Rain Garden. Rutgers University, Water Resources Program. http://www.water.rutgers.edu/Projects/RGRebate/RGMaintenance.pdf
Managing Riparian Buffer Areas. Forestry Commission. http://www.forestry.gov.uk/fr/INFD-6MVK4U
Pennsylvania Stormwater Best Management Practices Manual, Chapter 6 “BMP 6.6.1: Constructed Wetland.” http://www.raingardensforthebays.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/PASWBMPManualChapt6.pdf
Riparian Buffers for Wildlife. Penn State Extension. http://extension.psu.edu/natural-resources/wildlife/habitat-management/pa-wildlife-16-riparian-buffers-for-wildlife
Stream Buffers. Clean Water Education Partnership. http://nccwep.org/involvement/buffers/index.php
Wetlands Operation & Maintenance Guide. Auckland Council. http://www.aucklandcouncil.govt.nz/EN/environmentwaste/stormwater/Documents/wetlandsconstructionguide.pdf
Section 2.5 Streetscapes Environmental Best Management Practices and Design Standards Manual, Chapter 8 “Streetscape Management.” Bellevue Parks & Commu-nity Services. http://www.bellevuewa.gov/pdf/Parks/E12_Ch-08-Streets-cape-Management.pdf
Landscape Design Guidelines, Section 5 “Installation and Maintenance.” Tennessee Department of Transportation. http://www.tdot.state.tn.us/environment/beautification/landscape/Chapter_5_Installation_Maintenance.pdf
46
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3: Appendix
Online Resources
Section 2.6 Parks Cranberry Township Parks Maintenance Plan. Public Works Grounds Maintenance Division. http://www.cranberrytownship.org/DocumentCenter/Home/View/16787
Maintenance Management Plan: Oakland County Parks. Pros Consulting LLC. http://www.destinationoakland.com/Documents/March%202010%20Commission%20Maintenance%20Management%20Plan.pdf
Preparing Landscape Management Plans for Seattle Green Factor Compliance. Seattle Department of Planning and Development. http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpds021344.pdf
47
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3: Appendix
Online Resources
3.2 Book Reference Materials
Section 2.5 Streetscapes Urban Tree Selection Manual: A Guide for Selecting Trees for the Urban Environment. 2007. John Alexopoulos, Paula Stahl, and Robert M. Ricard.
48
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3: Appendix
Book Reference Materials
49
52
57
60
63
70
72
75
77
80
3.3 Attached Reference Materials
A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions. Mother Earth News. http://www.motherearthnews.com/organic-gardening/natural-garden-pest-control-zm0z14jjzsto.aspx?PageId=4#axzz3D1YnWNED
Composting. Eartheasy: Solutions for Sustainable Living. http://eartheasy.com/grow_compost.html
Grow a Native Grass Meadow. Carol A. Heiser. http://www.dgif.virginia.gov/habitat/wild-in-the-woods/grow-a-native-grass-meadow.pdf
Growing Apple Trees In The Home Garden. Michael L. Parker,Department of Horticulture Science North Carolina CooperativeExtension Service. http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/hil/hil-8301.html
Ensuring Continued Success. National Wildlife Federationhttp://www.nwf.org/pdf/Eco-schools/SchoolyardHabitatsHowToGuide_Part6.pdf
How to Install and Maintain a Rain Barrel. City of Chicago. http://www.smgov.net/uploadedFiles/Departments/OSE/Categories/Urban_Runoff/Install_Maintain_RainBarrel.pdf
Maintenance and Rules. Kaboom. http://kaboom.org/build_playground/toolkit/safety/maintenance_and_rules
Schoolyard Stewardship. Outdoor Classroom User’s Guide.Boston Schoolyard Initiative. http://www.schoolyards.org/pdf/outdoorclassroomusersguide.pdf
Create a Maintenance Plan. Fish and Wildlife Servicehttp://www.fws.gov/cno/pdf/HabitatGuideColor.pdf
Maintenance Strategy. Evergreen and Toyota Canadahttp://www.hsfspark.com/sites/default/files/Evergreen-The%20Learning%20Grounds.pdf
49
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3: Appendix
Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity. University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Regional Poison Control Center. http://fcs.sites.mjc.edu/127PlantToxicity.pdf
Poisonous Plants in the Landscape. Robert R. Westerfield and Gary L. Wade, The University of Georgia Cooperative Extension. http://extension.uga.edu/publications/files/pdf/C%20957_2.PDF
82
87
50
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3: Appendix
Attached Reference Materials
9/11
/201
4P
rint A
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A G
loss
ary
of N
atur
al G
arde
n Pe
st C
ontr
olSo
lutio
nsFa
ced
with
a p
est p
robl
em?
Lear
n a
thre
e-tie
red
appr
oach
to n
atur
al g
arde
n pe
st c
ontr
ol: a
ttrac
tbe
nefic
ial i
nsec
ts, e
mpl
oy e
ffect
ive
phys
ical
pes
t con
trol
s suc
h as
han
dpic
king
and
row
cov
ers,
and
use
orga
nic
pest
icid
es if
nee
ded.
June
/Jul
y 20
14ht
tp://
ww
w.m
othe
rear
thne
ws.c
om/o
rgan
ic-g
arde
ning
/nat
ural
-gar
den-
pest
-con
trol-z
m0z
14jjz
sto.
aspx
By B
arba
ra P
leas
ant a
nd S
helle
y St
oneb
rook
Plac
e bi
rdho
uses
and
sim
ple
wat
erfe
atur
es a
roun
d yo
ur g
arde
n to
invi
te in
natu
ral p
reda
tors
. Kee
p ch
icke
ns n
ear
your
gar
den
to fe
ed th
em h
andp
icke
dpe
sts.
They
can
als
o w
ork
over
bed
s at
seas
on’s
end
. Kee
p ou
t slu
gs b
y la
ying
out c
oppe
r stri
ppin
g an
d us
e ro
w c
over
to p
rote
ct c
abba
ge-f
amily
cro
ps.
Illus
trat
ion
by L
inda
Coo
k
An
abun
danc
e of
buz
zing
, hop
ping
, flu
tterin
g an
d cr
awlin
g in
sect
s is a
trad
emar
k of
any
hea
lthy
orga
nic
gard
en. T
his d
iver
sity
mea
ns in
sect
s tha
t mig
ht fe
ed o
n yo
ur c
rops
are
like
ly to
be
kept
in c
heck
by
thei
ren
emie
s. In
smal
l num
bers
, pes
ts si
mpl
y pr
ovid
e fo
od fo
r bird
s and
ben
efic
ial i
nsec
ts, a
nd if
you
r soi
lan
d cr
ops a
re h
ealth
y, p
lant
s fen
d of
f the
pre
ssur
e ea
sily
. Onl
y w
hen
pest
pop
ulat
ions
bec
ome
exce
ssiv
edo
gar
dene
rs n
eed
to st
ep in
to re
stor
e ba
lanc
e to
kee
p th
eir g
arde
ns th
rivin
g.
A g
ood
over
arch
ing
man
tra to
gui
de y
ou in
you
r nat
ural
gar
den
pest
con
trol e
ffor
ts c
an b
e su
mm
ed u
p in
two
wor
ds: L
ook
clos
ely.
Exa
min
e yo
ur p
lant
s reg
ular
ly, n
otin
g w
hat k
inds
of i
nsec
ts y
ou se
e. O
bser
vew
heth
er y
ou se
e ju
st a
few
of a
par
ticul
ar k
ind
of in
sect
or w
heth
er p
opul
atio
ns a
re g
row
ing,
and
look
up
pict
ures
of w
hat y
ou se
e so
you
kno
w w
hich
are
ben
efic
ial a
nd w
hich
are
det
rimen
tal.
(For
pic
ture
s of
and
deta
iled
info
rmat
ion
abou
t ben
efic
ial a
nd p
est i
nsec
ts, s
ee o
ur O
rgan
ic P
est C
ontro
l Ser
ies.)
Ref
er to
this
glo
ssar
y to
pre
empt
ivel
y w
ard
off p
ests
and
, if p
robl
ems d
o cr
op u
p, to
targ
et e
ach
com
plic
atio
n w
ith th
e be
st o
rgan
ic p
est c
ontro
l sol
utio
ns. W
e’ve
sepa
rate
d th
is g
loss
ary
into
sect
ions
that
pres
ent a
thre
e-pr
onge
d sy
stem
of o
rgan
ic p
est c
ontro
l: Fi
rst,
attra
ct a
div
ersi
ty o
f ben
efic
ial i
nsec
ts b
yin
terp
lant
ing
flow
ers a
nd h
erbs
— e
spec
ially
thos
e th
at p
rodu
ce n
ecta
r fro
m n
umer
ous s
mal
l flo
rets
, suc
has
min
ts a
nd sw
eet a
lyss
um. S
econ
d, p
ut a
var
iety
of p
hysi
cal c
ontro
ls in
pla
ce w
hen
pest
s get
out
of
chec
k or
are
kno
wn
to b
e tro
uble
som
e in
you
r are
a (s
ee th
e To
p 15
Wor
st G
arde
n Pe
sts c
hart)
. Las
t, if
need
ed, b
ring
in o
rgan
ic in
sect
icid
e re
info
rcem
ents
. The
pro
duct
s lis
ted
in th
is g
loss
ary
all h
ave
been
appr
oved
by
the
U.S
. Nat
iona
l Org
anic
Pro
gram
.
9/11
/201
4P
rint A
rticl
e
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://w
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arth
new
s.co
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2/5
Pest
-Eat
ing
Ben
efic
ial I
nsec
ts
The
follo
win
g in
sect
s fee
d on
oth
er in
sect
s, he
lpin
g pr
even
t pes
t spe
cies
from
doi
ng m
ore
than
min
orda
mag
e to
you
r cro
ps.
Ass
assi
n bu
g. T
hese
1-in
ch-lo
ng p
reda
tory
bug
s hav
e sh
ield
-sha
ped
back
s and
are
act
ive
pest
hun
ters
.La
rvae
and
adu
lts fe
ed o
n ap
hids
, cat
erpi
llars
, Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tles,
inse
ct e
ggs a
nd m
ore.
Ass
assi
nbu
gs a
re a
mon
g th
e fe
w n
atur
al p
reda
tors
that
hel
p co
ntro
l Mex
ican
bea
n be
etle
s.
Bra
coni
d w
asp.
Nor
th A
mer
ica
is h
ome
to n
early
2,0
00 sp
ecie
s of t
hese
non
-stin
ging
was
ps. A
dults
are
less
than
a h
alf-
inch
long
, and
they
lay
eggs
insi
de o
r on
host
inse
cts;
the
mag
got-l
ike
larv
ae fe
ed o
n th
eir
prey
from
insi
de. B
raco
nids
lay
eggs
on
num
erou
s pes
ts, s
uch
as a
phid
s, ca
terp
illar
s (in
clud
ing
cabb
agew
orm
s and
tom
ato
horn
wor
ms)
, and
leaf
min
ers.
Gro
und
beet
le. T
hese
ben
efic
ial i
nsec
ts li
ve in
the
soil
bene
ath
mul
ches
, aro
und
com
post
pile
s, an
d in
the
shel
tere
d ar
eas b
elow
per
enni
al p
lant
s. So
me
crea
te v
ertic
al tu
nnel
s tha
t the
y us
e to
am
bush
and
trap
prey
, but
mos
t gro
und
beet
les w
ande
r abo
ut a
bove
grou
nd, f
orag
ing
for f
ood
at n
ight
. The
y di
ne o
nas
para
gus b
eetle
s, ca
bbag
ewor
ms,
Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tles,
corn
ear
wor
ms,
cutw
orm
s and
slug
s.
Hov
er fl
y (a
ka sy
rphi
d fly
). B
lack
-and
-yel
low
-stri
ped
hove
r fly
adu
lts re
sem
ble
yello
w ja
cket
s but
are
harm
less
to h
uman
s. La
rvae
are
pet
ite, t
aper
ed m
aggo
ts th
at c
raw
l ove
r fol
iage
to fe
ed o
n sm
all i
nsec
ts.
They
are
aph
id-e
atin
g m
achi
nes a
nd a
lso
devo
ur m
ealy
bugs
, mite
s, th
rips,
scal
e in
sect
s, an
d sm
all
cate
rpill
ars,
such
as c
abba
gew
orm
s.
Lac
ewin
g (a
ka a
phid
lion
). La
cew
ing
larv
ae p
rey
on a
phid
s, ca
bbag
ewor
ms,
cate
rpill
ar e
ggs,
whi
tefli
esan
d m
ore.
The
y fe
ed fo
r abo
ut a
mon
th, i
n w
hich
tim
e ea
ch la
rva
cons
umes
abo
ut 6
00 a
phid
s. R
emov
ero
w c
over
s fro
m p
lant
s dur
ing
even
ing
hour
s so
lace
win
gs c
an c
heck
them
for p
ests
. Do
not u
sepe
stic
ides
whe
n la
cew
ings
are
act
ive,
whi
ch h
appe
ns e
arly
in th
e ga
rden
ing
seas
on c
ompa
red
with
mos
tna
tura
l ins
ect p
reda
tors
.
Lad
y be
etle
(aka
lady
bug)
. Lad
y be
etle
larv
ae a
nd a
dults
eat
aph
ids,
smal
l cat
erpi
llars
and
inse
ct e
ggs.
A fe
w sp
ecie
s spe
cial
ize
in e
atin
g m
ealy
bugs
, mite
s, sc
ale
inse
cts a
nd e
ven
pow
dery
mild
ew. I
f you
see
adul
t lad
y be
etle
s on
a pl
ant,
look
in th
e fo
liage
for c
lust
ers o
f yel
low
-ora
nge
eggs
, whi
ch w
ill o
ften
bene
ar a
n ap
hid
colo
ny. D
ark-
colo
red
larv
ae, w
hich
rese
mbl
e m
inia
ture
alli
gato
rs, w
ill h
atch
in a
bout
aw
eek
and
cons
ume
seve
ral a
phid
s per
day
.
Min
ute
pira
te b
ug. L
ess t
han
a qu
arte
r-in
ch lo
ng, t
his c
ompa
ct p
reda
tor c
ontro
ls c
orn
earw
orm
s ear
ly in
the
wor
ms’
life
cyc
le. M
inut
e pi
rate
bug
s als
o fe
ed o
n ap
hids
, thr
ips a
nd w
hite
flies
.
Pray
ing
man
tis. T
he la
rges
t ins
ect y
ou’r
e lik
ely
to se
e in
you
r gar
den,
this
pre
dato
ry sp
ecie
s is a
lway
son
the
prow
l, ea
ting
any
othe
r ins
ect t
hat m
oves
, inc
ludi
ng c
rop-
mun
chin
g gr
assh
oppe
rs.
Sold
ier
beet
le (a
ka le
athe
rwin
g be
etle
). Y
ou’ll
spy
elon
gate
d, h
alf-
inch
-long
sold
ier b
eetle
s am
ong
flow
ers o
r in
thic
k ve
geta
tion.
In so
me
area
s, th
e la
rvae
are
key
pre
dato
rs o
f gra
ssho
pper
egg
s, so
attra
ctin
g so
ldie
r bee
tles c
an p
rovi
de g
rass
hopp
er c
ontro
l. So
ldie
r bee
tle la
rvae
eat
mot
hs, s
ever
al in
sect
s,an
d th
e eg
gs a
nd la
rvae
of o
ther
bee
tles.
Adu
lts fe
ed o
n ap
hids
, cat
erpi
llars
and
oth
er so
ft-bo
died
inse
cts.
Gol
denr
ods,
sing
le-f
low
ered
mar
igol
ds a
nd m
embe
rs o
f the
dai
sy fa
mily
are
sold
ier-
beet
le m
agne
ts.
Spid
er. T
hese
eig
ht-le
gged
crit
ters
are
pro
babl
y th
e m
ost a
bund
ant p
est p
reda
tors
on
your
pro
perty
. Any
gard
en w
ill li
kely
alre
ady
host
seve
ral d
ozen
type
s of s
pide
rs, a
nd th
e m
ost c
omm
on g
arde
n sp
ider
s don
’tsp
in w
ebs.
For e
xam
ple,
wol
f spi
ders
live
in sh
allo
w u
nder
grou
nd b
urro
ws,
wan
derin
g th
e so
il’s s
urfa
ce
51
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions
9/11
/201
4P
rint A
rticl
e
http
://w
ww
.mot
here
arth
new
s.co
m/p
rint.a
spx?
id={
1046
278E
-615
C-4
FEE
-A4A
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BD
5EA
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xzz3
D1Y
nWN
ED
3/5
by n
ight
, or s
impl
y w
aitin
g by
thei
r bur
row
for u
nsus
pect
ing
prey
. Per
enni
al h
erbs
that
gro
w in
to lu
shbu
shes
ofte
n m
ake
top-
notc
h sp
ider
con
serv
ator
ies,
and
biod
egra
dabl
e m
ulch
es, s
uch
as st
raw
and
gra
sscl
ippi
ngs,
crea
te a
n id
eal h
abita
t for
adv
anta
geou
s wol
f spi
ders
. (N
ote
that
poi
sono
us sp
ider
s don
’tge
nera
lly fa
vor g
arde
ns.)
Tac
hini
d fly
. Tac
hini
d fli
es a
re g
rues
ome
para
site
s tha
t glu
e th
eir e
ggs o
nto
an in
sect
so th
at, w
hen
the
egg
hatc
hes,
the
mag
got c
an c
onsu
me
its h
ost a
s foo
d. S
ome
spec
ies l
ay e
ggs o
n fo
liage
that
’s fo
od fo
rin
sect
s, an
d th
en th
e eg
gs h
atch
in th
e in
sect
s’ in
nard
s. O
r, th
e fli
es in
ject
egg
s int
o an
othe
r ins
ect’s
bod
yw
ith a
shar
p ov
ipos
itor.
Gar
den
pest
s con
trolle
d by
tach
inid
flie
s inc
lude
arm
ywor
ms,
cabb
agew
orm
s,cu
twor
ms,
gras
shop
pers
, Jap
anes
e be
etle
s, le
af ro
llers
and
squa
sh b
ugs.
Attr
act t
achi
nid
flies
by
grow
ing
plan
ts th
at b
ear u
mbe
ls o
f tin
y flo
wer
s. B
uckw
heat
, car
rots
, cila
ntro
, dill
, Que
en A
nne’
s lac
e an
d sw
eet
clov
er a
re a
mon
g th
e cr
ops t
hat f
it th
is b
ill.
Tri
chog
ram
ma
was
p. T
hese
gna
t-siz
ed w
asps
lay
thei
r egg
s ins
ide
the
eggs
of o
ther
inse
cts,
whe
re th
eyo
ung
trich
ogra
mm
a th
en d
evel
op a
s int
erna
l par
asite
s, br
eaki
ng th
e ho
st’s
life
cyc
le. C
omm
on h
osts
incl
ude
eggs
of c
abba
gew
orm
s, co
dlin
g m
oths
and
Eur
opea
n co
rn b
orer
s. Tr
icho
gram
ma
was
ps a
re to
otin
y to
obs
erve
in th
e ga
rden
; how
ever
, sci
entis
ts h
ave
foun
d th
at fl
ower
nec
tar f
rom
buc
kwhe
at a
ndsw
eet a
lyss
um e
nhan
ced
was
p re
prod
uctio
n in
lab
expe
rimen
ts.
Was
p (s
tingi
ng ty
pes)
. Was
ps c
an b
e gr
eat g
arde
n al
lies b
ecau
se th
ey c
onsu
me
huge
num
bers
of l
eaf-
eatin
g ca
terp
illar
s and
irrit
atin
g fli
es, w
hich
they
feed
to th
eir g
row
ing
larv
ae. T
ake
caut
ion
if ye
llow
jack
ets o
r hor
nets
show
up,
and
mar
k w
asp
nest
s so
you
can
avoi
d di
stur
bing
them
. Pap
er w
asps
are
less
aggr
essi
ve th
an y
ello
w ja
cket
s or h
orne
ts, a
nd a
re h
appy
to n
est i
n bo
ttom
less
bird
hous
es p
lace
d ar
ound
the
gard
en.
Phys
ical
Pes
t Con
trol
Sol
utio
ns
Cle
anup
. Pra
ctic
e go
od g
arde
n sa
nita
tion
for c
erta
in c
rops
at s
easo
n’s e
nd to
dis
rupt
the
life
cycl
e of
pest
s tha
t fee
d on
thos
e cr
ops.
Afte
r you
r cuc
umbe
r and
squa
sh p
lant
s are
spen
t, re
mov
e pl
ant d
ebris
from
the
gard
en a
nd c
hop
it in
to sm
all p
iece
s bef
ore
com
post
ing
it. D
o th
e sa
me
with
asp
arag
us, w
hich
can
host
asp
arag
us b
eetle
s, an
d w
ith b
rocc
oli a
nd c
abba
ge st
umps
, whi
ch c
an h
arbo
r cab
bage
aph
ids.
Ifyo
u ha
ve p
robl
ems w
ith p
ests
that
ove
rwin
ter a
s adu
lts, m
ow d
own
any
wee
dy a
reas
in fa
ll.
Cop
per
stri
ps. S
lugs
rece
ive
an u
nple
asan
t ele
ctric
al jo
lt if
they
cra
wl o
ver c
oppe
r. G
arde
n ce
nter
s sel
lco
pper
strip
ping
that
you
can
pla
ce a
roun
d pa
rticu
lar c
rops
or e
ven
use
to e
ncirc
le e
ntire
gar
den
beds
toke
ep sl
ugs o
ut. T
he st
rips s
houl
d be
at l
east
a fe
w in
ches
wid
e so
slug
s can
’t tra
vers
e th
em u
nsca
thed
.
Cut
wor
m c
olla
rs. P
ush
cylin
dric
al “
colla
rs”
— w
hich
can
be
mad
e fr
om sm
all c
ans,
yogu
rt cu
ps o
rto
ilet p
aper
rolls
— in
to th
e so
il ar
ound
tom
ato,
pep
per a
nd o
ther
tran
spla
nts t
o pr
otec
t the
you
ng p
lant
sfr
om c
utw
orm
dam
age.
Han
dpic
king
. Ultr
a-lo
w-te
ch b
ut e
ffec
tive
for o
rgan
ic g
arde
ners
, han
dpic
king
is ju
st w
hat i
t sou
nds l
ike:
Spot
pes
ts a
nd sq
uish
them
or b
rush
them
into
a p
ail o
f soa
py w
ater
(or c
olle
ct th
em fo
r you
r chi
cken
s).
Kee
ping
a c
lose
eye
on
your
cro
ps a
nd k
now
ing
how
to id
entif
y pe
sts a
re th
e ke
ys to
this
met
hod.
Pes
tsth
at h
aven
’t be
com
e ov
erw
helm
ing
in n
umbe
r and
are
big
eno
ugh
to sp
ot e
asily
, suc
h as
slug
s, to
mat
oho
rnw
orm
s and
oth
er w
orm
-type
pes
ts, a
re p
rime
cand
idat
es fo
r han
dpic
king
.
Poul
try.
Inse
ct-m
unch
ing
fow
l will
dev
our p
ract
ical
ly a
ny in
sect
that
mov
es, i
nclu
ding
tick
s,gr
assh
oppe
rs, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
s, sl
ugs a
nd m
ore.
Duc
ks a
re re
porte
dly
shar
p sl
ug-s
potte
rs, w
heth
eryo
u le
t the
m w
ork
over
the
gard
en in
sprin
g an
d fa
ll or
enl
ist a
pai
r as y
our a
ssis
tant
s thr
ough
out t
hese
ason
. Chi
cken
s wor
k be
st in
win
ter,
beca
use
thei
r scr
atch
ing
can
dam
age
crop
s dur
ing
the
grow
ing
9/11
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e
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seas
on. (
See
Chi
cken
s in
the
Gar
den:
Org
anic
Pes
t Con
trol f
or re
ader
repo
rts a
bout
how
to m
ost
effe
ctiv
ely
cont
rol p
ests
with
pou
ltry.
)
Row
cov
ers.
A li
ghtw
eigh
t row
cov
er o
r tul
le n
ettin
g w
ill k
eep
som
e cr
ops p
est-f
ree.
Cov
er y
our
cabb
age
patc
h in
this
way
, alo
ng w
ith o
ther
cab
bage
-fam
ily c
rops
, to
keep
cab
bage
wor
m m
oths
from
layi
ng e
ggs o
n yo
ur p
lant
s. U
se h
oops
or b
lunt
stak
es to
hol
d up
the
cove
rs. R
emov
e co
vers
afte
r cro
ps,
such
as s
quas
h, b
egin
to fl
ower
, so
that
pol
linat
ors c
an re
ach
the
flow
ers.
Vac
uum
. Som
e ga
rden
ers r
epor
t suc
cess
fully
con
trolli
ng sq
uash
bug
s and
oth
er p
ests
by
suck
ing
them
up w
ith a
shop
vac
uum
. Got
pou
ltry?
Em
pty
the
vacu
um b
ag in
to th
eir p
en a
nd e
very
body
win
s —ex
cept
the
pest
s, of
cou
rse.
Yel
low
stic
ky tr
aps.
Han
g fla
t, st
icky
trap
s nea
r cuc
umbe
r pla
nts t
o ca
tch
cucu
mbe
r bee
tles.
To sn
are
flea
beet
les,
plac
e tra
ps n
ear e
ggpl
ants
and
oth
er c
rops
suff
erin
g fr
om fl
ea b
eetle
pre
ssur
e. T
hese
pes
tsar
e at
tract
ed to
the
colo
r of t
he tr
aps a
nd w
ill g
et c
augh
t in
the
goo.
Org
anic
Inse
ctic
ides
Bt (
Baci
llus t
hurin
gien
sis).
This
nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
bact
eriu
m k
ills c
ater
pilla
rs w
hen
they
eat
leav
esth
at h
ave
been
spra
yed
with
it. A
rmyw
orm
s, ca
bbag
ewor
ms,
corn
ear
wor
ms,
diam
ondb
ack
mot
hs, g
rape
leaf
rolle
rs, m
elon
wor
ms,
tom
ato
frui
twor
ms,
tom
ato
horn
wor
ms,
and
vario
us w
ebw
orm
s and
bud
wor
ms
are
cand
idat
es fo
r Bt t
reat
men
t. B
utte
rfly
larv
ae m
ay a
lso
be k
illed
by
Bt,
so d
on’t
use
it on
but
terf
ly h
ost
plan
ts, s
uch
as p
arsl
ey. A
dditi
onal
stra
ins o
f Bt i
nclu
de o
ne th
at k
ills m
osqu
ito la
rvae
and
one
that
isto
xic
to C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
larv
ae. S
unlig
ht d
egra
des B
t afte
r a fe
w h
ours
, so
appl
y it
late
in th
e da
y.R
eapp
ly a
fter h
eavy
rain
.
Dia
tom
aceo
us e
arth
(DE
). A
pow
der m
ade
from
foss
ilize
d re
mai
ns o
f aqu
atic
org
anis
ms c
alle
d“d
iato
ms,”
DE
has s
harp
edg
es th
at c
ut in
to in
sect
s’ b
odie
s and
cau
se th
em to
die
of d
ehyd
ratio
n. D
E is
less
eff
ectiv
e w
hen
wet
, yet
can
still
be
used
in th
e ga
rden
to m
ake
life
diff
icul
t for
flea
bee
tles a
nd n
ewly
emer
ged
cutw
orm
s and
Japa
nese
bee
tles.
In d
ry w
eath
er, D
E sp
read
ben
eath
pla
nts w
ill re
pel s
lugs
.Li
ghtly
sprin
kle
dry
DE
on th
e so
il’s s
urfa
ce w
here
Japa
nese
bee
tles,
slug
s, or
oth
er p
ests
will
com
e in
todi
rect
con
tact
with
the
dry
parti
cles
. Ren
ew a
fter r
ain
or d
ew.
Hor
ticul
tura
l oils
. Whe
n ap
plie
d di
rect
ly to
pes
ts, h
ortic
ultu
ral o
ils in
terf
ere
with
resp
iratio
n, c
ausi
ngin
sect
s to
suff
ocat
e an
d di
e. T
hese
oils
hel
p co
ntro
l aph
ids,
whi
tefli
es a
nd o
ther
pes
ts, b
ut c
an a
lso
kill
bene
ficia
l mite
s and
inju
re th
e le
aves
of s
ome
plan
ts. F
requ
ent u
se c
an re
duce
yie
lds e
ven
whe
n th
e pe
stis
und
er c
ontro
l. B
est a
pplie
d in
coo
l wea
ther
, hor
ticul
tura
l oils
are
val
uabl
e al
lies i
n or
gani
c or
char
ds,
whe
re th
ey c
an c
ontro
l pes
ts th
at o
verw
inte
r in
bark
cre
vice
s.
Inse
ctic
idal
soap
. Fat
ty a
cids
in in
sect
icid
al so
aps b
reak
dow
n th
e pr
otec
tive
cutic
les o
f sof
t-bod
ied
pest
s, su
ch a
s aph
ids,
whi
ch w
ill th
en q
uick
ly b
ecom
e de
hydr
ated
and
die
. Soa
p sp
rays
hav
e no
resi
dual
effe
ct a
nd o
nly
kill
inse
cts t
hat a
re sp
raye
d di
rect
ly. T
horo
ughl
y w
et b
oth
side
s of l
eave
s and
the
insi
des
of a
ll cr
evic
es. R
epea
t app
licat
ions
may
be
need
ed e
very
wee
k as
new
aph
ids o
r whi
tefli
es h
atch
and
form
col
onie
s. To
mak
e so
ap sp
rays
at h
ome,
mix
1 ta
bles
poon
of d
ishw
ashi
ng li
quid
per
qua
rt of
wat
er.
Purc
hase
d in
sect
icid
al so
aps a
re p
urer
, how
ever
, and
less
like
ly to
inju
re fo
liage
. Fre
quen
t soa
p sp
rays
may
redu
ce th
e yi
elds
of s
ome
crop
s. U
se so
ft or
rain
wat
er w
hen
dilu
ting
soap
con
cent
rate
s.
Iron
pho
spha
te sl
ug b
ait.
Sprin
kle
slug
-bai
t gra
nule
s eve
nly
thro
ugho
ut y
our g
arde
n be
ds, a
nd sl
ugs
will
eat
it in
stea
d of
you
r pla
nts,
then
cra
wl o
ff to
die
. The
bai
t is n
onto
xic
to p
ets a
nd h
uman
s. Sl
uggo
isa
popu
lar b
rand
of t
his t
ype
of b
ait.
52
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions
9/11
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5/5
Nee
m. W
hen
appl
ied
to in
sect
s and
the
plan
ts th
ey e
at, n
eem
oil,
whi
ch is
der
ived
from
an
Asi
an tr
ee,
caus
es m
any
inse
cts t
o fe
ed le
ss, g
row
mor
e sl
owly
, mol
t les
s and
stop
layi
ng e
ggs.
Nee
m w
orks
bes
t on
youn
g in
sect
s, pa
rticu
larly
thos
e th
at g
row
rapi
dly,
such
as C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
s, M
exic
an b
ean
beet
les a
nd sq
uash
bug
s. N
eem
can
als
o co
ntro
l aph
ids a
nd le
af-e
atin
g ca
terp
illar
s.
Pyre
thru
m. O
ne o
f the
old
est k
now
n pe
stic
ides
, fas
t-act
ing
pyre
thru
m is
als
o th
e st
rong
est i
nsec
ticid
eal
low
ed u
nder
U.S
. Nat
iona
l Org
anic
Sta
ndar
ds, s
o us
e it
only
afte
r you
’ve
exha
uste
d ot
her m
etho
ds.
Inse
cts,
incl
udin
g be
nefic
ials
, typ
ical
ly b
ecom
e pa
raly
zed
as so
on a
s the
y co
me
into
con
tact
with
pyre
thru
m, w
hich
is m
ade
from
the
drie
d flo
wer
s of t
he d
aisy
Tan
acet
um c
iner
ariif
oliu
m. A
phid
s,ar
myw
orm
s, C
olor
ado
pota
to b
eetle
s, cu
cum
ber b
eetle
s, cu
twor
ms,
leaf
hopp
ers,
squa
sh b
ugs a
ndw
hite
flies
can
ofte
n be
bro
ught
und
er c
ontro
l with
pyr
ethr
um.
Spin
osad
. A b
iolo
gica
l pes
ticid
e, sp
inos
ad is
der
ived
from
the
bact
eriu
m S
acch
arop
olys
pora
spin
osa,
whi
ch p
rodu
ces a
subs
tanc
e th
at w
orks
as a
neu
roto
xin
in m
any
(but
not
all)
inse
cts.
Susc
eptib
le in
sect
spec
ies b
ecom
e ex
cite
d to
the
poin
t of e
xhau
stio
n, st
op e
atin
g, a
nd d
ie w
ithin
two
days
. Spi
nosa
dco
ntro
ls a
ll ty
pes o
f cat
erpi
llars
, Col
orad
o po
tato
bee
tle la
rvae
and
blis
ter b
eetle
s, an
d w
orks
bes
t on
pest
s tha
t con
sum
e a
lot o
f lea
f tis
sue.
Nee
d to
dea
l with
gar
den
pest
s? C
heck
out
the
Top
15 W
orst
Gar
den
Pest
s cha
rt .
Con
trib
utin
g ed
itor B
arba
ra P
leas
ant g
arde
ns in
sout
hwes
t Vir
gini
a, w
here
she
grow
s veg
etab
les,
herb
s,fr
uits
, flo
wer
s and
a fe
w lu
cky
chic
kens
. Con
tact
Bar
bara
by
visi
ting
her w
ebsi
te o
r fin
ding
her
on
Goo
gle+
.
Shel
ley
Ston
ebro
ok is
MO
THER
EAR
TH N
EWS
mag
azin
e’s m
ain
gard
enin
g ed
itor.
She’
s pas
sion
ate
abou
t gro
win
g he
alth
y, su
stai
nabl
e fo
od a
nd ta
king
car
e of
our
env
iron
men
t. Fo
llow
her
on
Twitt
er,
Pint
eres
t and
Goo
gle+
.
53
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
A Glossary of Natural Garden Pest Control Solutions
Com
post
ing
54
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Composting
55
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Composting
56
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Composting
57
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Composting
58
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Composting
2
Whe
n Ka
thar
ine L
ee B
ates
firs
t wro
tehe
r 189
5 po
em “A
mer
ica t
he B
eaut
iful,”
whi
chha
s sin
ce b
ecom
e one
of o
ur b
est l
oved
pat
riot-
ic so
ngs,
her “
ambe
r wav
es o
f gra
in” a
nd “f
ruit-
ed p
lain
” de
scrib
ed a
n ic
on o
f the
Am
eric
anM
idwe
st th
at w
as fa
st be
com
ing
our
coun
try’s
brea
dbas
ket:
the
prai
rie. H
undr
eds
of th
ou-
sand
s of
squ
are
mile
s of
gra
ssla
nds
cove
red
mor
e th
an a
qua
rter o
f the
con
tinen
tal U
.S. a
ndsu
ppor
ted
an es
timat
ed 6
0 m
illio
n bi
son,
not
tom
entio
n a
whol
e gu
ild o
f gra
ssla
nd b
irds
and
othe
r sp
ecie
s th
at m
ade
up th
e pr
airie
eco
sys-
tem
. Ove
r the
last
cent
ury,
howe
ver,
the p
rairi
essu
ccum
bed
to th
e m
arve
l of a
gric
ultu
re, t
heir
rich
soils
rew
ardi
ng u
s wi
th to
ns o
f whe
at a
ndco
rn. T
oday
, in
stark
con
trast
to th
eir
orig
inal
size,
onl
y 1 p
erce
nt o
f the
orig
inal
pra
iries
are
left,
and
con
serv
atio
nists
are
fac
ed w
ith t
heda
untin
g ch
alle
nge
of h
ow to
pre
serv
e or
re-
store
the r
emna
nts.
Fortu
nate
ly th
ere
is a
resu
rgen
ce o
f int
eres
tin
thes
e dw
indl
ing
gras
sland
eco
syste
ms,
and
Virg
inia
is
no h
oldo
ut.
Alth
ough
we
cann
otho
pe to
rees
tabl
ish a
ll of
the
histo
rical
eco
sys-
tem
s m
issin
g fro
m o
ur n
ow h
ighl
y de
velo
ped
and
popu
late
d la
ndsc
ape,
the
Depa
rtmen
t of
Gam
e an
d In
land
Fish
erie
s ne
verth
eles
s pr
o-m
otes
the
use
of n
ative
war
m se
ason
gra
sses
inm
uch
of it
s ha
bita
t wor
k. T
hese
gra
sses
are
suita
ble
for
both
larg
e-sc
ale
farm
pla
ntin
gs a
swe
ll as
smal
ler m
eado
ws b
rimm
ing w
ith at
trac-
tive
wild
flow
ers.
By c
onve
rting
or
resto
ring
open
land
s to
nativ
e gr
asse
s, we
mim
ic p
rairi
eha
bita
ts an
d ad
dres
s th
e ne
eds
of n
umer
ous
bird
and
mam
mal
spec
ies t
hat r
equi
re p
rairi
e-lik
e con
ditio
ns to
surv
ive.
Gras
slan
d Ha
bita
tsM
uch
of th
e ex
istin
g “g
rass
land
” on
e co
m-
mon
ly se
es in
Virg
inia
’s ru
ral l
ands
cape
is e
i-th
er c
ut fo
r ha
y or
gra
zed
by li
vesto
ck. T
hese
open
fiel
ds a
re p
lant
ed w
ith a
fina
l pro
duct
inm
ind—
gras
s or
fora
ge—
and
the
plan
ts m
ost
by C
arol
A. H
eise
rill
ustr
atio
ns b
y Sp
ike
Knut
h
Switc
hgra
ssIn
dia
ngra
ss
3
frequ
ently
use
d in
clud
e or
char
dgra
ss o
r fe
s-cu
e. L
ando
wne
rs e
spec
ially
app
reci
ate
the
non-
nativ
e fes
cue f
or it
s tou
gh, a
ggre
ssive
qua
l-iti
es th
at e
nsur
e fa
st gr
owth
, red
uced
soil
ero-
sion,
and
the
abili
ty to
with
stand
hea
vy g
razin
g.Un
fortu
nate
ly, th
ere
is a
down
side
to fe
scue
’ste
naci
ty: it
is in
vasiv
e an
d fo
rms
a de
nse
mat
that
effe
ctive
ly ou
t-com
pete
s na
tive
gras
ses,
ther
eby e
xclu
ding
the
plan
t dive
rsity
and
hab
i-ta
t st
ruct
ure
esse
ntia
l to
man
y op
en-la
ndwi
ldlif
e spe
cies
.M
issi
ng f
rom
the
se a
rtifi
cial
gra
ssla
ndm
onoc
ultu
res a
re la
yers
of d
iffer
ent v
eget
atio
nan
d th
e fre
edom
of m
ovem
ent b
etwe
en p
lant
sth
at g
roun
d-fo
ragi
ng b
irds
and
mam
mal
sne
ed to
find
food
and
to e
scap
e pr
edat
ion.
Nativ
e wa
rm se
ason
gra
ss h
abita
ts ar
e m
ore
prod
uctiv
e fo
r wi
ldlif
e be
caus
e th
eir
high
erde
gree
of s
peci
es d
ivers
ity b
esto
ws v
aryin
gpl
ant h
eigh
ts an
d ex
celle
nt co
ver.
The
valu
e of
cov
er c
an n
ot b
e ov
er-e
m-
phas
ized
. Gr
ound
-dw
ellin
g bi
rds
rely
on
ara
nge o
f cov
er ty
pes,
such
as n
est c
over
to in
cu-
bate
egg
s, br
ood
cove
r to
rai
se y
oung
, loa
fing
cove
r to
rest
betw
een
fora
ys, a
nd w
inte
r cov
erag
ains
t th
e el
emen
ts.
War
m s
easo
n gr
asse
ssta
nd u
prig
ht an
d ar
e qui
te ta
ll, fr
om si
x to
eigh
tfe
et. H
eigh
t pro
vides
val
uabl
e ov
erhe
ad c
over
from
pre
dato
rs, l
ike
hawk
s, as
wild
life
mov
esab
out u
nder
neat
h. D
ry g
rass
sta
lks
bend
ove
ran
d fo
rm p
ocke
ts of
pro
tect
ion
even
dur
ing
wint
er, w
hen
othe
r pl
ants
are
com
plet
ely
cov-
ered
by s
now.
Anot
her
adva
ntag
e of
nat
ive w
arm
sea
son
gras
ses i
s tha
t the
y gro
w in
clum
ps o
r bun
ches
.Th
e sp
aces
bet
ween
the
clum
ps a
re e
xpos
edpa
tche
s of b
are
grou
nd, a
nd th
e fir
st six
inch
esab
ove t
he gr
ound
is lo
osel
y stru
ctur
ed an
d fa
ir-ly
open
. In
this
envir
onm
ent,
seed
s and
inse
cts
are
mor
e ac
cess
ible
tobi
rds l
ike
quai
l and
turk
eybr
oods
. W
ildlif
e ca
n al
som
ove
quic
kly
and
easil
y be
-tw
een
the
plan
ts sh
ould
dan
-ge
r stri
ke.
Wild
life
whic
h ke
ys in
on
thes
e op
en, e
arly
stage
s of
plan
t gro
wth
or s
ucce
ssio
nar
e ca
lled
“ear
ly s
ucce
s-sio
nal s
peci
es.”
Of n
atio
n-al
conc
ern
is th
e gra
ssla
ndbi
rd c
omm
unity
tha
t ha
sbe
en e
spec
ially
vul
nera
ble
to i
ncre
asin
g de
velo
pmen
tpr
essu
re a
nd w
hose
num
bers
are
decl
inin
g. I
n ad
ditio
n to
quai
l m
entio
ned
abov
e, o
ther
early
suc
cess
iona
l sp
ecie
s th
atbe
nefit
fro
m n
ativ
e gr
assl
and
man
agem
ent
are
gras
shop
per
spar
row,
dic
kcis
sel,
mea
dow
lark
,se
dge
wren
, and
the
state
thre
aten
ed u
p-la
nd sa
ndpi
per a
nd lo
gger
head
shrik
e.
Switc
hgra
ss, i
ndia
ngra
ss, a
nd b
ig b
lues
tem
are
nat
ive
gra
sses
that
ben
efit
a va
riety
of b
irdsp
ecie
s, in
cludin
g th
e se
dge
wre
n p
erch
edon
foxt
ail g
rass
(rig
ht) a
nd b
obw
hite
quai
l(u
pper
left)
.
Big
blu
este
m
59
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Section 3.3: Appendix Grow a Native Grass Meadow
Section 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials Grow a Native Grass Meadow
4
Reap
ing
Bene
fits
In a
dditi
on to
impr
ovin
g wi
ldlif
e ha
bita
t,th
ere
are
seve
ral o
ther
ben
efits
of u
sing
nativ
egr
asse
s in
the l
ands
cape
. Bec
ause
thei
r hist
ori-
cal o
rigin
is th
e pr
airie
, whe
re c
ondi
tions
are
typic
ally
hot a
nd d
ry d
urin
g th
e gr
owin
g se
a-so
n, n
ative
gras
ses a
re ex
trem
ely d
roug
ht to
ler-
ant a
nd h
ave
a di
stinc
t sur
vival
adv
anta
ge o
ver
non-
nativ
es d
urin
g th
e su
mm
er m
onth
s. In
hot
weat
her,
fesc
ue a
nd o
ther
coo
l sea
son
plan
tswi
lt m
isera
bly
or tu
rn to
bro
wn c
runc
h, w
hile
nativ
e gr
asse
s ar
e gr
owin
g vi
goro
usly
and
show
ing
off t
heir
gree
n—he
nce
thei
r na
me,
“war
m s
easo
n” g
rass
es. N
ative
s lik
e sw
itch-
gras
s, i
ndia
ngra
ss,
little
blu
este
m,
and
big
blue
stem
all h
ave v
ery d
eep
root
s—so
me u
p to
12 to
14
feet
—th
at a
re a
dapt
ed to
find
moi
s-tu
re in
the
soil
and
with
stand
the
effe
cts o
f ex-
tend
ed d
ry s
pells
. The
pla
nts
are
also
ada
pted
to fi
re a
nd w
ill r
espo
nd w
ith r
enew
ed v
igor
afte
r a p
resc
ribed
bur
n.
A b
lue
gro
sbea
k pe
rched
on
sum
ac o
verlo
oks a
nat
ive
gra
ssm
eadow
.
For t
he la
ndow
ner w
ho ra
ises l
ivesto
ck, n
ative
warm
sea
son
gras
ses
fill t
he v
oid
in s
umm
erwh
en o
ther
fora
ges a
re d
ryin
g up.
The
se gr
ass-
es a
re v
ery
pala
tabl
e to
cat
tle, r
equi
re li
ttle
orno
ferti
lizer
, are
dise
ase
resis
tant
, and
do
not
exhi
bit t
he e
ndop
hyte
(fu
ngal
) pr
oble
ms o
ften
asso
ciat
ed w
ith fe
scue
. The
y can
also
be
haye
din
sum
mer
, af
ter
the
peak
nes
ting
time
ofgr
ound
-nes
ting
bird
s, an
d sh
ould
be
mow
edhi
gh (
at 1
0 in
ches
) fo
r pr
oper
man
agem
ent,
whic
h al
so le
aves
subs
tant
ial w
ildlif
e cov
er.
For
the
“far
met
te”
hom
eow
ner
tired
of
mow
ing f
ive ac
res o
f law
n ev
ery s
umm
er, n
ative
gras
ses c
an fo
rm a
n in
tere
sting
land
scap
e el
e-m
ent t
hat p
rovid
es te
xtur
al b
eaut
y and
a p
leas
-in
g bac
kdro
p to
favo
rite w
ildflo
wers
. In
add
ition
, nat
ive g
rass
es c
an b
e us
ed e
f-fe
ctive
ly in
fiel
d bo
rder
s, fil
ter
strip
s, wa
ter-
ways
, and
righ
t-of-w
ays.
Mea
dow
Myt
hsM
idwe
stern
pra
iries
are
con
sider
ed a
cli-
max
pla
nt c
omm
unity
, whi
ch m
eans
that
the
com
mun
ity o
f gra
ssla
nd p
lant
s wh
ich
occu
rth
ere i
s the
last
stage
of s
ucce
ssio
n. Su
cces
sion
is a
term
eco
logi
sts u
se to
des
crib
e th
e gr
adua
lch
ange
of v
eget
ative
type
s ove
r tim
e. H
ere i
n th
eEa
st, in
con
trast,
the
clim
ax c
omm
unity
is fo
r-es
t. Ou
r ope
n fie
lds a
re in
an ea
rly su
cces
siona
lsta
ge w
hich
will
gra
dual
ly re
vert
to a
pre
dom
i-na
nce
of w
oody
pla
nts
and
tree
s ov
er t
ime
(you
’ve p
roba
bly
notic
ed o
n a
drive
thro
ugh
the c
ount
ry h
ow ab
ando
ned
field
s spr
out c
edar
trees
with
in a
few
year
s). T
his m
eans
that
if w
e
5
Plan
ning
a
Mea
dow
: Wha
t to
Buy
Whe
n pl
anni
ng a
mea
dow
of n
ative
war
m-
seas
on g
rass
es, w
heth
er o
r no
t you
cho
ose
toad
d flo
wers
, sel
ect a
site
that
rec
eive
s fu
ll su
nm
ore
than
eig
ht h
ours
a d
ay. A
lso c
onsid
erpl
acem
ent w
ith re
gard
s to
how
or w
heth
er yo
uwi
ll be
able
to b
urn
the f
ield
for f
utur
e man
age-
men
t. Re
mem
ber,
thes
e pl
ants
are
larg
e an
dad
apte
d to
be
out i
n th
e op
en. T
hey w
ill n
eed
alo
t of s
pace
and
are
not
wel
l-sui
ted
to a
sm
all
urba
n or
subu
rban
yard
. At a
very
min
imum
, afu
ll-bl
own
gras
sland
mea
dow
shou
ld b
e at l
east
one
acre
(43
,560
sq. f
t.) to
hav
e so
me
bene
fitfo
r wild
life.
Orde
r yo
ur s
eeds
dire
ctly
from
a s
uppl
ier
who
will
prep
are
a cu
stom
ized
mix
. Thi
s wa
yyo
u’ll
get e
xact
ly th
e sp
ecie
s yo
u wa
nt a
nd th
equ
antit
ies y
ou n
eed,
with
no
extra
frill
s or s
ur-
prise
s. Be
sure
to re
ques
t Pur
e Live
Seed
(PLS
)wh
en o
rder
ing.
PLS
is th
e pe
rcen
tage
of v
iabl
e(l
ive)
seed
that
is c
onta
ined
in a
bag
of b
ulk
seed
, sin
ce m
ost b
ulk
nativ
e gra
ss se
ed co
nsist
sof
oth
er p
lant
par
ts an
d ch
aff.
A ba
g of
bul
kse
ed sh
ould
be a
t lea
st 75
per
cent
PLS
for g
ood
esta
blish
men
t.
On la
rge
acre
ages
, the
follo
wing
is a
goo
d m
ixfo
r wild
life:
2
lbs.
PLS S
witc
hgra
ss (P
anic
um vi
rgat
um)
2 lb
s. PL
S Ind
iang
rass
(Sor
ghas
trm
nut
ans)
or B
ig B
lues
tem
(And
ropo
gon
gera
rdii)
2 lb
s. P
LS L
ittle
Blu
este
m (
Schi
zach
yriu
scop
ariu
m)
TOTA
L=
6 p
ound
s of s
eed
PER
ACRE
If th
e obj
ectiv
e is g
razin
g lan
d fo
r live
stock
:2
lbs.
PLS
Cave
-in-R
ock
Switc
hgra
ss (
Pan-
icum
virg
atum
)3
lbs.
PLS
Big
Blue
stem
(An
drop
ogon
ger
-ar
dii)
2 lb
s. PL
S In
dian
gras
s (S
orgh
astr
um n
u-ta
ns)
TOTA
L =
7 p
ound
s of s
eed
PER
ACRE
If yo
u wa
nt a
gras
sland
mea
dow
with
a fin
e dis-
play
of f
lowe
rs, u
se th
is re
cipe
inste
ad:
2 lb
s. PL
S Li
ttle
Blue
stem
(Sc
hiza
chyr
ium
scop
ariu
m)
1 lb
. PLS
She
lter
or B
lack
well
Switc
hgra
ss(P
anic
um vi
rgat
um)
1 lb
. PLS
Rum
sey
Indi
an G
rass
(So
rgha
s-tr
um n
utan
s)1
lb. P
LS R
ound
Tre
e Bi
g Bl
ueste
m (
Andr
o-po
gon
gera
rdii)
want
to m
aint
ain
an a
rea
as a
n op
en g
rass
land
or m
eado
w, w
e m
ust m
anag
e th
at a
rea
with
burn
ing
and
mow
ing
to k
eep
it in
an
early
suc-
cess
iona
l sta
ge. M
eado
ws a
re, t
here
fore
, nev
er“m
aint
enan
ce fr
ee,”
as t
he p
urve
yors
of m
ead-
ow-in
-a-c
an ty
pe p
rodu
cts
mig
ht h
ave
us b
e-lie
ve. An
othe
r misc
once
ptio
n is
that
a m
eado
w is
mos
tly fl
ower
s. It
woul
d ce
rtain
ly se
em so
, if w
ewe
re to
bas
e our
view
sole
ly on
all t
hose
visu
al-
ly stu
nnin
g pic
ture
s fou
nd in
cata
logs
and
mag
-az
ine a
dver
tisem
ents.
In re
ality
, a h
ealth
y mea
d-ow
is a
t lea
st 50
per
cent
gra
sses
, and
usu
ally
mor
e. T
he “w
ildflo
wer”
mea
dow
is a m
yth, b
e-ca
use h
ere i
n Vi
rgin
ia it
wou
ld b
e ext
rem
ely d
if-fic
ult t
o es
tabl
ish a
nd p
erpe
tuat
e a
larg
e fie
ldso
lely
of fl
ower
s with
out a
hig
h de
gree
of m
ain-
tena
nce.
Wild
flowe
r mix
es th
at p
rom
ise a
burs
tof
col
or th
e ve
ry fi
rst y
ear
are
usua
lly lo
aded
with
annu
als.
The
se p
lant
s will
die
afte
r the
firs
tye
ar o
f gro
wth.
The
y ar
e in
tend
ed to
rew
ard
you
with
initi
al g
ratif
icat
ion
while
you
wai
t for
the
pere
nnia
ls—th
e re
al p
ower
hous
es o
f a
“wild
flow
er”
mea
dow
—to
bec
ome
esta
b-lis
hed
in th
e sec
ond
year
. If y
ou w
ant to
see c
on-
tinua
l spl
ashe
s of c
olor
in a
warm
seas
on gr
ass
mea
dow,
pla
n fo
r a 5
0:50
mix
of n
ative
gra
sses
and
pere
nnia
l wild
flowe
rs a
s a
gene
ral r
ule
(60:
40 w
ould
be
bette
r). F
lowe
rs e
nhan
ce a
mea
dow
habi
tat f
or b
utte
rflie
s and
oth
er n
ecta
rse
eker
s.A
third
misc
once
ptio
n is
that
if th
e gro
und
iscl
eare
d do
wn to
bar
e so
il, th
en n
ew g
rass
es
and
flow
ers
plan
ted
ther
e w
ill a
utom
atic
ally
have
a h
ead
start
over
any
wee
ds, a
nd th
ere
shou
ldn’
t be a
wee
d pr
oble
m. H
owev
er, k
eep
inm
ind
that
dist
urbi
ng th
e soi
l dur
ing p
repa
ratio
nfo
r pl
antin
g wi
ll br
ing
dorm
ant w
eed
seed
s to
the
surfa
ce, a
nd th
e m
ajor
ity o
f the
m a
re w
ell-
adap
ted
to th
rive
in th
e co
nditi
ons y
ou ju
st cr
e-at
ed (
that
’s be
caus
e th
ey’re
ear
ly su
cces
siona
lsp
ecie
s, to
o). A
lso, s
ince
gra
sses
gro
w fro
m th
eba
se o
f the
pla
nt o
r fro
m u
nder
grou
nd s
tem
sca
lled
rhizo
mes
, any
bits
of l
iving
gra
ss ro
ots o
rste
ms r
emai
ning
in th
e so
il at
pla
ntin
g tim
e wi
llal
read
y ha
ve a
foot
hold
for
stiff
com
petit
ion.
This
mea
ns th
at if
you
wan
t a n
ew m
eado
w to
grow
succ
essfu
lly, y
ou c
an’t
just
walk
awa
y afte
rth
e se
eds o
r plu
gs a
re in
the
grou
nd a
nd fo
rget
abou
t the
m. G
rowi
ng a
mea
dow
is lik
e any
oth
ertyp
e of
gar
deni
ng o
r far
min
g: i
t req
uire
s som
em
aint
enan
ce.
One
mus
t exe
rcise
pat
ienc
e af
ter
plan
ting
nativ
e wa
rm s
easo
n gr
asse
s, be
caus
e th
ey r
e-qu
ire a
t lea
st tw
o gr
owin
g se
ason
s (so
met
imes
thre
e) to
bec
ome f
ully
esta
blish
ed. T
he m
ost i
n-va
luab
le p
oint
to ta
ke h
ome
when
pla
nnin
g a
mea
dow
of n
ative
war
m s
easo
n gr
asse
s is
that
fesc
ue a
nd a
ny o
ther
pre
-exi
sting
pla
nts
mus
tbe
com
plet
ely
kille
d fir
st, o
r you
will
be
wast-
ing y
our t
ime,
and
prob
ably
mon
ey, t
oo.
60
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Grow a Native Grass Meadow
6
2 lb
s. of
a M
IX o
f nat
ive p
eren
nial
flow
ers t
hat a
re tr
ue sp
ecie
s typ
es,
not c
ultiv
ars.
Choo
se fr
om th
e fo
llowi
ng li
st, b
ased
on
your
pre
fer-
ence
s an
d po
cket
book
, to
mak
e up
2 p
ound
s of
see
d: b
lack
-eye
dSu
san
(mak
e sur
e it’s
the p
eren
nial
kin
d); p
artri
dge p
ea (a
ctua
lly a
bi-a
nnua
l, bu
t it r
esee
ds it
self
like
a pe
renn
ial)
; lan
ce-le
af c
oreo
p-sis
; “su
nflo
wer”
hel
iops
is; p
urpl
e con
eflo
wer;
Gaill
ardi
a(b
lank
et-
flowe
r); M
axim
illia
n su
nflo
wer (
gets
3 to
6 fe
et ta
ll wi
th n
umer
ous
yello
w flo
wers
on
the
top
third
of t
he p
lant
); b
utte
rfly
milk
weed
;Ne
w En
glan
d as
ter;
Liat
ris(
gayfe
athe
r).
TOTA
L =
7 p
ound
s of s
eed
PER
ACRE
[Not
e:th
e ter
ms “
Cave
-in-R
ock,
” “Sh
elte
r,” “B
lack
well,
” “Ru
mse
y,”an
d “R
ound
Tre
e” li
sted
abov
e re
fer t
o pa
rticu
lar g
rass
varie
ties y
oush
ould
sele
ct.] Plan
ting
and
Fut
ure
Mai
nten
ance
To p
repa
re a
larg
e are
a for
pla
ntin
g, tr
eat t
he si
te in
the f
all (
Octo
-be
r) w
ith an
her
bici
de th
at w
ill k
ill ex
istin
g veg
etat
ion;
a se
cond
ap-
plic
atio
n m
ay b
e ne
eded
the
follo
wing
sprin
g fo
r max
imum
ef-
fect
. A c
onve
ntio
nal t
ill m
etho
d wi
thou
t che
mic
als
can
beus
ed in
stead
to tu
rn u
nder
the e
xisti
ng so
d. H
owev
er, th
ere
will
likel
y be
futu
re h
eada
ches
with
per
siste
nt p
lant
sun
less
the a
rea i
s till
ed m
ore t
han
once
and
the s
ec-
ond
tillin
g is
done
at t
he r
ight
tim
e af
ter
the
first
flush
of n
ew w
eeds
.Th
e se
edbe
d m
ust b
e fir
m w
hen
you
plan
t,an
d se
eds s
houl
d be
pla
nted
at a
dep
th o
f 1⁄2-
inch
. Con
trol w
eeds
dur
ing
the
esta
blish
men
t yea
r by
mow
ing
them
when
they
firs
t rea
ch 1
8 in
ches
, tak
ing c
are t
hat t
he m
ower
bla
de is
set
abov
e the
war
m-s
easo
n gr
ass s
eedl
ings
.In
subs
eque
nt ye
ars w
hen
hayin
g or
gra
zing—
or a
t any
time
dur-
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on—
do n
ot c
ut w
arm
-sea
son
gras
ses b
elow
10
inch
es. T
he fi
rst g
rowt
h no
de o
f the
se g
rass
es o
ccur
s at
10
inch
esab
ove
the
grou
nd, a
nd c
uttin
g be
low
this
poin
t dur
ing
the
grow
ing
seas
on w
ill fo
rce
the
plan
ts to
use
valu
able
ene
rgy s
tore
d in
the
root
s.Re
peat
ed c
uttin
gs b
elow
10
inch
es a
t thi
s tim
e of
year
will
eve
ntua
llyki
ll th
e pla
nts.
Also
, do
not m
ow o
r gra
ze af
ter S
epte
mbe
r 1, a
s thi
s is
the
time
when
the
plan
ts ar
e m
ovin
g nu
trien
ts fro
m th
e le
aves
toth
e roo
ts in
pre
para
tion
for w
inte
r dor
man
cy.
If yo
u do
not
pla
n to
take
hay
or g
raze
your
mea
dow
but
inste
ad le
ave
it fo
r wi
ldlif
e, th
en y
ou w
ill n
eed
tom
anag
e the
gras
s sta
nd b
y bur
ning
or m
owin
g.Pr
escr
ibed
bur
ning
is p
refe
rred
ove
r m
owin
g be
caus
e fir
e re
-m
oves
the
build
-up
of th
atch
and
pla
nt li
tter
on th
e gr
ound
that
will
grad
ually
occ
ur. U
nten
ded,
that
ch re
duce
s pla
nt vi
gor a
nd e
vent
ually
caus
es th
e sta
nd to
thin
out
, whi
ch a
lso le
aves
it m
ore
susc
eptib
le to
fresh
wee
d in
vasio
n. T
here
fore
, in
the
third
yea
r of
you
r m
eado
w,be
gin
a pr
escr
ibed
fire
rota
tion
by b
urni
ng o
nly o
ne-th
ird o
f the
fiel
din
late
Mar
ch o
r ear
ly Ap
ril, w
hen
the
warm
seas
on g
rass
es h
ave
only
one
to tw
o in
ches
of n
ew re
grow
th (
at th
is ea
rly st
age
of th
e gr
owin
gse
ason
, the
“10
inch
rule
” doe
s not
appl
y).
Burn
ing
only
one-
third
of t
he fi
eld
at a
tim
e ea
ch y
ear
ensu
res
max
imum
hab
itat e
ffect
. The
mos
t rec
ently
bur
ned
area
will
be
open
,
A g
rass
hop
per s
parr
ow sw
ays
back
and fo
rth o
n a
thin
ste
mof
sw
itchgra
ss.
Mar
ch
2003
whic
h is
bette
r hab
itat f
or re
arin
g yo
ung
and
find-
ing
seed
s. Th
ere
is al
so a
muc
h hi
gher
ava
ilabi
lity
of in
sect
s in
the
first
year
afte
r a
burn
. In
the
un-
burn
ed p
arts
of th
e fie
ld th
at h
ave
olde
r pla
nt m
a-te
rial,
song
bird
s, ra
bbits
, qua
il, a
nd o
ther
wild
life
use t
he d
ead
litte
r for
nes
t con
struc
tion
and
cove
r.
Need
Equ
ipm
ent?
It’s a
lway
s bes
t to
use
the
right
equ
ipm
ent f
orth
e rig
ht jo
b. If
you
are
pla
ntin
g a
smal
l are
a by
hand
, you
mig
ht u
se a
Bril
lion
seed
er, a
mac
hine
drill
er th
at is
typi
cally
use
d to
pla
nt la
wns.
Howe
v-er
, if t
he sp
ecie
s you
’ve se
lect
ed h
ave
very
“flu
ffy”
seed
s, th
ey m
ight
clo
g th
is typ
e of
see
der.
In th
isca
se yo
u m
ight
sim
ply b
road
cast
with
a c
hest
bag,
starti
ng w
ith th
e big
seed
s firs
t and
then
goin
g bac
kov
er w
ith o
ther
, sm
alle
r se
eds.
Chec
k yo
ur lo
cal
lawn
and
gard
en su
pplie
r for
thes
e typ
es o
f equ
ip-
men
t. For
larg
e sc
ale
plan
ting
proj
ects
on s
ever
alac
res o
r a fa
rm, t
he V
irgin
ia D
epar
tmen
t of G
ame
and
Inla
nd F
isher
ies
offe
rs tw
o in
valu
able
pie
ces
of la
rge
equi
pmen
t, bo
th a
vaila
ble
at n
o ch
arge
.Th
e fir
st is
a gr
ass d
rill t
o do
the
plan
ting.
Thi
s is
spec
ially
out
fitte
d to
pla
nt n
ative
war
m s
easo
ngr
ass s
eed,
whi
ch d
oes n
ot o
rdin
arily
flow
thro
ugh
conv
entio
nal n
o-til
l dril
ls. T
he s
econ
d is
a “b
urn
traile
r,” if
you
are
pre
pare
d to
con
duct
a p
re-
scrib
ed b
urn
on y
our
own.
The
trai
ler—
whic
hca
n be
pul
led
behi
nd a
pic
kup
truc
k—is
equi
pped
with
drip
tor
ches
, ha
nd t
ools,
a f
irewe
athe
r ki
t, an
d a
150
gallo
n sp
ray
rig ta
nk. C
all
the
Powh
atan
fiel
d of
fice
of V
DGIF
at (
804)
598
-37
06 to
rese
rve
or a
sk q
uesti
ons a
bout
the
equi
p-m
ent. Ta
king
Init
iati
veIn
an
effo
rt to
add
ress
the
cont
inui
ng d
eclin
eof
ear
ly su
cces
siona
l bird
spec
ies,
a m
anag
emen
tpl
an c
alle
d th
e No
rther
n Bo
bwhi
te C
onse
rvat
ion
Initi
ative
(NBC
I) w
as w
ritte
n in
Mar
ch 2
002
by b
i-ol
ogist
s, la
nd m
anag
ers,
and
othe
r re
sear
cher
s.Th
e wo
rd “
bobw
hite
” in
the
nam
e is
som
ewha
tm
islea
ding
, bec
ause
qua
il ar
e no
t the
onl
y bi
rds
that
ben
efit f
rom
thes
e effo
rts. R
athe
r, al
l ear
ly su
c-ce
ssio
nal s
peci
es re
ap th
e re
ward
s of l
ands
cape
-sc
ale
habi
tat r
esto
ratio
n th
at th
e pl
an o
utlin
es.
Also
, the
initi
ative
is in
tegr
ated
with
oth
er sp
ecie
sm
anag
emen
t pla
ns th
at h
ave
para
llel o
bjec
tives
,su
ch a
s Par
tner
s in
Flig
ht a
nd th
e No
rth A
mer
ican
Wat
erfo
wl M
anag
emen
t Pla
n. M
ore
info
rmat
ion
abou
t the
NBC
I is a
vaila
ble a
t ww
w.qu
.org
/se
qsg/
nbci
/nbc
i.cfm
.
Lear
ning
Mor
e…Na
tive W
arm
Seas
on G
rass
es fo
r Vir
gini
a an
dNo
rth
Caro
lina
is a
book
let t
hat l
ists
the
deta
iled
spec
ifica
tions
for
prep
arin
g an
d pl
antin
g a
mea
d-ow
. Con
tact
the
Virg
inia
Dep
artm
ent o
f Gam
e an
dIn
land
Fish
erie
s at (
804)
367
-090
4 fo
r a fr
ee co
py.
Virg
inia
Nat
ive P
lant
Soci
ety,
ww
w.vn
ps.o
rg.
Land
scap
ing w
ith N
ativ
ePl
ants
, an
EPA
page
writ
ten
for
the G
reat
Lake
s reg
ion
but w
ithgo
od li
nks a
nd in
form
atio
n us
eful
to V
irgin
ians
, at w
ww.
epa.
gov/
gree
nacr
es/.
Wild
One
sNat
ural
Land
scap
-er
s Ltd
., a n
onpr
ofit
that
pro
-m
otes
envir
onm
enta
lly so
und
land
scap
ing p
ract
ices
, at
ww
w.fo
r-w
ild.o
rg/.
See t
heir
onlin
e Han
dboo
kfo
r lan
dsca
p-in
g with
gras
ses a
nd o
ther
nat
ives.
Prai
ries
Fore
ver
ww
w.pr
airi
es.o
rg, a
non
prof
itde
dica
ted
to p
rom
otin
g the
eco-
logi
cal a
nd cu
ltura
l sig
nific
ance
of th
e Am
eric
an p
rairi
e
Seed
Supp
liers
—se
vera
l see
dco
mpa
nies
offe
r fac
t she
ets o
rhe
lpfu
l tip
s and
tech
niqu
es fo
rpl
antin
g a gr
ass a
nd w
ildflo
wer
mea
dow .
Her
e is a
sam
plin
g (no
tan
endo
rsem
ent)
:w
ww.
prai
rien
urse
ry.c
om
ww
w.sh
arps
eed.
com
ww
w.st
ocks
eed.
com
ww
w.er
nsts
eed.
com
ww
w.pr
airi
esou
rce.
com
A d
ickc
isse
l lou
dly
chirp
shis p
rese
nce
from
ato
p th
eflo
wer
of a
com
mon
mulle
in p
lant.
61
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Grow a Native Grass Meadow
62
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Growing Apple Trees in the Home Garden
63
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Growing Apple Trees in the Home Garden
64
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Growing Apple Trees in the Home Garden
Secti
on
VI
Ensuri
ng
Conti
nued
Success
Thi
sse
ctio
npr
ovid
esst
rate
gies
for
ensu
ring
the
long
-ter
msu
stai
nabi
lity
ofyo
urSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
proj
ect.
Cre
atin
ga
Mai
nten
ance
Plan
Cre
atin
ga
Fiel
dan
dC
are
Gui
deM
onito
ring
Proj
ects
Pare
ntIn
volv
emen
tSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
Cer
tifica
tion
CR
EA
TIN
GA
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
PLA
N
Hav
ing
aSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
mai
nten
ance
plan
inpl
ace
befo
resu
mm
erbr
eak
will
help
toen
sure
that
this
new
habi
tatw
illbe
thriv
ing
whe
nth
esc
hool
com
mun
ityre
turn
sto
clas
sesi
nth
efa
ll.T
hem
ostc
ritic
altim
efo
raSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
site
isdu
ring
itsfir
stye
arw
hen
new
lypl
ante
dtre
es,s
hrub
sand
plan
tsar
ebe
com
ing
esta
blish
ed.T
hism
eans
that
extra
care
need
sto
beta
ken
toen
sure
that
plan
tsre
ceiv
eth
epr
oper
amou
ntof
wat
er,t
hatt
hey
are
notm
owed
orac
cide
ntal
lypu
lled
out,
and
that
they
are
prot
ecte
dfro
mpe
stici
desp
rayi
ng.
Ifa
scho
olis
luck
yen
ough
toha
vea
staff
mem
beri
nch
arge
ofgr
ound
skee
ping
,th
eym
aybe
able
toas
sistw
ithth
ista
sk.H
owev
er,d
ono
tass
ume
that
they
will
bew
illin
gor
able
todo
this
with
outa
skin
gan
dpl
anni
ngah
ead.
Arra
ngem
ents
forw
eeke
ndca
rem
aysti
llbe
need
ed.
Man
ysc
hool
sdev
isea
sche
dule
fors
tude
nt/p
aren
t/com
mun
ityvo
lunt
eers
tohe
lpw
ithha
bita
tcar
eat
diffe
rent
wee
ksth
roug
hout
the
sum
mer
.Som
esc
hool
spr
omot
ean
“Ado
ptO
urH
abita
t”ca
mpa
ign
with
inth
eco
mm
unity
tore
ques
tas
sista
nce.
Thi
sreq
uire
ssom
eone
toco
ordi
nate
and
rem
ind
volu
ntee
rs,b
utm
aybe
anef
fect
ive
way
toke
epstu
dent
s,pa
rent
s,an
dvo
lunt
eers
invo
lved
inth
epr
ojec
t.
Alte
rnat
ivel
y,if
the
scho
olha
ssum
mer
clas
ses,
mai
nten
ance
ofth
esit
em
aybe
ago
odou
tdoo
rpro
ject
foro
neor
mor
ecl
asse
s.
How
ever
sum
mer
mai
nten
ance
ispr
ovid
ed,t
hose
invo
lved
may
need
train
ing
toun
ders
tand
wha
tto
doan
dw
hatt
oob
serv
ew
hen
mon
itorin
gth
ehe
alth
ofth
eha
bita
t.
Mak
esu
reth
ose
resp
onsib
lefo
rhab
itatm
aint
enan
cedu
ring
the
sum
mer
:
Kno
ww
here
tofin
dan
dac
cess
supp
lies,
equi
pmen
tand
wat
erth
eyw
illne
edK
now
the
boun
darie
soft
hepl
antin
gar
easo
that
itw
illno
tbe
mow
edC
anid
entif
yw
hich
plan
tsar
epa
rtof
the
habi
tata
ndw
hich
are
wee
dsth
atsh
ould
bere
mov
edC
anid
entif
yin
sect
pests
(suc
has
aphi
ds)a
ndkn
owno
n-to
xic
met
hods
tore
mov
ean
dde
tert
hem
Can
iden
tify
bene
ficia
lins
ects
such
asla
dybi
rdbe
etle
s(a.
k.a.
lady
bugs
),bu
tterfl
ies,
and
eart
hwor
ms
Hav
eth
enu
mbe
rofa
cont
actp
erso
nto
call
ifth
ere
are
prob
lem
swith
the
habi
tat
Ask
thos
em
aint
aini
ngth
esit
eto
keep
alo
gof
whe
nth
eha
bita
twas
care
dfo
r,to
note
wild
life
sitin
gs,a
ndto
docu
men
tany
obse
rvat
iona
lnot
esab
outp
robl
ems
with
unhe
alth
ypl
ants
orva
ndal
ism.
Enga
ging
stude
ntsi
nth
eCr
eatin
gaFi
eldan
dCa
reG
uide
(p.x
)act
ivity
isa
grea
ted
ucat
iona
lopp
ortu
nity
,and
will
leav
eyo
urm
aint
enan
cevo
lunt
eers
orsta
ffw
ithan
exce
llent
reso
urce
togu
ide
thei
reffo
rts.
Cre
ati
ng
aM
ain
tenance
Pla
n
ww
w.n
wf.o
rg
NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
|154
©CopyrightShutterstock.com
65
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
CR
EA
TIN
GA
MA
INT
EN
AN
CE
PLA
N
Consider
ationsforcrea
tingyo
urSc
hoolyar
dHab
itat
sMainte
nan
cePlan:
Wha
tare
the
wat
erin
gne
eds
ofth
etre
es,s
hrub
san
dpl
ants
inyo
urha
bita
tar
ea?
Rem
embe
rtha
treg
ular
wat
erin
gis
extre
mely
impo
rtant
inth
efir
stfe
wsu
mm
ers
ofyo
urpr
ojec
tas
youn
gpl
ants
stru
ggle
tose
tthe
irro
ots
inth
eirn
ewho
mes
.
How
ofte
nw
illth
eha
bita
tsite
need
tobe
wee
ded?
Keep
inm
ind
that
your
“wee
ding
”sch
edul
ew
illhe
lpto
ensu
reth
atin
vasiv
eex
otic
spec
ies
dono
ttak
eov
eryo
urpr
ojec
tand
that
bene
ficia
lnat
ivepl
ants
have
the
oppo
rtuni
tyto
thriv
ean
dpr
ovid
eha
bita
tfor
loca
land
mig
rato
ryw
ildlife
.
How
ofte
nw
illm
ulch
need
tobe
appl
ied
toth
ear
ea?
Mai
ntai
ning
atw
o-to
-thre
e-in
chlay
erof
mul
char
ound
the
plan
tsin
your
site
will
help
toles
sen
the
num
bero
fwee
dsin
the
area
and
will
incr
ease
moi
stur
ere
tent
ion.
Dofe
eder
sne
edto
befil
led?
Clea
ned?
Ifyo
ude
cide
tolea
veou
tfee
ders
forb
irds,
rem
embe
rto
assig
nth
eta
skof
keep
ing
them
filled
and
clean
.Al
soke
epin
min
dth
atan
ybi
rdba
ths
will
need
tobe
clean
edre
gular
ly,ev
ery
coup
leof
days
isad
visab
lein
hots
umm
erm
onth
s.Th
ese
are
idea
lta
sks
forn
eigh
bors
that
have
expr
esse
dan
inte
rest
inyo
urSc
hool
yard
Habi
tats
proj
ect.
Rem
embe
rto
answ
erth
efo
llow
ing
addi
tiona
lque
stio
nsin
your
mai
nten
ance
plan
:W
ho?
Whe
n?Ho
wof
ten?
SCHOOLYARDHABITATS®—AHOW-TOGUIDE
|155
ww
w.n
wf.o
rg
K-8
AC
TIV
ITY
Sum
mary
Stud
ents
crea
tea
guid
eto
the
habi
tats
iteth
atin
clud
esa
map
and
instr
uctio
nson
mai
ntai
ning
the
site.
Gra
deLe
vel:
K-8
Tim
e:
2to
5cla
sspe
riods
(tim
ede
pend
son
the
num
bero
felem
ents
inclu
ded
inth
egu
ide
and
the
num
bero
fpar
ticip
ants
cont
ribut
ing)
Sub
ject
s:La
ngua
geA
rts,
Art
,S
cien
ce,G
eogr
aphy
Ski
lls:
Cla
ssifi
catio
n,de
scrip
tion,
gene
raliz
atio
n,re
sear
ch,
synt
hesi
s
Lear
ning
Obj
ecti
ves:
Stu
dent
sw
illbe
able
to:
Writ
ea
guid
eto
the
plan
tsan
dot
herf
eatu
res
foun
din
thei
rSc
hool
yard
Habi
tats
sites
Crea
tegu
ideli
nes
fors
item
aint
enan
ce
Desc
ribe
site
feat
ures
tofu
ture
stud
ents
and
com
mun
itym
embe
rs
Mat
eria
ls:
Whi
teor
colo
red
pape
r
Sciss
ors
Stap
ler
Glue
Pens
,pen
cils,
colo
red
penc
ils,
mar
kers
Regi
onal
field
guid
esan
dot
her
reso
urce
s
Care
inst
ruct
ions
that
acco
mpa
nied
plan
tsw
hen
purc
hase
d
Pict
ures
ofpl
ants
,ifa
vaila
ble
Field
guid
esto
loca
lwild
life
3-rin
gbi
nder
Not
e:If
thec
lass
hasa
ccess
toty
pew
riter
sorc
ompu
ters,
cons
ider
havi
ngth
emty
peth
etex
tand
inser
tgr
aphi
csin
toth
edoc
umen
t.La
min
atin
gth
epag
esw
illm
aket
hegu
idel
astl
onge
r.In
anyc
ase,
bind
thef
inal
prod
ucti
na
3-rin
gbi
nder
soth
atad
ditio
nsan
dch
ange
swill
beea
syto
mak
eove
rtim
e.
Backg
round
Cre
atin
ga
field
and
care
guid
efo
rth
eirS
choo
lyar
dH
abita
tssit
eis
agr
eatw
ayfo
rstu
dent
sto
appl
yal
lth
atth
eyha
vele
arne
d,w
hile
crea
ting
aus
eful
,edu
catio
nalt
ool
foro
ther
s.T
hegu
ide
can
beus
edas
ale
arni
ngre
sour
cefo
roth
ercl
asse
s,sc
hool
visit
ors,
pare
nts,
and
com
mun
itym
embe
rsw
how
antt
ota
kegr
oup
orse
lf-gu
ided
wal
ksth
roug
hth
esit
e.
Thi
sfie
ldgu
ide
will
also
incl
ude
instr
uctio
nson
how
toca
refo
rthe
Scho
olya
rdH
abita
tssit
e.D
urin
gth
esc
hool
year
,man
ystu
dent
scan
part
icip
ate
inth
em
aint
enan
ce
and
care
ofth
esit
e.T
hem
aint
enan
cese
ctio
nw
illhe
lpstr
eam
line
proc
edur
esan
dhe
lpdu
ring
holid
aysa
ndsu
mm
erw
hen
peop
leun
fam
iliar
with
the
site
may
behe
lpin
gou
t.In
this
activ
ity,a
llstu
dent
sinv
olve
din
the
proj
ectw
illpo
olth
eirk
now
ledg
eto
ensu
reth
este
war
dshi
pof
the
site.
Inad
ditio
nto
prov
idin
gde
taile
din
struc
tions
abou
tcar
ing
fort
hew
ildlif
eha
bita
tsite
,par
ticip
ants
may
wan
tto
add
crea
tive
piec
esto
the
guid
e,su
chas
artw
ork,
poet
ry,
phot
osof
plan
ts,w
ildlif
ean
dth
esit
e(b
efor
ean
daf
ter)
,asp
ecia
lnot
eto
care
take
rs,a
nda
dedi
catio
npa
ge.
Thi
sgui
deca
nal
sose
rve
asa
culm
inat
ing
asse
ssm
entf
orstu
dent
unde
rsta
ndin
gof
thei
rhab
itat
proj
ect.
Pro
cedure
1.D
ivid
eth
ecl
assi
nto
grou
ps,o
rdi
vide
the
wor
kbe
twee
nva
rious
clas
sesi
nsc
hool
.Eac
hgr
oup
orcl
assw
illpr
oduc
eon
ese
ctio
n.
Sect
ions
shou
ldin
clud
e:
Hab
itatM
apAs
kstu
dent
sto
draw
am
apof
the
Scho
olya
rdH
abita
tssit
eth
atso
meo
neel
seco
uld
use
tolo
cate
spec
ific
feat
ures
.For
olde
r
Cre
ati
ng
aFie
ldand
Care
Guid
e
NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
K-8
AC
TIV
ITY
ww
w.n
wf.o
rg
156|
CR
EA
TIN
GA
FIE
LDA
ND
CA
RE
GU
IDE
©CopyrightShutterstock.com
©C
op
yrig
htS
hutt
erst
ock
.co
m
66
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
stude
nts,
this
isan
oppo
rtun
ityto
teac
hstu
dent
sto
map
tosc
ale;
fory
oung
erstu
dent
sem
phas
izeth
eim
port
ance
ofde
tails
inth
em
aps.
Stud
ents
may
wan
tto
colo
rcod
eor
crea
tea
key
fort
heir
map
s,cl
early
indi
catin
gpa
thw
ays,
type
sofg
arde
ns,l
ocat
ions
ofbi
rdfe
eder
s,m
aint
enan
cesu
pplie
s,an
den
tranc
e.Pl
antL
ista
ndC
are
Inst
ruct
ions
Muc
hof
this
wor
kw
illha
vebe
endo
nedu
ring
the
plan
tse
lectio
nac
tivity
,but
have
stude
ntso
rgan
izean
dex
pand
the
plan
tinf
orm
atio
n.Fo
reac
htre
e,pl
anto
rflo
wer
inth
eha
bita
t,gr
oups
shou
ldcr
eate
one
ortw
opa
ges.
Inclu
depl
ant
nam
es(c
omm
onan
dsc
ient
ific)
,pi
ctur
es(c
anin
clude
phot
os,
draw
ing,
drie
dlea
f,lea
frub
bing
,et
c.),d
escr
iptio
n(c
anin
clude
heig
ht,s
prea
d,ty
peof
leave
s,flo
wer
colo
r,pl
antu
ses,
how
itbe
nefit
swild
life,
etc.)
,and
plan
tca
rean
dgr
owth
requ
irem
ents
(soil,
light
,moi
sture
,and
prun
ing
need
s).Sp
ecia
lFea
ture
sT
hiss
ectio
nca
nin
clud
ede
scrip
tions
offe
atur
esot
her
than
plan
tings
that
have
been
incl
uded
inth
eSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
site.
Thi
sisw
here
stude
ntsc
ande
scrib
eth
epu
rpos
ean
dsu
cces
sofp
onds
,bi
rdfe
eder
s,co
mpo
stbi
ns,a
ndan
yot
heru
niqu
efe
atur
es.
Wild
life
Sigh
tings
Thi
ssec
tion
may
requ
irese
tting
asid
etim
efo
rfirs
t-han
dob
serv
atio
ns.
Alte
rnat
ively
,cre
ate
ajo
urna
lth
atall
habi
tatv
isito
rsca
nus
eto
reco
rdw
hatk
inds
ofw
ildlif
eth
eysa
wat
the
site.
Stud
ents
may
also
wan
tto
poll
othe
rstu
dent
sin
the
scho
olfo
ralis
t
ofall
wild
life
seen
atth
esit
e.A
small
amou
ntof
info
rmat
ion,
such
ashi
ntso
nw
here
tolo
okfo
rthe
anim
alw
illhe
lpvi
sitor
str
ying
tolo
cate
wild
life.
Gen
eral
Hab
itat
Mai
nten
ance
Stud
ents
shou
ldco
mpi
lede
scrip
tions
ofth
ege
nera
lSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
mai
nten
ance
need
s,in
clud
ing
how
ofte
nth
ese
task
smus
tbe
done
and
any
spec
iale
quip
men
tne
eded
.For
exam
ple,
stude
nts
may
need
tow
rite
dow
nho
wof
ten
they
refil
labi
rdba
than
dho
wof
ten
they
mus
tcle
anit.
Seas
onal
Hab
itat
Mai
nten
ance
Inth
isse
ctio
nin
clud
em
aint
enan
cetip
sfor
diffe
rent
seas
ons.
Inw
inte
r,fe
eder
smay
need
tobe
fille
dm
ore
ofte
n.In
sum
mer
,wat
ersu
pplie
smig
htne
edto
bere
plac
edda
ilyin
stead
oftw
ice
aw
eek.
Cov
erD
esig
n,A
rtw
ork
and
Ack
now
ledg
men
tsT
heco
vera
ndar
twor
kpa
ges
(whi
chm
aybe
inte
rspe
rsed
thro
ugho
utth
egu
ide)
are
idea
lpl
aces
tofe
atur
estu
dent
crea
tivity
.Con
sider
leaf
prin
ts,pa
intin
gw
ithbe
rrie
sfro
mth
ega
rden
orus
ing
drie
dflo
wer
sin
aco
llage
.To
high
light
how
the
site
hasi
mpa
cted
stude
nts
pers
onal
ly,th
eym
ayw
antt
oad
dsh
ortc
reat
ive
writ
ing
piec
esor
poet
ryw
ritte
nab
outt
hesit
e.T
heac
know
ledg
men
tpag
esh
ould
incl
ude
the
nam
esof
all
thos
ew
hohe
lped
crea
teth
eSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
site,
asw
ell
asal
loft
hose
who
dona
ted
time
orm
ater
ials
toth
epr
ojec
t.Yo
um
ayw
antt
oin
clud
ea
phot
ogra
phof
the
stude
ntsa
ndot
herm
embe
rsof
the
Hab
itat
Team
.2.
Onc
ese
ctio
nsar
eco
mpl
ete,
put
into
a3-
ring
bind
er.
Toen
sure
the
only
copy
you
have
isno
tde
stroy
ed,m
ake
colo
rcop
ies
and/
orla
min
ate
the
page
s.Yo
um
ayw
antt
osto
rea
copy
ina
“visi
tor’s
box”
near
the
site,
and
keep
anot
heri
nth
esc
hool
lobb
y,of
fice
orlib
rary
.3.
Tell
othe
rtea
cher
sand
com
mun
itym
embe
rsw
here
the
note
book
iske
pt(p
refe
rabl
yin
anar
eath
atot
hers
can
acce
ss).
Add
new
page
sast
hey
are
crea
ted,
and
the
site
deve
lops
over
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SCHOOLYARDHABITATS®—AHOW-TOGUIDE
|157
K-8
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MO
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rmat
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NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
|1
58
©CopyrightShutterstock.com
67
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
Am
phib
ian
and
Repti
leR
esourc
es
AT
hous
and
Frie
nds
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ogs
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edu/
frog
s/H
amlin
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.Fr
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atch
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orm
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phib
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ojec
t(N
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MP)
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.nbs
.gov
/am
phib
s.ht
ml
Thi
ssite
cont
ains
info
rmat
ion
onth
ew
orld
wid
eam
phib
ian
decl
ine,
prot
ocol
sfor
call
surv
eys,
and
terr
estri
alsu
rvey
s,as
wel
lasa
teac
her’s
tool
box.
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malM
onit
ori
ng
Resourc
es
Inte
rnat
iona
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fCen
ter
ww
w.w
olf.o
rgT
heIn
tern
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olfC
ente
ral
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syou
totra
ckra
dio-
colla
red
wol
vesi
nN
orth
ern
Min
neso
tath
roug
hth
eirs
ite.
Tra
ckFi
nder
.Mill
er,D
orca
s.N
atur
eSt
udy
Gui
ld,R
oche
ster
,N
Y,19
81.
Asm
all,
conc
isefie
ldgu
ide
toco
mm
onan
imal
track
s.
Tra
ckin
gan
dth
eAr
tofS
eein
g:H
owto
Read
Anim
alTr
acks
and
Sign
s,R
ezen
des,
Paul
,C
amde
nH
ouse
Publ
ishi
ng,C
harl
ottle
,VT,
1992
.An
exce
llent
reso
urce
onan
imal
track
s,sc
at,a
ndot
hers
igns
.It
cont
ains
illus
tratio
nsan
dph
otog
raph
soft
rack
s,sc
at,
rubb
ings
,and
vario
usot
hers
igns
form
any
spec
ies.
Veg
eta
tion
Monit
ori
ng
Resourc
es
Fiel
dan
dLa
bora
tory
Met
hods
for
Gen
eral
Ecol
ogy,
4th
Editi
on,B
row
er,J
ames
E.,e
t.al
.,M
cGra
w-H
ill,1
998.
ISB
N0-
697-
2435
8-3.
Labo
rato
ryre
fere
nce
for
colle
ctin
gan
dan
alyz
ing
ecol
ogic
alda
ta,i
nclu
ding
ava
riety
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mpl
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and
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Ado
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-Wat
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Prov
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ities
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and
mon
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ehe
alth
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ram
Man
ual
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clud
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olve
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ater
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mon
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ean,
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ect
Mar
ylan
d’sw
ater
way
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dres
sest
hero
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gci
tizen
sto
perfo
rmco
mm
onse
nse
proj
ects
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lve
them
.The
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brid
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etw
een
com
mun
ityor
gani
zatio
ns,
gove
rnm
enta
ndbu
sines
ses.
|159
SCHOOLYARDHABITATS®—AHOW-TOGUIDE
MO
NIT
OR
ING
PR
OJE
CT
S
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w.n
wf.o
rg
©CopyrightShutterstock.com
|160
NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
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w.n
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PAR
EN
TIN
VO
LVE
ME
NT
Ina
rece
ntsu
rvey
byth
eN
atio
nalP
aren
tand
Teac
her’s
Asso
ciat
ion,
pare
ntso
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blic
scho
olstu
dent
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wer
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ques
tions
abou
tthe
irle
velo
finv
olve
men
tin
thei
rchi
ldre
n’ssc
hool
s.T
heir
answ
ersp
rovi
deus
eful
insig
htsi
nto
succ
essfu
llyen
gagi
ngpa
rent
sin
Scho
olya
rdH
abita
tspr
ojec
ts.
Nin
ety-
one
perc
ento
fpar
ents
surv
eyed
agre
edth
atit
is“e
xtre
mel
yim
port
ant”
fort
hem
tobe
invo
lved
inth
eirc
hild
ren’s
scho
ols.
How
ever
,not
allp
aren
tsar
eab
leto
beas
invo
lved
asth
eyw
ould
like.
The
surv
eyid
entif
ied
seve
ralk
eyba
rrie
rsto
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ntal
invo
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ent,
the
mos
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quen
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rent
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labi
lity
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vera
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erba
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ted
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ude:
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equa
teco
mm
unic
atio
nbe
twee
nth
esc
hool
and
pare
nts;
lack
oftra
nspo
rtat
ion
orch
ildca
re;p
aren
tsun
cert
aint
yas
toth
ew
aysi
nw
hich
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ribut
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ngua
gean
dcu
ltura
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ean
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idat
edby
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ld’s
scho
ol.T
he#1
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swer
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equ
estio
nof
how
scho
olsc
ould
impr
ove
thei
reffo
rtst
oge
tpar
ents
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lved
was
“mor
ean
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tterc
omm
unic
atio
nbe
twee
nsc
hool
sand
pare
nts.”
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tdoe
sthi
stel
lusi
nlig
htof
plan
ning
and
carr
ying
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choo
lyar
dH
abita
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ork?
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t,re
mem
bert
hatm
ostp
aren
tsdo
wan
tto
bein
volv
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rchi
ld’s
educ
atio
n.R
emov
eth
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rsth
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quen
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war
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eres
ted
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ntsf
rom
volu
ntee
ring
and
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ribut
ing
toth
elif
eof
the
scho
ol.
Reg
ular
lyup
date
the
pare
ntco
mm
unity
abou
tthe
statu
soft
heSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
proj
ect.
Man
yim
port
antt
asks
nece
ssar
yfo
rthe
succ
esso
fSch
ooly
ard
Hab
itats
proj
ects
can
beac
com
plish
edin
the
late
afte
rnoo
nsan
don
the
wee
kend
s,w
hich
are
mor
eco
nven
ient
times
forp
aren
tsw
orki
ngdu
ring
scho
olho
urs.
Iden
tify
the
skill
snee
ded
atea
chsta
geof
the
proj
ect,
and
publ
icize
thes
esh
orta
ndlo
ng-te
rmop
port
uniti
esfo
rvol
unte
erin
gan
dco
ntrib
utin
g.T
hink
crea
tivel
yw
hen
asse
ssin
gth
epo
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ilitie
sfor
pare
ntsc
ontri
butio
ns:
fori
nsta
nce,
isth
ere
abi
lingu
alpa
rent
who
wou
ldbe
will
ing
totra
nsla
teyo
urSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
upda
tesf
orno
n-En
glish
spea
king
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nts?
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chpa
rent
hast
hew
oodw
orki
ngsk
illsy
ouar
ese
ekin
gto
help
with
build
ing
nest
boxe
s?A
surv
eyof
rele
vant
pare
ntsk
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ndin
tere
stsw
illhe
lpco
nnec
tpar
ents
with
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opria
tepr
ojec
ts.
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oact
ive
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entif
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rem
ovin
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rrie
rsfo
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ents.
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idin
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lpm
ore
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atte
ndH
abita
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eetin
gs?W
illpr
ovid
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asse
shel
pm
ore
pare
ntsp
artic
ipat
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upco
min
gw
eeke
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antin
gda
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rent
sun
ders
tand
that
volu
ntee
ring
mat
ters
:let
them
know
they
are
wel
com
e,th
atth
eyha
veva
luab
lesk
illsa
ndkn
owle
dge
toco
ntrib
ute,
and
that
the
scho
olis
will
ing
tota
keex
traste
psto
help
them
get
invo
lved
.Kee
pco
mm
unic
atio
nw
ithpa
rent
s—an
dth
een
tire
scho
olco
mm
unity
—cl
ear,
acce
ssib
lean
dco
nsist
ent,
and
ever
yone
will
bene
fit.
Pare
nt
Involv
em
ent
68
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
|1
61
SC
HO
OLY
AR
DH
AB
ITA
TS
CE
RT
IFIC
AT
ION
We
stron
gly
enco
urag
esc
hool
sto
cert
ifyth
eir
Scho
olya
rdH
abita
tspr
ojec
tsw
ithth
eN
atio
nalW
ildlif
eFe
dera
tion.
We
wan
tto
hear
abou
tyou
rpro
ject
and
give
you
the
reco
gniti
onyo
uan
dyo
ursc
hool
com
mun
ityde
serv
e.W
elo
okfo
rwar
dto
rece
ivin
gyo
urap
plic
atio
nfo
rcer
tific
atio
nas
anof
ficia
lSch
ooly
ard
Hab
itats
sites
,an
dto
wel
com
ing
your
scho
olin
toou
rdyn
amic
netw
ork
ofce
rtifi
edsc
hool
s.
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quentl
yasked
questi
ons
ab
out
the
cert
ificati
on
pro
cess
How
doIk
now
whe
nI’m
read
yto
cert
ifym
yha
bita
tpro
ject
?
You
are
read
yto
cert
ifyaf
tera
team
hasb
een
invo
lved
inpl
anni
ngan
dpr
ovid
ing
atle
asta
few
type
soff
ood,
wat
er,c
over
,and
plac
esto
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youn
gon
your
scho
olgr
ound
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dw
hen
the
site
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ing
used
asa
teac
hing
tool
.
Wha
tare
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bene
fitso
fcer
tifyi
ng?
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tifyi
ngyo
ursit
ew
illbr
ing
med
iaat
tent
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and
natio
nalr
ecog
nitio
nfo
ryou
rsc
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mun
ity’s
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wor
k.Al
so,o
nce
you
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can
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Hab
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fory
ouro
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oom
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tific
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nbr
ings
your
scho
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mic
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ork
ofce
rtifi
edsc
hool
s,an
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vesy
ouac
cess
tosp
ecia
lres
ourc
esan
din
form
atio
nfro
mth
eN
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ildlif
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tion.
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fstu
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s,te
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adm
inist
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ndco
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mem
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ently
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asof
ficia
lSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
sites
,rep
rese
ntin
g50
state
sand
afe
wsit
esab
road
.
How
doIa
pply
?
Sim
ply
fillo
utth
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plic
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nan
dm
aili
tin
toou
roffi
ce.B
esu
reto
incl
ude
phot
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ilabl
e.(A
pplic
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nal
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min
gyo
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eSc
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yard
Hab
itats
netw
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Can
Iinc
lude
phot
ogra
phs?
Yes!
Plea
sedo
.Pho
tosh
elp
usle
arn
mor
eab
outy
ourp
roje
ct;w
eca
nal
soin
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and
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ngph
otos
ofSc
hool
yard
Hab
itats
proj
ects
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ndth
eco
untr
yon
ourw
ebsit
e.W
ees
peci
ally
enjo
y“b
efor
e”an
d“a
fter”
phot
os,t
oge
tabe
tters
ense
ofyo
urpr
ogre
ss.
Aph
oto
rele
ase
form
mus
tacc
ompa
nyph
otos
whi
chin
clud
epe
ople’
sfac
es.T
hefo
rmfo
llow
sthe
SYH
appl
icat
ion
inth
ism
anua
l(p
164)
;fee
lfre
eto
copy
asne
cess
ary,
and
subm
itth
ese
form
swith
your
com
plet
edap
plic
atio
nan
dph
otog
raph
s.
Schooly
ard
Hab
itats
Cert
ificati
on
NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
ww
w.n
wf.o
rg
Food
Nativeplants
providewild
life
withnectar,s
eedsan
dberriesuse
dby
anex
citing
varietyofwild
life.
Feeders
cansu
pplementnatural
foodso
urces
.
Water
Allan
imalsneedwaterto
survivean
dso
meneedit
forbathingorbreeding
aswell. Place
sto
Raise
Young
Wild
lifeneedsp
ecial
hab
itat
forbea
ringan
draisingyo
ung.
Sustainable
Garden
ing
How
youman
ageyo
urgardenca
nhav
ean
effect
onthehea
lthofthe
soil,
air,wateran
dhab
itat
for
nativewild
lifeas
wellas
thehuman
community.Cov
erWild
lifeneedplace
sto
findsh
elterfrom
bad
wea
theran
dpredators.
NA
TIO
NA
LW
ILD
LIF
EF
ED
ER
AT
ION
®
Certified
WILDLIFEHabitatT
M
Wildlife
Att
ract
ing
Att
ract
ing
Bir
ds,B
utte
rflie
san
dO
ther
Wild
life
isa
fun
way
toen
joy
natu
reri
ghti
nyo
urow
nya
rdor
gard
en.I
mag
ine
your
gard
ente
emin
gw
ithsi
ngin
gbi
rds,
colo
rful
butt
erfli
esan
dbe
autif
ulpl
ants
and
wat
erfe
atur
esth
atat
trac
twild
life.
It’s
easi
erth
anyo
um
ight
thin
k.N
atio
nalW
ildlif
eF
eder
atio
nca
nhe
lp!
Componen
tsof
Habitat
There
arefive
bas
icelements
ofa
CertifiedWild
lifeHab
itat
TM:
Visit
www.nwf.org/garden
forw
ildlife
formore
greattipsonattractingwildlife!
5Sim
ple
Tipsto
Get
Started
1.Plantash
rubth
atflow
ersfor
pollinators
andproduce
sberries
forbirdsan
dotheran
imals.
2.Putoutabirdbath
.Eve
nsm
all
waterfeatureswill
beuse
dby
wild
life.
3.Provideco
ver
withden
sesh
rubs,
wild
flow
ergardens,
rock
walls
andev
ergreens.
4.Hangabirdhouse
,planthost
plants
forbutterfly
caterpillarsor
installa
frogpondto
provide
place
sto
raiseyo
ung.
5.Putaw
ayth
ech
emicals.
Naturalg
ardensarebetterfor
youan
dyo
urfamily
aswellas
wild
life.
RickLewi
s
Photod
isc
162| w
ww
.n
wf.o
rg
69
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
|163
ww
w.n
wf.o
rg
Get
Certified
!National
Wild
lifeFe
deration®has
beenhelping
people
nurture
wild
lifeforov
er30ye
ars.
Once
youprovidethebas
icelements
of
hab
itat,y
ouca
nsu
bmityo
urgardenfor
officialc
ertification!
WhoCanCertify?
Any
site
canbereco
gnizedas
ace
rtified
hab
itat,regardless
ofsize
.Whetherit’syo
ur
bac
kyard,a
communitygarden,a
schoolyard,a
rooftopgardenorabusines
s,National
Wild
life
Federation®wan
tsto
reco
gnizealle
ffortsto
restore
hab
itatsforwild
life.
Certifyingasite
isas
simple
asprovidingthe
fourhab
itat
components
—food,w
ater,co
ver,
place
sto
raiseyo
ung—an
dpracticingsu
stainab
legardeningtech
niques
such
aselim
inatingpes
ticides
,co
nse
rvingwateran
dplantingnativesp
ecies
.
WhyCertify?
Asidefrom
offeringwild
lifeawonderfulp
lace
tothrive
,you’ll
beelig
ible
forthefollo
wingbenefits,including:
•Ace
rtificateforyo
urwild
lifehab
itat
•Afreeone-yea
rmembership
toNWFan
dsu
bsc
riptionto
NationalWildlife
®mag
azine
•Asu
bsc
riptionto
theHab
itatse-new
sletter
•Anoptional
press
releas
eforyo
urloca
lnew
spap
er
announcingyo
urce
rtification
•Inclusionin
NWF’sNational
RegistryofHab
itats
•Elig
ibility
toorderan
dpost
anattrac
tive
yard
signto
displayyo
urco
mmitmentto
wild
lifeco
nse
rvationan
dthe
env
ironment.
Rea
dyto
Certify
YourHabitat?
Visitwww.nwf.org/certify
where
youca
nce
rtify
yourwild
lifehab
itat
directly
onlin
e.Before
you
know
it,y
ourya
rdorgardensp
acewill
bea
thrivinghab
itat,e
njoye
dby
you,y
ourfamily
and
wild
life!
Res
ources
You
CanUse
:Creatingand
EnjoyingYour
Wildlife
Habitat
Tip
Shee
tsforCreatingand
MaintainingaCertified
Wildlife
Habitat F
indthis
free
dow
nload
able
inform
ationat
www.nwf.o
rg/
bac
kyard/
tipsh
eets.cfm
The
Garden
er’s
Guide
toGlobalWarm
ing
This
freedow
nload
able
NWF
report
des
cribes
how
global
warmingis
affecting
growing
seas
onsan
dplants
today
,andoffers
way
sgardeners
can
help
confronttheproblem
—rightin
thegarden.
www.nwf.o
rg/
gardenersguide
AttractingBirds,
Butterflies
andOth
erBack
yard
Wildlife
byDav
idMizejewsk
i,NWF
Naturalis
tan
dMedia
Spoke
sman
$12.95
This
127-pag
ebookis
fullof
hab
itat
tips,
illustratedproj-
ectsan
dov
er
170full-co
lor
photosthat
canhelp
you
andyo
ur
family
crea
tethe
kind
ofthriving
naturalw
ildlifehab
itat
you’ve
alway
swan
ted.A
vaila
ble
for
purchas
ethroughNWFat
www.nwf.o
rg/w
ildlifebook,
or
throughyo
urloca
lbooks
tore.
Myya
rdis
proofthat
youdon’t
hav
eto
bean
expert
tocrea
tehab
itat.
Just
follo
wingthebas
icguidelin
eshas
mad
emyya
rdco
mealive.
-JanetAllen,Syracuse,NY
“”
www.nwf.o
rg/gardenforw
ildlife
Needapap
erap
plic
ation?
Call1-8
00-8
22-9919.
H.Ch
eek Photod
isc
Photod
isc
164| w
ww
.n
wf.o
rg
HabitatCertifica
tionApplica
tion
Use
this
form
toce
rtifyawild
lifefriendly
spac
ein
yourya
rd,s
chool,oran
ywhere
inyo
urco
mmunity.
Doyo
urbes
tto
answ
ertheques
tionsan
dwe’llmak
esu
gges
tionsif
somethingis
missing.Ifyo
urhab
itat
meetstherequirements,y
ou’ll
rece
iveapersonal-
izedce
rtificatesu
itab
leforfram
ingan
dbeco
meamemberoftheNational
Wild
life
Federation
(a$15
value),rece
ivingouraw
ard-w
inningNational
Wild
lifemag
azine.
Forques
tions
call1-800-8
22-9919
orce
rtifyonlin
eat
www.nwf.org/certify.
Hav
eyo
uev
erce
rtifiedbefore?
____
Yes
____
No
Ifye
s,what
isyo
urhab
itat
#___________________?
Ifye
s,hav
eyo
umov
ed____
oris
this
forase
condproperty____?
Ifyo
uarefillingoutthis
applic
ationforso
meoneelse,
pleas
ewrite
theirnam
ein
thesp
aceprovidedbelow:
Nam
e_____________________________________
Organ
ization(ifap
plic
able)______________________________
Nam
e(s)to
Appea
ronCertificate(ifdifferentfrom
abov
e)_______________________________________________
Max
imum
30ch
arac
ters,s
pac
esincluded.
Address
ofHab
itat
__________________________________________________________________________________
City__________________________________________
State/P
rovince
_______________
Zip
Code
_______________
Telephone______________________________
EmailA
ddress
______________________________________________
Mailin
gAddress
(ifdifferentfrom
abov
e)______________________________________________________________
Inwhatty
peof
areais
yourproperty
?
___
Urban
___Surburban
___Rural
Whatis
thesize
ofyourproperty
?
___
<1/8ac
re___
1/8-1/4ac
re
___
1/4-1ac
re___
1-5ac
res
___
5-10
acres
___
>10
acres
Chec
kth
eoptionth
atbes
tdes
cribes
your
habitat.
___
Home
___
Apartm
ent/Balco
ny
___
Workplace
___
Park/Community
Garden
___
Farm
___
Place
ofWorship
___
Sch
ool/Educa
tional
Setting
FOODSOURCES:Plants
providethebas
icfoodsfor
wild
life.
Feeders
canbeuse
das
asu
pplemental
sourceoffood.R
ememberthat
somecrea
tureswill
beco
mefoodforothers
inabalan
cedhab
itat.
Enco
urageanaturald
iversityofwild
lifein
yourya
rdto
ensu
reahea
lthy
eco
system.H
owdoyo
uprovide
foodforwild
life?
(Minim
um
requirement:3)
PlantFo
ods:
___
Seeds
___
Nuts
___
Polle
n
___
Berries
___
Fruits
___
Folia
ge/
Twigs
___
Nectar
___
Sap
Supplemen
tal
___
Seed
___
Suet
Feed
ers:
___
Squirrel
___
Butterfly
___
Hummingbird
WATERSOURCES:Wild
lifeneedaclea
nwater
sourcefordrinkingan
dbathing.H
owdoyo
uprovide
waterforwild
life?
(Minim
um
requirement:1)
___
Birdbath
___
WaterGarden/P
ond
___
Lak
e___
River
___
Strea
m___
Butterfly
Puddlin
gArea
___
Sea
sonal
Pool
___
RainGarden
___
Oce
an___
Spring
70
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
|165
ww
w.n
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PLACESFORCOVER:Wild
lifeneedplace
sto
find
shelterfrom
thewea
theran
dfrom
predators.H
owdoyo
uprovideco
verforwild
life?
(Minim
um
requirement:2)
___
WoodedArea
___
Dense
Shrubs/Thicke
t
___
Bramble
Patch
___
Eve
rgreens
___
GroundCov
er
___
Brush
/LogPile
___
Rock
Pile
/Wall
___
Burrow
___
Cav
e___
Mea
dow
/Prairie
___
RoostingBox
___
WaterGarden/P
ond
PLACESTORAIS
EYOUNG:In
orderto
provide
complete
hab
itat,y
oumust
provideplace
sfor
wild
lifeto
engag
ein
courtsh
ipbehav
ioran
dto
mate,
andthento
bea
ran
draisetheiryo
ung.H
owdoyo
uprovideplace
sto
raiseyo
ungforwild
life?
(Minim
um
requirement:2)
___
Mature
Trees
___
Dea
dTrees
/Snag
s
___
Mea
dow
/Prairie
___
Dense
Shrubs/Thicke
t
___
Nes
tingBox
___
WaterGarden/P
ond
___
Wetland
___
Burrow
___
Host
Plants
for
___
Cav
eCaterpillars
SUSTA
INABLEGARDENIN
GPRACTIC
ES:How
youman
ageyo
urgardenorlandscap
eca
nhav
ean
effect
onthehea
lthoftheso
il,air,wateran
dhab
itat
fornativewild
lifeas
wellas
thehuman
community.
What
sustainab
legardeningtech
niques
doyo
uemployto
help
conse
rvereso
urces?
(Minim
um
requirement:2)
SoilandWaterConse
rvation:
___
RiparianBuffer
___
Cap
ture
RainWaterfrom
Roof
___
Xeriscap
e(w
ater-wiselandscap
ing)
___
DriporSoak
erHose
forIrrigation
___
Lim
itWaterUse
___
Reduce
Erosion(i.e.g
roundco
ver,terrac
es)
___
Use
Mulch
___
RainGarden
ControllingExoticSpec
ies:
___
PracticeIntegratedPes
tMan
agement
___
Remov
eNon-nativePlants
&Anim
als
___
Use
NativePlants
___
Reduce
Law
nAreas
Organic
Practices
:
___
Elim
inateChemical
Pes
ticides
___
Elim
inateChemical
Fertilize
rs
___
Compost
Toapply,please
send:
�Completedap
plic
ation-REQUIRED
�$15
non-refundab
leap
plic
ationfee-REQUIRED
TO:NATIO
NALWILDLIFEFEDERATIO
N�P.O.B
ox1583
�Merrifield,V
A22116-1583
Allo
w4-6
weeks
forproce
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ationforyo
urreco
rds.
Printedonpap
erthat
contains50%
recy
cledco
ntent,25%
post
consu
merwas
te.
AP
PLI
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NFO
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PH
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Schooly
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Habit
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®Pro
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Iund
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etim
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ken
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hool
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Hab
itats®
Prog
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part
icip
ants
bypa
rtic
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part
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WF
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e,co
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publ
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publ
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rm:
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yph
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ticip
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Prog
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on__
____
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____
____
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NATIONALWILDLIFEFEDERATION
166| w
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rg
71
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Ensuring Continued Success
72
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Source: City of Chicago
How to Install and Maintain a Rain Barrel
Placing your rain barrel
• Choose a downspout on your house or garage that is close to the plants and garden you water most. Your other downspouts can be disconnected and directed into your yard.
• Choose a downspout where your rain barrel’s overflow will soak into your own yard, and not your neighbors’ property.
• Place your rain barrel on a pervious (e.g. landscaped) surface that allows overflow from your rain barrel to soak into the ground. If placed on an impervious (e.g. paved) surface, rain barrel water overflow during heavy rains could pool or seep into your house or garage foundation. Make sure overflow does not go onto your neighbors’ property.
• You may want to place the rain barrel on concrete blocks if you are going to use a hose to direct water to your garden (gravity will help move the water), or if you want to fill up a watering can from the spigot (so the can fits underneath the spigot).
Connecting your downspout to your rain barrel
Tools: Rain barrel. Hacksaw. Aluminum downspouts: 6 screws and a screwdriver. PVC downspouts: PVC cement.
1. Place your barrel near the downspout you have selected, and plan out how you will direct the downspout.
2. Disconnect your downspout from the line leading to the storm drain or curb drain by sawing the downspout above where the top of the rain barrel will be, leaving room for the elbow to be attached.
3. Attach a downspout elbow to the end of your downspout so that water from your downspout is directed into the rain barrel through the plastic screen vent on top.
4. If you have an aluminum downspout, secure it to the elbow with screws. 5. If you have a PVC downspout, secure it to the elbow with PVC cement. 6. Place your rain barrel under the downspout elbow. 7. Optional: Attach a hose to the spigot, and/or to the overflow hole on the top-side of the barrel. Make
sure that the overflow is directed into your own yard.
Using Rain Barrel Water
• Use the water collected in your rain barrel! • Water your flowers, trees, shrubs, and lawn. • Wash your car or pets. Rinse hands and feet, tools, or muddy boots. • Keep your rain barrel lid on tight at all times to prevent children and animals from entering or falling
in.• DO NOT DRINK WATER from your rain barrel.
Section 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials How to Install and Maintain a Rain Barrel
73
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Source: City of Chicago
Maintaining your rain barrel
• Keep your rain barrel spigot closed when you are not using the water so that the rain barrel can collect water. Overflow water will spill from the black vent on the top and the overflow hole on the side near the top.
• Regularly check your gutters, downspouts, rain barrel water intake screen, rain barrel mosquito screen and rain barrel spigot for leaks, obstructions or debris.
• Keep your rain barrel lid sealed. • Drain your rain barrel before temperatures drop below freezing. • In the winter, keep your rain barrel spigot open so that water does not accumulate in the rain barrel
and freeze. You can also turn it upside-down or bring it inside to ensure no water accumulates in the barrel.
Preventing Mosquitoes
Your rain barrel should be equipped with a mosquito-proof screen under the lid and inside the overflow hole to keep mosquitoes and other insects out.
• Place your barrel on a pervious (landscaped) surface, so that overflow water soaks into the ground instead of pooling on paved surfaces.
• Keep your rain barrel lid sealed. • Keep your barrel free of organic material. • During the rainy season, every 3-4 days use your hand to splash off any water that may collect on
the top of the barrel. Mosquitoes need at least 4 days of standing water to develop as larva. • If you believe mosquitoes are breeding in your rain barrel, empty your barrel completely. This will
kill all mosquito larvae that may be in your barrel. If your mosquito netting is intact and there are no leaks where mosquitoes can enter the barrel, your rain barrel should be mosquito-free.
Controlling barrel overflow:
• Adjust your downspout so it is slightly above the barrel’s mesh screen. We recommend using an elbow and rest the downspout on the mesh. The downspout does not fit into the barrel or have a specific place on the barrel. Adjust it as you wish.
• For increased water pressure, elevate your barrel on a stand or bricks. • Make sure that all hoses extending from the barrel are directed away from your foundation.
Section 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials How to Install and Maintain a Rain Barrel
74
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Maintenance and Rules
75
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Maintenance and Rules
76
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Maintenance and Rules
BO
ST
ON
SC
HO
OLY
AR
D I
NIT
IAT
IVE
13
OU
TD
OO
R C
LA
SS
RO
OM
US
ER
’S G
UID
E
Sch
ooly
ard
Stew
ards
hip
Seas
onal
Act
ivit
ies
SP
RIN
G /
MA
RC
H-M
AY
Trim
bac
k ur
ban
mea
dow
pla
nts
in la
te M
arch
/Apr
il be
fore
new
gro
wth
em
erge
s. C
ompo
st.
Wat
ch f
or n
ew g
row
th. R
ecor
d em
erge
nce
of
shoo
ts
in O
C lo
g bo
ok. W
atch
for
tulip
s.
Iden
tify
an
d pu
ll w
eeds
wh
en th
ey fi
rst s
tart
gro
win
g —
m
ost e
asily
don
e at
this
tim
e of
yea
r, w
hile
soi
l is
m
oist
an
d ro
ots
are
shor
t, an
d be
fore
they
mak
e se
eds.
Pla
n a
nd
prep
are
stud
ent p
lan
tin
g be
ds, m
ixin
g in
on
e to
thre
e in
ches
of
com
post
fro
m b
in. R
etu
rn
un
com
post
ed s
talk
s ba
ck to
com
post
for
an
oth
er c
ycle
.
SU
MM
ER
/ J
UN
E-A
UG
US
TR
ecor
d ob
serv
atio
ns
at th
e en
d of
the
sch
ool y
ear
thro
ugh
ske
tch
es a
nd
wri
tin
g. A
dd to
OC
log
book
.
Mul
ch p
lan
tin
g be
ds w
ith
com
post
or
bark
mu
lch
to
nu
rtu
re s
oil,
con
serv
e w
ater
, an
d co
ntr
ol w
eeds
.
Mul
ch w
alki
ng
area
s an
d tr
ee b
eds
wit
h la
rge
size
w
ood
chip
s, to
red
uce
wee
ds a
nd
prov
ide
food
for
w
orm
s an
d bu
gs.
Veg
etab
le p
lan
tin
g an
d te
ndi
ng
in d
esig
nat
ed a
rea
by
su
mm
er s
choo
l pro
gram
. Est
ablis
h a
n a
s-n
eede
d w
ater
ing
sch
edu
le w
ith
par
ents
an
d n
eigh
bors
.
FALL
/ S
EP
TE
MB
ER
-NO
VE
MB
ER
Rec
ord
obse
rvat
ion
s at
beg
inn
ing
of th
e sc
hoo
l yea
r th
rou
gh s
ketc
hes
an
d w
riti
ng.
Beg
in f
all O
C lo
g bo
ok.
Pul
l new
wee
ds in
bed
s w
hen
gro
un
d is
moi
st a
nd
befo
re th
ey d
evel
op d
eep
root
s.
Cle
ar u
nw
ante
d gr
owth
an
d co
mpo
st it
for
spr
ing.
K
eep
com
post
pile
as
moi
st a
s a
wru
ng-
out s
pon
ge.
Ch
eck
com
post
pile
tem
pera
ture
.
Mul
ch p
lan
tin
g be
ds w
ith
leav
es o
r co
mpo
st to
red
uce
w
inte
r w
eeds
an
d fe
ed th
e so
il. P
repa
re n
ew p
lan
tin
g be
ds b
y m
ixin
g in
com
post
; top
dre
ss w
ith
bar
k m
ulc
h.
Pre
pare
for
spr
ing
bulb
s: O
rder
in S
epte
mbe
r. P
lan
t in
Oct
ober
an
d ea
rly
Nov
embe
r. Se
lect
tulip
s fo
r
Jou
rney
Nor
th P
roje
ct o
r ea
rly
spri
ng
bulb
s su
ch a
s cr
ocu
s an
d n
arci
ssu
s.
WIN
TE
R /
DE
CE
MB
ER
-FE
BR
UA
RY
Tuck
in g
arde
n b
eds
for
win
ter
rake
win
ter
leaf
m
ulc
h b
ack
onto
bed
s if
win
ds b
low
it o
ff. R
emov
e an
y re
mai
nin
g w
eeds
to p
reve
nt t
hem
fro
m g
oin
g to
see
d.
Rem
ove
blow
n tr
ash
and
rake
gra
vel a
s n
eede
d.
Obs
erve
an
d do
cum
ent w
inte
r co
ndi
tion
s an
d ch
ange
s w
ith
ske
tch
es a
nd
wri
tin
g. A
dd to
log
book
an
d di
spla
y.
Pru
ne
woo
dy tr
ees
and
shru
bs w
hen
do
rman
t bet
wee
n D
ecem
ber
and
Febr
uar
y.
©2013 Christian Phillips Photography
BO
ST
ON
SC
HO
OLY
AR
D I
NIT
IAT
IVE
14
OU
TD
OO
R C
LA
SS
RO
OM
US
ER
’S G
UID
E
Wh
at to
do
Wit
h a
ll of
Th
ose
Leav
es?
A le
af c
age
is a
wir
e co
nta
iner
for
leav
es c
olle
cted
fro
m f
all a
nd
spri
ng
clea
n-u
ps.
Use
s of
the
leaf
cag
e: T
o m
ake
leaf
com
post
(cal
led
leaf
mol
d); t
o ob
serv
e de
com
posi
tion
; to
fin
d is
opod
s,
wor
ms
and
inse
cts;
to m
easu
re, c
olle
ct d
ata,
an
d
obse
rve
chan
ges
over
tim
e; to
use
for
impr
ovin
g so
il an
d h
oldi
ng
moi
stu
re in
pla
nti
ng
beds
; to
use
as
mu
lch
in
the
woo
dlan
d ar
ea to
hol
d do
wn
wee
ds.
Intr
oduc
tion
to c
ompo
stin
g: R
ake
leav
es a
nd
plac
e
insi
de w
ire
cage
. Mea
sure
hei
ght,
not
e m
oist
ure
leve
ls,
reco
rd c
olor
an
d co
ndi
tion
of
leav
es. A
dd w
eeds
fro
m
plan
tin
g be
ds a
nd
path
way
s (n
o st
ems,
woo
dy s
tick
s,
pape
r, or
tras
h).
Do
not
add
wee
ds th
at h
ave
form
ed
seed
s - t
hey
may
pro
mot
e m
ore
wee
ds in
the
futu
re.
Mai
nta
inin
g th
e le
af c
age:
Rem
ove
all t
rash
. Add
leav
es
from
fal
l an
d sp
rin
g cl
ean
ups
, an
d th
rou
ghou
t th
e gr
owin
g se
ason
. If
ther
e ar
e ex
tra
sch
ooly
ard
leav
es to
m
anag
e in
the
fall
use
pap
er le
af b
ags
and
wor
k w
ith
th
e sc
hoo
l dep
artm
ent t
o ar
ran
ge p
ick-
up.
Usi
ng
the
leaf
mol
d: E
very
spr
ing
afte
r a
year
of
acti
ve
com
post
ing
rem
ove
the
deco
mpo
sed
leav
es (a
bro
wn
cr
um
blin
g so
il-lik
e m
ass)
. Th
ere
may
be
rem
ain
ing
leaf
m
ater
ial a
fter
on
e ye
ar, a
s it
take
s 2
year
s fo
r le
aves
to
brea
k do
wn
bey
ond
reco
gnit
ion
. Th
ey w
ill c
onti
nu
e to
br
eak
dow
n a
s m
ulc
h. C
ompo
sted
leav
es a
re a
cidi
c an
d as
they
con
tin
ue
to b
reak
dow
n th
ey u
se u
p n
itro
gen
—
if a
dded
to p
lan
tin
g be
ds, a
ddit
ion
al f
erti
lizer
may
be
nee
ded
to g
row
veg
etab
les.
Any
dec
iduo
us le
aves
can
be
use
d, a
va
riet
y is
eve
n be
tter.
Leaf
mol
d ke
eps d
ecom
posi
ng th
roug
h th
e w
inte
r an
d in
to sp
ring
.Tu
rn a
nd st
ir th
e le
af m
ixtu
re to
hel
p th
e br
eakd
own.
Rak
e le
aves
to fi
ll th
e le
af c
age.
A m
easu
ring
stic
k re
cord
s the
cha
ngin
g he
ight
of t
he le
af p
ile d
urin
g th
e pr
oces
s.
One
or t
wo
year
s lat
er, l
eaf m
old
is re
ady
to sp
read
on
gard
en b
eds.
In d
ry c
ondi
-tio
ns it
may
take
seve
ral y
ears
to c
reat
e le
af
mol
d th
at is
as d
ark
and
rich
as s
how
n.
77
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
School Stewardship
BO
ST
ON
SC
HO
OLY
AR
D I
NIT
IAT
IVE
15
OU
TD
OO
R C
LA
SS
RO
OM
US
ER
’S G
UID
E
Wee
ds h
appe
n. O
nce
an
ou
tdoo
r cl
assr
oom
lan
dsca
pe
is c
reat
ed, i
t sta
rts
to p
rovi
de a
fer
tile
livi
ng
hab
itat
. It
is e
asy
for
wee
ds to
be
intr
odu
ced
by th
e w
ind
and
by
bird
s. S
eeds
can
eve
n b
e tr
acke
d in
on
peo
ple’
s fe
et.
Ou
r de
fin
itio
n o
f a
wee
d is
cu
ltu
rally
det
erm
ined
: it’s
an
y pl
ant t
hat
we
feel
is o
ut o
f pl
ace.
Wee
ds o
ften
are
ro
bust
pla
nts
, abl
e to
est
ablis
h th
emse
lves
in p
oor
soil,
w
ith
irre
gula
r w
ater
an
d su
n c
ondi
tion
s.
In th
e ou
tdoo
r cl
assr
oom
we
rem
ove
cert
ain
wee
ds to
re
duce
com
peti
tion
an
d al
low
a d
iver
sity
of
plan
ts th
at
hav
e sp
ecifi
c ed
uca
tion
al u
ses
to fl
ouri
sh. W
eedi
ng
al
so k
eeps
the
foot
pat
hw
ays
and
wor
k ar
eas
clea
r an
d in
viti
ng.
If w
eeds
are
rem
oved
on
an
on
goin
g ba
sis,
the
pr
oces
s is
eas
y. I
t is
best
to r
emov
e w
eeds
bef
ore
th
e se
eds
mat
ure
. Rem
ove
wee
ds f
rom
all
path
way
s
and
gath
erin
g an
d w
ork
area
s.
If w
eedi
ng
is n
egle
cted
for
mon
ths
at a
tim
e, w
eeds
w
ill b
ecom
e m
ore
perm
anen
t in
hab
itan
ts o
f th
e
outd
oor
clas
sroo
m a
s th
ey d
ispe
rse
thei
r se
eds
and
spre
ad th
eir
root
s u
nde
rgro
un
d.
Ple
ase
note
: som
e pl
ants
that
look
like
“w
eeds
” in
the
urb
an m
eado
w a
rea
are
inte
nti
onal
ly p
lan
ted
or le
ft
to g
row
as
hab
itat
; for
this
rea
son
the
urb
an m
eado
w
is n
orm
ally
not
wee
ded
exce
pt b
y th
e B
SI h
orti
cult
ure
st
aff.
It i
s ok
, how
ever
, to
wee
d th
e pa
thw
ays
goin
g th
rou
gh th
e m
eado
w.
HO
W T
O R
EM
OV
E W
EE
DS
• P
ull
wee
ds o
ut b
y h
and
(be
care
ful t
o re
mov
e al
l of
the
root
s) a
nd
plac
e th
em in
the
leaf
cag
e to
de
com
pose
an
d m
ake
new
soi
l.
• W
hen
wee
ds a
re r
emov
ed o
n a
n o
ngo
ing
basi
s,
the
proc
ess
beco
mes
eas
ier
year
aft
er y
ear.
• I
t is
impo
rtan
t to
rem
ove
wee
ds b
efor
e th
eir
se
eds
mat
ure
, dis
pers
e, a
nd
mak
e m
ore
wee
ds!
Wee
ds in
the
Ou
tdoo
r C
lass
room
Wee
ds r
eady
to b
e re
mov
ed in
cra
cks b
etw
een
pa
vers
in a
gat
heri
ng a
rea.
Wee
ds e
ncro
achi
ng o
n a
desi
gnat
e pa
thw
ays -
thes
e w
eeds
look
smal
l in
May
or
Jun
e, y
et c
an ta
ke o
ver
a si
te, a
nd c
ompl
etel
y hi
de a
pat
hway
, if l
eft a
lone
un
til S
epte
mbe
r.
Invo
lvin
g st
uden
ts in
out
door
cla
ssro
om s
tew
ards
hip
can
be v
ery
rew
ardi
ng, a
lthou
gh te
achi
ng th
em to
diff
eren
tiate
betw
een
wee
ds a
nd p
lant
s th
at s
houl
d be
left
alo
ne c
an b
e ch
alle
ngin
g. S
ome
teac
hers
hav
e ea
ch g
rade
lear
n to
iden
tify
a
sing
le w
eed
whi
ch th
ey a
re r
espo
nsib
le fo
r pu
lling
out
whe
reve
r th
ey s
ee it
. Als
o co
nsid
er g
ivin
g ea
ch g
rade
thei
r ow
n ou
t-
door
cla
ssro
om ta
sk: f
or e
xam
ple,
one
gra
de w
eeds
the
path
way
, ano
ther
wee
ds a
long
the
fenc
e, a
noth
er p
icks
up
tras
h, e
tc.
BO
ST
ON
SC
HO
OLY
AR
D I
NIT
IAT
IVE
16
OU
TD
OO
R C
LA
SS
RO
OM
US
ER
’S G
UID
E
Bu
lb P
lan
tin
gLa
te f
all i
s th
e ti
me
to p
repa
re f
or s
prin
g by
pla
nti
ng
bulb
s. P
lan
tin
g ca
n ta
ke p
lace
as
lon
g as
the
grou
nd
is
not
fro
zen
.
In M
arch
an
d A
pril,
a m
onth
bef
ore
mos
t oth
er p
lan
ts
flow
er, t
he
bulb
’s le
aves
an
d fl
ower
bu
ds p
ush
ou
t of
the
eart
h. A
few
wee
ks la
ter
blos
som
s ar
e re
ady
to d
is-
cove
r an
d ob
serv
e.
On
ce p
lan
ted,
bu
lbs
mu
ltip
ly a
nd
will
blo
om y
ear
afte
r ye
ar. P
lan
t bu
lbs
in p
rote
cted
sch
ooly
ard
and
outd
oor
clas
sroo
m a
reas
. Bu
lbs
are
wel
l su
ited
for
un
der
tree
s,
alon
g ed
ges
of b
uild
ings
, or
in th
e ou
tdoo
r cl
assr
oom
w
oodl
and
or m
eado
w. P
lan
tin
g be
ds a
re n
ot th
e id
eal
plac
e fo
r bu
lbs,
bec
ause
they
are
spe
cial
ly b
uilt
for
an
nu
al e
xper
imen
tal p
lan
tin
gs a
nd
vege
tabl
es. B
ulb
s pl
ante
d in
the
rais
ed p
lan
tin
g be
ds m
ay c
onfl
ict w
ith
th
ese
oth
er s
tude
nt u
ses.
Bu
lbs
are
avai
labl
e fr
om lo
cal g
arde
n c
ente
rs,
har
dwar
e st
ores
, an
d m
any
mai
l ord
er c
atal
ogu
es.
TY
PE
S O
F B
ULB
S
Cro
cus
— s
mal
l blo
ssom
s in
ver
y ea
rly
spri
ng
Nar
ciss
us
(daf
fodi
l) —
ear
ly b
loom
, will
be
10”-
12”
tall
Hya
cin
ths
— w
onde
rfu
l fra
gran
ce in
spr
ing
Alli
um
s —
late
spr
ing
bloo
m, d
ram
atic
40
” h
igh
fl
ower
hea
ds
Tulip
s —
larg
e bl
osso
m, s
prin
g bl
oom
ED
UC
AT
ION
AL
OP
PO
RT
UN
ITIE
S Jo
urn
ey N
orth
Pro
ject
— e
nga
gin
g cl
ass
prog
ram
to
part
icip
ate
wit
h o
ther
sch
ools
an
d ob
serv
e bu
lbs
as a
to
ol to
ch
art s
easo
nal
ch
ange
acr
oss
the
cou
ntr
y.
Stud
ent p
roje
ct id
eas:
w
ww
.lear
ner
.org
/jn
orth
/tu
lip/i
nde
x.h
tml
Bul
b pl
anti
ng
tips
:w
ww
.lear
ner
.org
/jn
orth
/tm
/tu
lips/
Pla
nti
ng.
htm
l
Out
door
wri
ting
- obs
ervi
ng tu
lips a
nd d
affo
dils.
Cro
cus
Nar
ciss
us
Alli
ums
78
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
School Stewardship
STEP
SEV
EN:
Crea
te a
M
aint
enan
ce P
lan
Scho
olya
rd H
abit
at p
roje
cts
are
gene
rally
lo
wer
mai
nten
ance
land
scap
es if
eco
logi
cally
so
und.
Mos
t m
aint
enan
ce in
volv
es c
ontr
ollin
g un
wan
ted
plan
ts, m
aint
aini
ng s
truc
ture
s,
rem
ovin
g tr
ash
and
pres
ervi
ng a
esth
etic
s.
Cho
ose
how
muc
h yo
u w
ant
to m
aint
ain
base
d on
the
ava
ilabi
lity
of y
our
team
mem
bers
’ ti
me
and
the
mai
nten
ance
req
uire
men
ts o
f the
di
ffere
nt fe
atur
es. F
or e
xam
ple,
if y
ou h
ave
a tw
o ac
re w
oodl
and
rest
orat
ion
wit
h a
trai
l, yo
u m
ight
hav
e a
mor
e in
tens
ive
mai
nten
ance
pla
n fo
r th
e en
tran
ce t
o th
e tr
ail t
han
you
do fo
r th
e m
ajor
ity
of t
he fo
rest
.
The
re a
re e
ssen
tial
ly t
wo
leve
ls o
f car
e th
at
ever
y pr
ojec
t ne
eds.
Sho
rt-t
erm
mai
nten
ance
in
clud
es w
ater
ing,
mul
chin
g, b
orde
rs, w
eedi
ng
and
repl
anti
ng. L
ong-
term
mai
nten
ance
in
clud
es in
vasi
ve n
on-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s re
mov
al,
care
of s
truc
ture
s an
d ot
her
proj
ect
feat
ures
. All
mai
nten
ance
pro
vide
s an
opp
ortu
nity
to
enga
ge
stud
ents
in le
arni
ng m
ore
abou
t th
eir
natu
ral
envi
ronm
ent.
Acc
ompl
ishm
ents
® ® ® ® ® ® ® Task
s
® ®
Comm
itted
to S
tart
ing
a Pro
ject
Form
ed a
Team
Devel
oped
a Ma
ster
Plan
Asse
ssed
Pro
ject S
iteDe
signe
d Pr
oject
Decid
ed M
oney
Mat
ters
Inst
alled
Pro
ject
Cons
ider s
hort
-ter
m
maint
enan
ce
Cons
ider l
ong-
term
ma
inten
ance
Wat
erin
gW
ater
ing
is t
he m
ost
impo
rtan
t sh
ort-
term
mai
nten
ance
tas
k. P
lan
to m
onit
or t
he r
ainf
all a
nd a
ugm
ent
wit
h w
ater
ing
or ir
riga
tion
w
hen
need
ed fo
r at
leas
t th
e fir
st t
wo
year
s of
you
r pr
ojec
t. T
his
is
espe
cial
ly im
port
ant
duri
ng h
ot, d
ry s
umm
er m
onth
s w
hen
staf
f and
st
uden
ts a
re n
ot a
t sc
hool
. Wat
er s
uffic
ient
ly a
nd d
eepl
y bu
t no
t to
o of
ten.
Tho
roug
h w
ater
ing
prom
otes
str
onge
r ro
ot s
yste
ms,
ena
blin
g pl
ants
to
find
wat
er o
n th
eir
own
once
est
ablis
hed.
Your
wat
erin
g pl
an c
ould
invo
lve
as m
uch
as in
stal
ling
drip
irri
gati
on
or a
spr
inkl
er s
yste
m, o
r as
litt
le a
s la
ying
a s
oake
r ho
se o
r us
ing
a ho
se w
ith
a sp
rink
ler
atta
chm
ent.
Est
ablis
h a
wat
erin
g sc
hedu
le
wit
h ad
vice
from
the
nur
sery
from
whi
ch y
ou a
cqui
red
the
plan
ts. O
n av
erag
e, a
new
ly p
lant
ed h
abit
at n
eeds
one
inch
of w
ater
per
wee
k fo
r th
e fir
st o
ne t
o tw
o ye
ars.
Your
sch
ool’s
mai
nten
ance
sta
ff s
houl
d be
par
t of
the
tea
m t
o en
sure
th
ere
is a
cces
s to
wat
er e
spec
ially
for
the
sum
mer
. Man
y sc
hool
s re
quir
e a
spec
ial w
ater
key
to
oper
ate
outd
oor
spig
ots;
the
se c
an
be fo
und
in t
he p
lum
bing
sec
tion
of y
our
loca
l har
dwar
e st
ore.
You
m
ay w
ant
to in
stal
l a s
impl
e ra
in g
auge
at
your
pro
ject
sit
e to
hel
p m
onit
or w
ater
ing
need
s. T
rees
and
shr
ubs
need
to
be w
ater
ed
thro
ugh
the
first
tw
o ye
ars.
Man
y ho
me
and
gard
en s
tore
s se
ll ir
riga
tion
bag
s, o
ften
cal
led
tree
gat
ors,
spe
cific
ally
for
tree
s an
d sh
rubs
. The
y ca
n be
fille
d w
ith
a ho
se o
nce
a w
eek
and
prov
ide
a sl
ow
drip
irri
gati
on t
o th
e pl
ant.
Mul
chin
gO
nce
plan
ts a
re e
stab
lishe
d th
e ne
ed fo
r m
ulch
bec
omes
obs
olet
e.
In m
any
natu
raliz
ed a
reas
the
ann
ual d
eadf
all w
ill a
ct a
s na
tura
l m
ulch
. If y
ou c
hoos
e to
add
mul
ch fo
r ae
sthe
tic
reas
ons,
ref
er t
o th
e ca
lcul
atio
ns in
Ste
p 4
to fi
nd o
ut h
ow m
uch
you
will
nee
d. K
eep
in m
ind
that
too
thi
ck a
laye
r of
mul
ch w
ill p
reve
nt m
oist
ure
from
re
achi
ng t
he g
roun
d.
Cons
ider
Sho
rt-t
erm
Mai
nten
ance
The
firs
t tw
o ye
ars
afte
r in
stal
lati
on a
re t
he m
ost
crit
ical
and
labo
r in
tens
ive
tim
e fo
r m
aint
enan
ce.
A m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
for
the
first
tw
o ye
ars
shou
ld in
clud
e sp
ecifi
c ta
sks
and
indi
cate
who
will
be
resp
onsi
ble
for
them
. Thi
s is
a g
ood
tim
e to
rec
ruit
new
mem
bers
to y
our
team
. Bel
ow a
re a
spec
ts t
o co
nsid
er w
hen
crea
ting
you
r pl
an.
STEP
SEV
EN: C
REAT
E A
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE P
LAN
EPSEPSAE
SCH
OO
LYA
RD H
AB
ITAT
PRO
JECT
GU
IDE
94
79
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Section 3.3: Appendix Create a Maintenance Plan
Section 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials Create a Maintenance Plan
Bor
ders
One
of t
he m
ost c
omm
on fr
ustr
atio
ns fo
r a
Scho
olya
rd
Hab
itat
pro
ject
occ
urs
whe
n it
is a
ccid
entl
y m
owed
. It
is h
elpf
ul to
mar
k of
f the
are
a of
you
r pr
ojec
t to
let t
he
mai
nten
ance
team
and
vis
itor
s kn
ow th
e bo
unda
ries
. To
indi
cate
the
boun
dari
es o
f you
r pr
ojec
t, yo
u ca
n us
e fe
ncin
g, e
dgin
g or
nat
ural
mat
eria
ls. F
ind
out i
f the
m
aint
enan
ce p
erso
nnel
cha
nges
in th
e su
mm
er s
o th
at a
ll st
aff a
re a
war
e of
the
proj
ect.
Wee
ding
To
impr
ove
the
wild
life
habi
tat o
f you
r sc
hool
gro
unds
, it i
s im
pera
tive
that
you
elim
inat
e in
vasi
ve n
on-n
ativ
e pl
ants
. W
eedi
ng y
our
proj
ect c
an s
omet
imes
see
m d
aunt
ing,
es
peci
ally
whe
n na
tive
spe
cies
are
you
ng a
nd h
ard
to
reco
gniz
e. K
eep
in m
ind
that
not
eve
ry s
peci
es th
at s
prin
gs
up in
to y
our
proj
ect i
s un
wan
ted.
Som
e pl
ants
that
are
nat
ive
to th
e ar
ea c
ould
col
oniz
e th
e pr
ojec
t sit
e. A
s lo
ng a
s th
e co
loni
zing
pla
nts
are
not i
nvas
ive,
it is
fine
to
leav
e th
em a
lone
.
The
pro
blem
occ
urs
whe
n in
vasi
ve n
on-n
ativ
e sp
ecie
s ar
e fo
und
in y
our
habi
tat.
The
se s
peci
es w
ill
take
ove
r an
d m
ust
be r
emov
ed a
s qu
ickl
y as
pos
sibl
e. T
his
web
site
http
://w
ww
.aph
is.u
sda.
gov
prov
ides
a
list
of fe
dera
lly p
rohi
bite
d pl
ants
. You
can
cro
ss r
efer
ence
any
new
pla
nts
you
find
wit
h th
is li
st a
nd
othe
r lo
cal n
ativ
e pl
ant
guid
es. I
t ca
n al
so b
e he
lpfu
l to
have
you
r pl
anti
ng m
ap a
cces
sibl
e du
ring
w
eedi
ng.
Repl
antin
gT
he s
urvi
val r
ate
of y
our
plan
ts w
ill n
eed
to b
e ev
alua
ted
in t
he fi
rst
few
mon
ths.
Som
e pl
ant
loss
ca
n be
exp
ecte
d. R
epla
ntin
g m
akes
sen
se if
the
pla
nt lo
ss w
as c
ause
d by
som
ethi
ng u
nlik
ely
to o
ccur
ag
ain
such
as
an e
xtre
me
wea
ther
eve
nt. I
f pla
nt lo
ss is
mor
e th
an 5
0%, e
valu
ate
the
reas
on fo
r th
e lo
ss b
efor
e re
plan
ting
to
max
imiz
e fu
ture
suc
cess
. The
nat
ural
res
ourc
e pr
ofes
sion
al o
n yo
ur t
eam
can
ev
alua
te y
our
site
and
off
er s
ugge
stio
ns fo
r su
cces
sful
futu
re p
lant
ings
.
Sum
mer
wee
ding
and
wat
erin
g ar
e co
mm
on
chal
leng
es o
f Sch
ooly
ard
Hab
itat
pro
ject
s.
Be
sure
you
hav
e a
plan
in p
lace
to a
ddre
ss
this
cha
lleng
e.
For m
ore
info
rmat
ion
abou
t inv
asiv
e sp
ecie
s re
fer t
o th
e
Inva
sive
Pla
nt A
tlas
of th
e Un
ited
Stat
es h
ttp://
ww
w.in
vasi
vepl
anta
tlas.
org
or
the
Nat
iona
l Par
k Se
rvic
e w
ww
.nps
.gov
/pla
nts/
alie
n/fa
ctm
ain.
htm
AE
U.S
. FIS
H A
ND
WIL
DLI
FE S
ERVI
CE95
STEP
SEV
EN: C
REAT
E A
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE P
LAN
Cons
ider
Lon
g-te
rm M
aint
enan
ceFo
r as
long
as
the
prop
erty
rem
ains
a S
choo
lyar
d H
abit
at, s
ome
leve
l of m
aint
enan
ce m
ust b
e do
ne.
Inva
sive
Non
-Nat
ive
Spec
ies
Rem
oval
The
bes
t m
etho
d fo
r ke
epin
g in
vasi
ve p
lant
s ou
t of
you
r pr
ojec
t ar
ea is
ear
ly d
etec
tion
and
im
med
iate
rem
oval
. Com
mon
con
trol
met
hods
incl
ude
hand
pul
ling,
mow
ing,
che
mic
al s
pray
ing
or
sola
rizi
ng. Y
our
inva
sive
non
-nat
ive
spec
ies
mai
nten
ance
pla
n w
ill d
epen
d on
the
spe
cifi
c in
vasi
ve
plan
t, t
he s
ize
of t
he p
atch
and
the
am
ount
of
surr
ound
ing
nati
ve v
eget
atio
n. C
onta
ct y
our
loca
l m
aste
r ga
rden
ers’
gro
up o
r co
unty
ext
ensi
on o
ffic
e to
fin
d a
wee
d co
ntro
l spe
cial
ist
to h
elp
wit
h as
sess
men
t an
d tr
eatm
ent
opti
ons.
Mai
nten
ance
tips
for i
nvas
ive
non-
nativ
es:
Cre
ate
a “M
ost
Unw
ante
d” s
peci
es li
sts
wit
h id
enti
ficat
ion
feat
ures
of t
he p
lant
s to
hel
p kn
ow w
hich
pl
ants
to
rem
ove.
F
or m
ost
wee
ds, h
and
pulli
ng is
eno
ugh.
Be
sure
to
rem
ove
the
enti
re p
lant
bot
h ab
ove
and
belo
w t
he
grou
nd p
rior
to
the
plan
t go
ing
to s
eed.
C
hem
ical
met
hods
for
rem
ovin
g in
vasi
ve n
on-n
ativ
e pl
ants
incl
ude
a br
oadc
ast
spra
y w
hich
will
kill
all
plan
ts
in a
larg
e ar
ea o
r sp
ot t
reat
men
t w
hich
is a
pplie
d to
a
spec
ific
prob
lem
pla
nt o
nly.
Mos
t sc
hool
sys
tem
s ha
ve
prot
ocol
s an
d lic
ense
d pe
rson
nel f
or h
erbi
cide
app
licat
ions
.
I
f you
r pr
ojec
t si
te h
as b
ecom
e ov
ergr
own
wit
h un
wan
ted
plan
ts, y
ou m
ay w
ant
to t
ag s
peci
es
wor
th s
avin
g an
d ha
ve v
olun
teer
s w
eed
arou
nd t
he b
ase
of t
hese
pla
nts
to a
llow
roo
m fo
r gr
owth
.
Stru
ctur
es a
nd o
ther
feat
ures
C
heck
feed
ers,
bir
dbat
hs, w
ater
pum
ps, a
rtifi
cial
str
uctu
res,
ben
ches
and
sig
ns t
o m
ake
sure
m
echa
nism
s ar
e fu
ncti
onin
g pr
oper
ly a
nd v
anda
lism
has
not
com
prom
ised
the
inte
grit
y of
the
feat
ure.
W
ith
vand
alis
m, t
rash
and
oth
er is
sues
, con
stan
t vi
gila
nce
keep
s an
are
a lo
okin
g go
od. T
he b
est
way
to
dec
reas
e th
e lik
elih
ood
that
the
sit
e w
ill b
e va
ndal
ized
is t
o in
crea
se t
he s
uppo
rt a
nd p
arti
cipa
tion
of
the
stu
dent
s an
d co
mm
unit
y. C
reat
ing
a se
nse
of s
hare
d ow
ners
hip
and
resp
onsi
bilit
y w
ill p
rovi
de
mul
tipl
e be
nefit
s fo
r th
e pr
ojec
t.
Frank Marsden
SCH
OO
LYA
RD H
AB
ITAT
PRO
JECT
GU
IDE
96
80
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Create a Maintenance Plan
FIRS
T TW
O Y
EARS
Cate
gory
Task
sRe
spon
sibl
e As
sist
Cons
ult
Wat
erM
onito
r wee
kly
rain
fall
Mrs
. Jon
es’s
6th
grad
e cl
ass
and
Mrs
. Hog
an’s
Sum
mer
Hab
itat S
cout
s
PTA
mem
bers
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor a
nd
Assi
stan
t Prin
cipa
l
Mon
thly
che
ck o
n irr
igat
ion
equi
pmen
t inc
ludi
ng ti
mer
s an
d ho
ses
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor
Assi
stan
t Pr
inci
pal
Scho
olya
rd H
abita
t Tea
m
Plan
tsM
onth
ly m
onito
ring
an
d re
mov
al o
f inv
asiv
e no
n-na
tives
Mrs
. Jon
es’s
6th
grad
e cl
ass
and
Mrs
. Hog
an’s
Sum
mer
Hab
itat S
cout
s
Scho
olya
rd
Habi
tat T
eam
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor a
nd
Assi
stan
t Prin
cipa
l
Ever
y sp
ring
new
tree
s ar
e pl
ante
d to
repl
ace
any
mor
talit
y fro
m p
revi
ous
year
Mr.
Case
y’s 8
th g
rade
cl
ass
Scho
olya
rd
Habi
tat T
eam
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor a
nd
Assi
stan
t Prin
cipa
l
Stru
ctur
eM
onth
ly m
onito
ring
and
repo
rting
of a
ny v
anda
lism
is
sues
Scho
olya
rd H
abita
t Te
amPT
A m
embe
rsAs
sist
ant P
rinci
pal
ON
GO
ING
Cate
gory
Task
sRe
spon
sibl
eAs
sist
Cons
ult
Plan
tsM
onth
ly m
onito
ring
an
d re
mov
al o
f inv
asiv
e no
n-na
tives
Mrs
. Jon
es’s
6th
grad
e cl
ass
and
Mrs
. Hog
an’s
Sum
mer
Hab
itat S
cout
s
Scho
olya
rd
Habi
tat T
eam
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor a
nd
Assi
stan
t Prin
cipa
l
Stru
ctur
eBe
nche
s, s
ign
and
fenc
e ar
e re
paire
d as
nee
ded
Mai
nten
ance
sup
ervi
sor
Assi
stan
t Pr
inci
pal
Scho
olya
rd H
abita
t Tea
m
Trai
l hea
d is
mul
ched
and
tra
il m
aps
are
in s
tock
Mrs
. Hog
an’s
Sum
mer
Ha
bita
t Sco
uts
Scho
olya
rd
Habi
tat T
eam
Assi
stan
t Prin
cipa
l
In th
is s
ampl
e, th
e re
spon
sibl
e pa
rty
is e
nsur
ing
that
the
task
wil
l be
com
plet
ed, t
he a
ssis
ting
par
ty w
ill h
elp
com
plet
e th
e ta
sk a
nd th
e co
nsul
ting
par
ty w
ould
be
part
of a
ny d
ecis
ion
mak
ing
rega
rdin
g th
at ta
sk.
Sam
ple
Mai
nten
ance
Pla
nsE
xact
tim
ing
and
spec
ific
task
s w
ill b
e de
term
ined
by
your
pro
ject
typ
e an
d lo
cati
on. B
elow
you
w
ill fi
nd s
ome
sam
ple
mai
nten
ance
pla
ns t
o he
lp fi
gure
out
you
r an
nual
mai
nten
ance
nee
ds a
nd
help
del
inea
te t
he r
oles
of e
ach
mem
ber
of t
he S
choo
lyar
d H
abit
at t
eam
onc
e th
e pr
ojec
t is
in
the
grou
nd.
U.S
. FIS
H A
ND
WIL
DLI
FE S
ERVI
CE97
STEP
SEV
EN: C
REAT
E A
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE P
LAN
In th
is s
ampl
e, m
aint
enan
ce n
eeds
are
laid
out
by
tim
e of
yea
r. Sh
ort-
term
nee
ds s
houl
d be
com
plet
ed fo
r th
e fir
st tw
o ye
ars,
and
long
-ter
m n
eeds
ext
end
thro
ugh
the
life
of t
he p
roje
ct.
SHO
RT-T
ERM
MO
NTH
LON
G-T
ERM
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Janu
ary
Clea
n ou
t nes
t box
es.
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Febr
uary
Wee
d, re
mov
e in
vasi
ve s
peci
es. W
ater
as
nece
ssar
y.M
arch
Mon
itor a
nd re
mov
e in
vasi
ve s
peci
es.
Mon
itor s
peci
es s
urvi
val r
ates
. Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
April
Wee
d an
d ad
d m
ulch
if n
eede
d. W
ater
as
nece
ssar
y.M
ay
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
June
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
July
Mon
itor f
or d
roug
ht.
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Augu
st
Wee
d an
d re
mov
e in
vasi
ve s
peci
es.
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Sept
embe
rM
onito
r and
rem
ove
inva
sive
spe
cies
.
Mon
itor s
peci
es s
urvi
val r
ates
and
pre
pare
for
addi
tiona
l pla
ntin
g if
nece
ssar
y. W
ater
as
nece
ssar
y.Oc
tobe
r
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Nov
embe
rM
ow h
alf o
f mea
dow
.
Wat
er a
s ne
cess
ary.
Dece
mbe
r
SCH
OO
LYA
RD H
AB
ITAT
PRO
JECT
GU
IDE
98
81
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Create a Maintenance Plan
Wat
erin
g Is
sues
for
Nat
ive
Plan
ts
New
ly p
lant
ed t
rees
and
shr
ubs
will
nee
d su
mm
er w
ater
ing
unti
l th
ey b
ecom
ees
tabl
ishe
d (a
ppro
x. t
hree
yea
rs).
Wil
dflo
wer
sus
ually
nee
d w
ater
ing
for
the
firs
t ye
ar t
o de
velo
p a
good
roo
t sy
stem
.
On-g
oing
wat
erin
gaf
ter
thes
e ti
me
peri
ods
will
dep
end
on t
he s
uita
bilit
y of
the
vege
tati
on f
or y
our
site
. Co
nsul
t w
ith
your
loca
l ar
bori
st o
r tr
ee n
urse
ry f
orre
com
men
dati
ons
re:
how
muc
h w
ater
ing
your
tre
es n
eed
(i.e
. sl
ow t
rick
le f
or t
hree
hour
s tw
o ti
mes
per
wee
k).
Even
est
abli
shed
pla
nts
may
nee
d as
sist
ance
dur
ing
peri
ods
of e
xtre
me
drou
ght.
34
WH
EN M
AKIN
G YO
UR
MAI
NTE
NAN
CE
PLAN
CON
SIDE
R TH
E FO
LLOW
ING:
1. I
nclu
de g
ood
qual
ity
mai
nten
ance
too
lsin
you
r gr
ant
appl
icat
ions
(i.e
. sh
ovel
s, w
heel
barr
ows,
gar
deni
ng g
love
s,
hose
s, h
ose
reel
s, b
ucke
ts,
clip
pers
, tr
ee g
uard
s, w
eedi
ng
tool
s an
d ed
ging
too
ls).
2. C
ompa
ctio
n st
rate
gy (
see
Choo
sing
Wild
flow
ers,
Tre
es
and
Shru
bs,
Ch.
4)
3. P
rote
ctio
n fr
om p
ests
suc
h as
rod
ents
—pr
otec
t yo
ung
tree
s w
ith
tree
gua
rds.
4. M
oist
ure
stra
tegy
(w
ater
ing
and
mul
chin
g)—
Mak
e su
re y
ou h
ave
a w
ater
ing
sche
dule
to
ensu
re t
rees
,sh
rubs
and
pla
nts
get
enou
gh (
see
Wat
erin
g Is
sues
). M
aint
ain
a 15
cm t
hick
laye
r of
mul
ch a
roun
d th
e ba
seof
you
r pl
ants
. M
ulch
ing
will
ret
ain
moi
stur
e an
d im
prov
e th
e or
gani
c co
nten
t of
the
soi
l.
A w
ell-pl
anne
d an
d or
gani
zed
mai
nten
ance
str
ateg
y w
ill p
rote
ct
your
inv
estm
ent
of e
nerg
y, r
esou
rces
,m
oney
and
tim
e.
COv
er t
ime,
the
nee
d fo
r m
aint
enan
ce w
ill d
ecre
ase—
but
the
mor
e yo
u pl
an f
or i
t in
the
begi
nnin
g, t
he le
ss w
ork
ther
e w
ill b
e la
ter.
CH
ave
one
pers
on o
vers
ee t
he m
aint
enan
ce p
lan
to e
nsur
e th
e w
ork
is d
one.
C
Real
ize
that
ass
essm
ent
of m
aint
enan
ce n
eeds
is
on-g
oing
as
cond
itio
ns c
hang
e.
Mai
Nte
naN
cE
Stra
Tegy
Laura Berman
35
5. W
eed
cont
rol
stra
tegy
(m
ulch
ing
and
hand
wee
ding
)—M
ulch
ing
will
als
o ke
ep w
eeds
to
a m
inim
um.
How
ever
, m
ake
sure
you
hav
e a
wor
k sc
hedu
le t
o ha
nd p
ull
any
wee
ds b
efor
e th
ey s
prea
d. I
f yo
u ke
ep o
nto
p of
it,
wee
ding
is
quic
k an
d ea
sy.
6.Re
plac
ing
dam
aged
pla
nts—
If y
ou c
an k
eep
your
pro
ject
in g
ood
shap
e, p
eopl
e w
ill t
end
to s
how
it m
ore
resp
ect
than
if it
look
sbe
aten
-up
and
dam
aged
. Rep
lace
or
rem
ove
any
dam
aged
pla
ntm
ater
ial r
ight
aw
ay.
7. M
aint
aini
ng t
rail
s—A
noth
er w
ay o
f av
oidi
ng p
ossi
ble
dam
age.
Kee
p pa
ths
clea
r an
d w
ell
mar
ked
so p
eopl
e w
illus
e th
em -
not
mak
e ne
w o
nes!
If
new
pat
hs d
evel
opin
dica
ting
a u
sage
pat
tern
, co
nsid
er m
akin
g th
e pa
th a
perm
anen
t on
e.
8. M
ulch
ing,
trim
min
g an
dpr
unin
g—Sc
hedu
ling
thes
e ac
tivi
ties
will
kee
p yo
urpl
ants
hea
lthy
and
pro
tect
ed.
Mul
chin
the
spr
ing,
pru
nein
Feb
ruar
y an
d tr
imw
hen
the
tree
or
shru
b is
not
in
atr
ansi
tion
al p
erio
d (i
.e.
tran
siti
on p
erio
ds a
re e
arly
spr
ing
and
late
fal
l).
9. O
n-go
ing
gene
ral
clea
n-up
—If
you
wan
t ot
hers
to
show
you
rpr
ojec
t re
spec
t, le
ad b
y ex
ampl
e. P
rovi
de g
arba
ge b
ins
and
empt
y re
gula
rly.
Kee
p lit
ter
pick
ed u
p. M
aint
ain
sign
age,
seat
ing
and
fenc
ing.
10.
Plan
an
annu
al s
prin
g cl
eanu
p an
d ga
rden
clo
sing
in
the
fall.
This
mak
es g
ood
use
of a
vaila
ble
stud
ent
pow
er.
In t
he f
all,
don’
t fo
rget
to
drai
n yo
ur h
oses
.
11.
Seed
col
lect
ion—
Colle
cted
nat
ive
plan
ts a
nd h
erit
age
vege
tabl
e se
eds
can
be s
catt
ered
in
diff
eren
tar
eas
or p
acka
ged
and
sold
as
a fu
ndra
iser
. Th
ey c
an a
lso
be s
hare
d w
ith
the
com
mun
ity
thro
ugh
the
Nor
th A
mer
ican
Nat
ive
Plan
t So
ciet
yse
ed e
xcha
nge
prog
ram
(w
ww
.nan
ps.o
rg)
or S
eeds
of
Dive
rsit
y(w
ww
.see
ds.c
a).
12.
Ease
of
mai
nten
ance
—Tr
ees
and
shru
bs a
re e
asie
r to
mai
ntai
n th
an w
ildflow
ers.
Wild
flow
ers
will
alw
ays
need
mor
e m
aint
enan
ce.
WH
AT T
O DO
DU
RIN
G TH
E SU
MM
ER M
ONTH
SIt
may
see
m a
lit
tle
earl
y to
be
wor
ryin
g ab
out
sum
mer
mai
nten
ance
pla
ns,
but
figu
ring
out
who
is
avai
labl
e fo
r w
ater
ing
and
regu
lar
upke
ep n
ow,
will
sav
e yo
u fr
om l
ast
min
ute
scra
mbl
ing
late
r.
CM
ake
sure
mai
nten
ance
tea
ms
have
acc
ess
to a
n ou
tdoo
r ta
p, w
hich
may
req
uire
a s
peci
al k
ey.
Arr
ange
for
the
key
to
be k
ept
in a
cen
tral
loca
tion
.C
Orga
nize
stu
dent
vol
unte
ers
to w
ater
and
mai
ntai
n th
e ar
ea f
or o
ne-w
eek
peri
ods
duri
ng t
he
TIPS
TIPS
• W
eed
befo
re t
hey
form
se
ed h
eads
!
• Pu
ll th
e w
hole
pla
nt—
root
s to
o!
• Re
mem
ber:
it’s
eas
ier
to
wee
d af
ter
it r
ains
!
• W
eeds
on
path
way
s ca
n be
ki
lled
by p
ullin
g, c
utti
ng b
ack
or m
owin
g an
d th
en a
pply
ing
boili
ng w
ater
or
vin
egar
.
Don Morton
82
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship Plan
Section 3.3: Appendix Maintenance Strategy
Section 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials Maintenance Strategy
36
sum
mer
. Re
war
d th
eir
tim
e w
ith
a sh
are
of f
ruit
s, v
eget
able
s or
flo
wer
s at
har
vest
tim
e. B
e su
re
to h
ave
this
org
aniz
ed b
y m
id M
ay.
CH
ave
a ge
t-to
geth
er B
BQ i
n Se
ptem
ber
for
thos
e w
ho h
elpe
d.C
Ask
nei
ghbo
urs
and
com
mun
ity
grou
psi.e
. Gu
ides
and
Sco
uts
for
a he
lpin
g ha
nd.
CIn
vite
a l
ocal
gar
deni
ngor
con
serv
atio
n or
gani
zati
on t
o do
nate
som
e ti
me
and
ener
gy.
CCo
ordi
nate
wit
h su
mm
er s
choo
l/re
crea
tion
pro
gram
sto
inc
orpo
rate
use
and
mai
nten
ance
int
o th
eir
prog
ram
s.
COr
gani
ze w
ork
part
ies.
Thi
s is
a f
un w
ay t
o sh
are
the
load
.C
Hir
e a
stud
ent.
Fun
drai
sing
and
mat
chin
ggo
vern
men
t gr
ants
can
ass
ist
wit
h hi
ring
a p
art-
tim
e st
uden
t to
wee
d an
d w
ater
.C
Som
e sc
hool
s re
cogn
ize
plan
ting
vol
unte
ers
wit
h a
nati
ve w
ildflow
er t
o gr
ow a
t ho
me.
Thi
sre
cogn
izes
the
ir c
ontr
ibut
ion
and
crea
tes
a se
edba
nk i
n th
e co
mm
unit
y fo
r na
tura
l re
gene
rati
onan
d ba
ckup
sho
uld
you
have
a c
rop
failu
re.
CEn
list
the
help
of
scho
ol t
eam
s or
clu
bsto
com
eou
t an
d vo
lunt
eer
thei
r ti
me
each
yea
r.C
A m
aint
enan
ce l
ogw
ill h
elp
keep
tra
ck o
f w
hat
was
don
e an
d pr
ovid
e su
gges
tion
s fo
r th
e ne
xtro
und
of m
aint
enan
ce.
CCa
reta
kers
and
off
ice
staf
fm
ay b
e w
illin
g to
help
wit
h su
mm
er w
ater
ing.
CSm
all
area
s ca
n be
ass
igne
d to
ind
ivid
uals
or
smal
l te
ams
who
can
com
e at
a t
ime
that
sui
tsth
em.
Volu
ntee
rs r
arel
y lik
e to
wor
k al
one.
Cons
ider
the
bud
dy s
yste
m s
o th
eyca
n he
lp e
ach
othe
r ou
t. A
cal
enda
rw
ith
nam
es a
nd p
hone
#’s
faci
litat
esco
llabo
rati
on.
Star
t w
ork
part
ies
earl
y in
the
AM
whi
le i
t is
coo
l. Pl
an a
bre
akfa
stbr
eak
wit
h fr
esh
frui
t, b
agel
s,m
uffi
ns a
nd j
uice
to
mak
e it
afe
stiv
e w
ork
part
y.
All
Han
ds i
n th
e Di
rtp.
34
has
a ye
ar r
ound
cal
enda
r ca
lled
A Y
ear
in t
he O
utdo
or C
lass
room
.U
se t
his
as a
gui
de f
or e
ach
seas
on t
o ge
t th
e m
ost
out
of y
our
proj
ect.
Duri
ng t
he s
umm
er,
ther
e ar
e fe
w p
eopl
e to
do
the
wor
k bu
t th
e de
man
ds a
re g
reat
est
in t
erm
s of
wat
erin
g an
d w
eedi
ng.
Her
e ar
e so
me
crea
tive
sol
utio
ns:
83
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Maintenance Strategy
Common Plants and Their Toxicity The following list covers common plants often encountered and questioned for toxicity. Plants are listed alphabetically by common name, followed by botanical names. Match the number following each plant with the toxicity rating descriptions below. If you have any questions or a plant is not included on this list, please call the Poison Center at 1-800-876-4766 or 1-800-8-POISON.
Note: In general, plants considered poisonous to humans are considered poisonous to animals. However, in some cases animals have been poisoned by plants considered safe for humans. Even if a plant is listed as having major toxicity, a very small amount ingested may not result in symptoms. Call the poison center before initiating any treatment. A plant listed as being non-toxic may still cause problems: if a child bites off a piece of the plant and it sticks to the throat, chocking or gagging may result.
1. Non–toxic: Either these plants have proven non–poisonous or there is no record of a toxic exposure. Exposure to these plants is not expected to cause any symptoms.
2. Oxalates: The juice or sap of these plants contains oxalate crystals. Chewing these plants may cause pain and irritation of the mouth, lips, and tongue. Swelling of the throat may cause breathing difficulties.
3. Minor toxicity: Ingestion may cause some minor symptoms such as vomiting or diarrhea. Ingestions of small amounts may not cause any symptoms at all.
4. Major toxicity: Ingestion of these plants, especially in large amounts, is expected to cause serious effects to major organs such as the heart, liver or kidneys. If these plants are ingested call the Poison Control Center immediately.
5. Dermatitis: Exposure to juice or sap from the plant or a puncture would from the thorns may produce skin irritation or rash. Skin wounds from some plants can be extremely painful.
6. Possibly toxic: Although information about these plants is incomplete, ingestion of small amounts would not be expected to cause serious problems.
7. Animal toxicity: These plants are known to have caused problems in animals.
University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Regional Poison Control Center. ©UC Regents. All rights reserved.
84
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity
Com
mon
Pla
nts
and
Thei
r Tox
icity
- U
C D
avis
Med
ical
Cen
ter R
egio
nal P
oiso
n C
ontro
l Cen
ter
Afri
can
Vio
let S
aint
paul
ia1
Jade
Pla
nt C
rass
ula
arge
ntea
1
Aga
pant
hus
3, 5
Jequ
erity
Bea
n A
rbus
pre
cato
rius
4A
gapa
nthu
s, P
ink
Ner
ine
bow
deni
i3,
7Je
rusa
lem
Che
rry
Sol
anum
pse
udoc
apsi
cum
4
Alb
izzi
a1
Jim
son
Wee
d D
atur
a st
ram
oniu
m
4A
loe
Ver
a3
Juni
per J
unip
erus
spe
cies
3,
5, 7
A
lum
inum
Pla
nt P
ilea
cadi
erei
1K
atan
choe
1
Aly
ssum
1La
dy S
lippe
r Orc
hid
Cyp
riped
ium
5
Am
aryl
lis b
ella
donn
a3
Lant
ana
cam
ara
4, 7
A
pple
Tre
e M
alus
spe
cies
4, 7
Lark
spur
Del
phin
ium
spe
cies
4
Apr
icot
Tre
e P
runu
s ar
men
iaca
4, 7
Lico
rice
Pla
nt
Ara
lia J
apan
ese
Fats
ia ja
poni
ca1
Gly
cyrr
hizi
an le
pida
ta
4, 7
A
rrow
head
Vin
e S
yngo
nium
pod
ophy
llum
2Li
lac
Syr
inga
1
Asp
arag
us F
ern
Asp
arag
us s
etac
eus
or s
pren
geri
1Li
ly o
f the
Nile
Aga
pant
hus
afric
anus
5
Avo
cado
Per
sea
amer
ican
a6,
7Li
ly o
f the
Val
ley
Con
valla
ria s
peci
es
4A
zale
a R
hodo
dend
ron
occi
dent
ale
4Li
pstic
k P
lant
Aes
chyn
onth
us lo
bbia
nus
1B
aby
Tear
s H
elxi
ne s
olei
rolii
1Li
quid
amba
r 1
Bab
y's
Bre
ath
Gyp
soph
yla
1Lo
belia
Spe
cies
4,
5
Bac
helo
r But
tons
Cen
taur
ea c
yanu
s1
Lupi
ne L
upin
us
4, 7
B
egon
ia B
egon
ia s
peci
es2
Mag
nolia
ste
llata
1
Birc
h Tr
ee B
etul
a sp
ecie
s3,
5M
anza
nita
Arc
tost
aphy
los
1B
ird o
f Par
adis
e S
telit
zia
regi
nae
6M
aple
Tre
e A
cer s
peci
es
1, 7
B
ird's
Nes
t Fer
n A
sple
nium
nid
us1
Mar
ble
Que
en P
otho
s S
cund
apsu
s au
reus
2
Bla
ck A
caci
a R
obin
ia p
seud
oaca
cia
4, 7
Mar
igol
ds C
alen
dula
or T
aget
s 1
Bla
ck L
ocus
t Rob
inia
pse
udoa
caci
a4,
7M
imos
a P
udic
a 1
Bos
ton
Fern
Nep
hrol
epsi
s ex
alta
1M
istle
toe
Pho
rade
ndro
n fla
vesc
ens
6B
ottle
Bru
sh C
allis
tem
on s
peci
es1
Moc
k O
rang
e P
hila
delp
hus
spec
ies
1, P
ittos
poru
m to
bira
1, P
runu
s ca
rolin
iana
4
Bou
gain
ville
a1
Mor
ning
glo
ry L
pom
oca
spec
ies
4B
oxw
ood
Bux
us s
empe
rvire
ns3,
5M
othe
r-in
-Law
Ton
gue
San
sevi
eria
trifa
scia
ta
3C
actu
s1,
5M
ount
ain
Laur
el K
alm
ia la
tifol
ia
4C
alad
ium
Cal
adiu
m s
peci
es2,
5M
ulbe
rry
Tree
Mor
us s
peci
es
1C
alen
dula
offi
cina
lis1
Nak
ed L
ady
Lyco
ris o
r Am
aryl
lis
3C
alifo
rnia
Pop
py E
schs
chol
zia
calif
orni
ca6
Nan
dina
dom
estic
s 6,
7
Cal
la L
illy
Cal
la p
alus
tris
2N
epht
hytis
Syn
goni
um p
odop
hyllu
m
2C
amel
ia T
hea
japo
nica
1N
ight
shad
e, B
lack
Sol
aniu
m n
igru
m
4C
amph
or T
ree
Cin
nam
omum
cam
phor
a4
Nor
folk
Isla
nd P
ine
Ara
ucar
ica
exce
lsia
1
Can
na L
ily C
anna
gen
eral
is1
Oak
Tre
e Q
uerc
us s
peci
es
4, 7
1=N
on-to
xic
2=O
xala
tes
3=M
inor
Tox
icity
4=M
ajor
Tox
icity
5=D
emat
itis
6=P
ossi
bly
Toxi
c 7
=Ani
mal
Tox
icity
85
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity
Com
mon
Pla
nts
and
Thei
r Tox
icity
- U
C D
avis
Med
ical
Cen
ter R
egio
nal P
oiso
n C
ontro
l Cen
ter
Car
natio
n D
iant
hus
cary
ophy
llus
4O
lean
der N
eriu
m o
lean
der
4, 5
C
arol
ina
Jasm
ine
Gel
sem
ium
4, 5
Orc
hid
Cat
tleya
s or
Onc
iaiu
m
1C
asto
r Bea
ns R
icin
us c
omm
unis
4O
rego
n G
rape
Mah
onia
acq
uifo
lium
1
Cat
alpa
Spe
cios
a1,
5O
rnam
enta
l Pep
per S
olan
um p
seud
ocap
sicu
m
4C
atni
p N
epet
a ca
taria
1O
rnam
enta
l Plu
m T
ree
Pru
nus
Spe
cies
4
Ced
ar T
huja
spe
cies
3, 5
Pal
m S
peci
es
1, 5
C
entu
ry P
lant
Aga
ve3,
5P
ansy
Vio
la tr
icol
or
3C
herr
y Tr
ee P
runu
s4,
7P
each
Tre
e P
runu
s pe
rsic
a 4,
7
Chi
na B
erry
Mel
ia a
zeda
rach
4P
eper
omia
Spe
cies
1
Chi
na D
oll L
eea
cocc
inea
1,P
etun
ia S
peci
es
1R
ader
mac
hera
pen
tand
ra1
Phi
lode
ndro
n S
peci
es
2C
hine
se E
verg
reen
Agl
aone
ma
mod
estu
m2
Pho
tinia
arb
utifo
lia
4C
hris
tmas
Cac
tus
Zygo
catu
s tru
ncat
es o
r Sch
lum
berg
era
brid
gesi
i1
Pig
gyba
ck P
lant
Tol
mie
a m
emzi
esii
1C
hrys
anth
emum
Spe
cies
3, 5
Pile
a 1
Cof
fee
Tree
Pla
nt P
olys
cias
gui
lfoye
i4,
5P
ine
Tree
Spe
cies
6,
7
Col
eus
Spe
cies
1P
ittos
poru
m to
bira
1
Cor
eops
is1
Poi
nset
tia E
upho
rbia
pul
cher
rima
6C
orn
Pla
nt D
race
ana
fragr
ans
mas
sang
eana
Cos
mos
1P
okew
eed
Phy
tola
cca
amer
ican
a 4
Cot
onea
ster
6P
otat
o P
lant
Sol
anum
tube
rosu
m
4, 7
C
rape
Myr
tle L
ager
stro
emia
indi
ca1
Pot
hos
Epi
preu
mnu
m a
ureu
m
2C
reep
ing
Cha
rlie
Gle
chom
a he
dera
cea
3P
raye
r Pla
nt M
aran
ta L
euco
neur
a 1
Cre
epin
g C
harli
e Ly
sim
achi
a nu
mm
ular
ia1
Pre
gnan
t Oni
on O
rnith
ogal
um c
auda
tum
4,
5
Cre
epin
g C
harli
e P
il nu
mm
ular
ifolia
1P
regn
ant P
lant
Kal
anch
oe p
inna
ta
1C
reep
ing
Fig
Ficu
s pu
mili
a5
Priv
et L
igus
trum
Spe
cies
4
Cro
cus
Spe
cies
(Spr
ing
bloo
min
g on
ly)
1P
urpl
e P
assi
on P
lant
Gyn
ura
sacr
amen
tosa
1
Cro
wn
of T
horn
s E
upho
rbia
mill
i3,
5P
urpl
e V
elve
t Pla
nt G
ynur
a S
peci
es
1C
ycla
men
4P
yrac
anth
a 3,
5
Daf
fodi
l Nar
ciss
us3
Ran
uncu
lus
3, 5
, 7
Dah
lia S
peci
es1
Red
woo
d Tr
ee S
equo
ia s
empe
rvire
ns
3, 5
D
aisy
Chr
ysan
them
um3,
5R
hodo
nden
dron
Spe
cies
4
Dan
delio
n Ta
raxa
cum
offi
cina
le=
1R
huba
rb L
eaf R
heum
spe
cies
2,
5
Dap
hne
4, 5
Ros
ary
Bea
ds lb
rus
prec
ator
ius
4D
elph
iniu
m S
peci
es4
Ros
ary
Vin
e C
rass
ula
rupe
stris
1
Dev
il's Iv
y E
pipr
emnu
m a
ureu
m2
Ros
e R
osa
spec
ies
1, 5
D
ieffe
nbac
hia
Spe
cies
2R
ubbe
r Tre
e Fi
cus
elas
tica
deco
ra
1, 5
D
onke
y Ta
il S
edum
mor
gani
anum
1S
ago
Pla
nt C
ycas
revo
luta
4,
7
1=N
on-to
xic
2=O
xala
tes
3=M
inor
Tox
icity
4=M
ajor
Tox
icity
5=D
emat
itis
6=P
ossi
bly
Toxi
c 7
=Ani
mal
Tox
icity
86
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity
Com
mon
Pla
nts
and
Thei
r Tox
icity
- U
C D
avis
Med
ical
Cen
ter R
egio
nal P
oiso
n C
ontro
l Cen
ter
Dra
caen
a S
peci
es1,
7S
chef
flera
Bra
ssai
a ac
tinop
hylla
2,
5, 7
D
umbc
ane
Die
ffenb
achi
a am
oena
2S
edum
1
Eld
erbe
rry
Sam
bucu
s4,
7S
ensi
tive
Pla
nt M
imos
a pu
dica
1
Elm
Tre
e U
lmus
spe
cies
5S
ilk T
ree
Alb
izzi
a 1
Em
eral
d R
ippl
e P
eper
omia
cap
erat
a1
Sna
ke P
lant
San
sevi
eria
trifa
scia
ta
3E
nglis
h Iv
y H
eder
a he
lix4,
5S
nap
Dra
gon
Ant
irrhi
num
spe
cies
1
Esc
allo
nia
1S
now
berr
y S
ymph
oric
arpo
s ra
cem
osus
3
Euc
alyp
tus
glob
ulus
Spe
cies
3S
path
iphy
llum
2
Euo
nym
us4
Spi
der P
lant
Chl
orop
hytu
m c
omos
um
1Fa
lse
Ara
liaS
plit
Leaf
Phi
lode
ndro
n M
onst
era
delic
iosa
2,
5
Diz
ygot
heca
ele
gant
issi
ma
1S
pruc
e Tr
ee P
icea
spe
cies
6,
7
Ficu
s B
enja
min
a 5
Sta
r Jas
min
e Tr
ache
losp
erm
um ja
smin
olde
s 1
Fidd
lele
af F
ig F
icus
lyra
ta
5S
teph
anot
is
1Fi
r Abi
es o
r psu
edot
suga
1
Stri
ng o
f Hea
rts C
reop
egia
woo
dii
1Fo
rget
-me-
nots
Myo
sotis
1
Stri
ng o
f Pea
rls S
enec
io ro
wle
yanu
s or
her
reia
nus
4Fo
ur-o
'-clo
cks
Mira
bilis
jalla
pa
4, 5
S
wed
ish
Ivy
Ple
ctra
nthu
s au
stra
lis
1Fo
xglo
ve D
igita
lis p
urpu
rea
4S
wee
t Pea
Lat
hyru
s od
orat
us
3, 7
Fu
chsi
a S
peci
es
1S
wee
t Will
iam
Dia
nthu
s ba
rbat
us
3G
arde
nia
jasm
inoi
des
1Ti
Pla
nt C
ordy
line
term
inal
is
1G
eran
ium
Pel
argo
nium
5
Toyo
n P
hotin
ia a
rbut
ifolia
4
Ger
aniu
m, C
alifo
rnia
Sen
ecio
pet
asiti
s 4
Tulip
Tul
ipa
5G
ladi
ola
3, 5
U
mbr
ella
Pla
nt C
yper
us a
ltem
ifoliu
s 3
Glo
xini
a S
inni
ngia
Spe
cios
a 1
Um
brel
la T
ree
Sch
effie
ra a
ctin
ophy
lla
2, 5
G
rape
Ivy
Cis
sus
rhom
bifo
lia
1V
erbe
na S
peci
es
5G
revi
llea
Spe
cies
1,
5
Vib
urnu
m S
peci
es
1H
eave
nly
Bam
boo
Nan
dina
dom
estic
s 6,
7
Vin
ca S
peci
es
4H
en a
nd C
hick
s S
empe
rviv
um te
ctor
um
1V
iola
s S
peci
es
3H
ibis
cus
1V
irgin
a C
reep
er P
arth
enoc
issu
s qu
inqu
efol
ia
2H
olly
Ilex
3
Wal
nut T
ree
Bla
ck J
ugla
ns n
igra
5
Hon
eysu
ckle
Lon
icer
a 6
Wan
derin
g Je
w T
rade
scan
tia a
lbifo
ra
5H
oya
Wax
pla
nt
1W
ande
ring
Jew
, Red
or W
hite
Zeb
rina
pend
ula
1H
yaci
nth
Hya
cint
hus
orie
ntal
is
3, 5
, 7
Wax
Pla
nt H
oya
com
osa
1H
ydra
ngea
Spe
cies
3
Wee
ping
Fig
Fic
us b
enja
min
a 5
Ice
Pla
nt A
pten
ia c
ordi
folia
or L
ampr
anth
us
1W
iste
ria
4Im
patie
ns
1X
ylos
ma
1In
dian
Haw
thor
n R
aphi
olep
is In
dica
1
Yel
low
jess
amin
e G
else
miu
m
4, 5
1=N
on-to
xic
2=O
xala
tes
3=M
inor
Tox
icity
4=M
ajor
Tox
icity
5=D
emat
itis
6=P
ossi
bly
Toxi
c 7
=Ani
mal
Tox
icity
87
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity
Com
mon
Pla
nts
and
Thei
r Tox
icity
- U
C D
avis
Med
ical
Cen
ter R
egio
nal P
oiso
n C
ontro
l Cen
ter
Indi
an L
aure
l Fic
us n
itida
5
Yew
Tax
us s
peci
es
4Iri
s 3,
5
Yuc
ca
1Iv
y H
eder
a H
elix
4,
5
Zebr
a P
lant
Aph
elan
dra
squa
rros
a 1
Jack
in th
e P
ulpi
t Aris
aem
a tri
phyl
lum
2,
5
Zinn
ia
1
1=N
on-to
xic
2=O
xala
tes
3=M
inor
Tox
icity
4=M
ajor
Tox
icity
5=D
emat
itis
6=P
ossi
bly
Toxi
c 7
=Ani
mal
Tox
icity
88
West Jefferson Streetscape Revitalization Stewardship PlanSection 3.3: Appendix - Attached Reference Materials
Common Plants and Their Toxicity
PoisonousPlantsintheLandscapeRobert R. Westerfield and Gary L. Wade, Extension Horticulturists
While most of us are familiar with common poisonous plants that cause dermatitis (skin irritations) such as Poison Ivy or Poison Oak, we fail to recognize common ornamental plants in the landscape that may cause internal poisoning when ingested. Although most adults would not intentionally eat the leaves or fruit of ornamental plants in the landscape, young children or pets sometimes do.
The purpose of this publication is to familiarize you with some of the common landscape plants known to have poisonous properties when ingested. You may be surprised to learn just how many of our common plants, such as azaleas, hydrangeas, boxwood and English ivy, are known to have poisonous properties.
Please note, however, that the term “POISONOUS” used in this publication does not imply that the plant is fatal. Some plants may be only mildly toxic and may cause stomach ache or mild irritation of the mouth and throat when ingested. There are also a number of variables that determine how severe the poisoning symptoms may be, such as the age, weight and health status of a person in relationship to the quantity of the plant ingested as well as the form that the plant was in at the time of ingestion (i.e. cooked versus raw, ripe fruit versus unripe fruit, etc.).
It is not the intent of this publication to discourage you from planting any of the plants on the list, but to make you aware of their potential hazard when used in landscapes frequented by young children, domestic animals or mentally challenged adults. As the saying goes “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure.” Prevention is the best medicine to prevent toxic plant poisoning.
Internalpoisonsareagroupofchemicallydifferentsubstancesthat,wheningested:• Act on the brain causing narcotic reactions and other mental disturbances.• Affect the spinal cord resulting in paralysis and convulsions.• Act as heart depressants and stimulants.• Irritate the digestive tract and nervous system.
• Tohelppreventplantpoisonings,followthesesafetytips:
• Knowthenamesofalltheplantsinyourlandscape.Ifyouneedhelpidentifyingaplant,takeapieceofit
toanursery,floristoryourcountyextensionagent.
• Labelallofyourplantswiththeirnamessoyoucanidentifyaplantthathasbeeneaten.
• Keepplants,seeds,andbulbsoutofthereachandsightofchildrenandpets.
• Donoteatwildplantsormushrooms.Cookingpoisonousplantsdoesnotmakethemsafetoeat.
• Donotconsumemushroomsgrowinginyourlandscape.
• Keepweedandinsectkillersinalockedcabinet,outofthereachofchildrenandpets.Neverputthemin
bottlesusedfordrinking.
• Keepchildrenandpetsawayfromlawnsnewlysprayedwithgardenchemicals.
• Teachyourchildrentoneverputanypartofaplantintotheirmouths.
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WhattoDoinaPoisonEmergency In the event of a poison emergency call the Georgia Poison Center. Keep the number near your telephone.
Call24HoursaDay,7DaysaWeek:
InMetroAtlantaCall:4046169000
OutsideMetroAtlantaCall:18002825846
Teletypeforthedeafandhearingimpairedonly:TDD4046162987 If a poisoning occurs and the person is having trouble breathing, experiencing seizures, or will not wake up, CALL 911 (or your local emergency number) immediately. Be prepared to give:
1. the attending physician the name of plant, if known, or description (save uneaten parts). 2. how long ago it was eaten. 3. how much and which parts were eaten. 4. age of individual. 5. symptoms.
If hospitalization is required, take a portion of the suspect plant with you for positive identification. The attached table lists common ornamental plants known to be toxic when ingested. While this is not a complete list, it contains many plants commonly found in home landscapes in Georgia.
OrnamentalplantsreportedtobetoxicwheningestedbyhumansPlantName BotanicalName ToxicPlantPart SymptomsAirpotato Dioscoreabulbifera rawfruit abdominalpain,nauseaAlgerianIvy** Hederacanariensis allparts diarrhea,nervousness,laboredrespiration,
convulsionsAllamanda Allamandaspp. allparts nausea,hightemperature,drynessofthemouthAmaryllis Amaryllisspp. bulbsandseeds gastrointestinalproblems,vomiting,diarrheaAmericanArborvitae** Thujaoccidentalis leaves lowbloodpressure,convulsionsAngel’sTrumpet** Daturaspp. allparts blurringofvision,deliriumAnise‐tree** Illiciumfloridanum,
Illiciumanisatumleaves abdominalpain,vomiting,convulsions,death
Azalea Rhododendronspp. allparts nausea,vomiting,weakness,dizziness,breathing
difficulty,comaBarberry Berberisspp. allparts depressantactionontheheartmuscleBlackLocust Robiniapseudoacacia bark,seeds nausea,weakness,depressionBoxwood Buxussempervirens leaves gastric,vomitingBuckeye Aesculusspp. allparts digestiveirritant,nausea,vomitingCaladium Caladiumbicolor allparts burninginmouthandthroat,vomitingCalla‐lily Zantedeschiaspp. allparts burningandinflammationofthemouthandthroatCastorbean Ricinuscommunis seeds burninginmouthandthroat,gastricand intestinal
problemsCenturyPlant Agaveamericana leaves vomiting,diarrheaCherry(allspecies) Prunusspp. leaves,bark,seeds gasping,nervousdisorderClematis Clematisspp. allparts gastrointestinalirritationCrinumLily Crinumspp. bulb vomiting,diarrheaDelphinium** Delphiniumspp. allparts digestiveupset,nervousexcitementordepressionElderberry Sambucuscanadensis root,bark,stem,
leavesHascausednauseaandvomitinginchildrenwhohave
usedstemsastoys.Rawberriesmaycausenausea.
Fruitcommonlymadeintopies,jellyandwine‐not
harmfulwhencooked. ElephantEar** Colocasiaesculenta allparts intenseburningandirritationofthetongueEnglishIvy** Hederahelix leaves,stems,fruits headache,fever,anxiety,breathingdifficulty,comaEucalyptus** Eucalyptusspp. leaves nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,weakness,respiratory
difficulty
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FalseIndigo** Baptisiaspp. allparts paralysisFirethorn Pyracanthaspp. berries stomachache,blisteringoftongue,vomitingFour‐o‐clock Mirabilisjalpa root,seeds vomiting,diarrhea,abdominalpainGinkgo(female) Ginkgobiloba fruit violentstomachpain,kidneydisordersGloriosaLily Gloriosasuperba allparts numbnessoflips,tongueandthroat,nervoussystem
paralysisHolly Ilexspp. Berries vomiting,diarrheaHoneysuckle,Japaneseand
Trumpet**Lonicerajaponica,
Lonicerasempervirensallparts diarrhea,pupildilation,irregularheartbeat,
respiratoryfailure,comaHydrangea,Oakleaf
Hydrangea,Bigleaf
Hydrangea,Smooth
Hydrangeaquercifolia,
Hydrangeamacrophylla
Hydrangeaarborescens
leaves,bark gastric,intestinal,convulsions
Impatiens,balsam Impatiensspp. stem,leaves,root vomiting,diarrheaIris Irisspp. undergroundstems severedigestivetractdiscomfortJack‐in‐the‐Pulpit Arisaemaspp. allparts mouthandthroatirritation,vomitingJuniper Juniperusspp. berry‐likeseeds kidneydamageLantana** Lantanaspp. fruit gastric,vomiting,diarrhea,circulatorycollapseLily‐of‐the‐Valley Convallariamajalis allparts nausea,vomiting,diarrhea,irregularheartbeatand
pulse,mentalconfusionLilies**(RainLily,Atamasco
Lily,EasterLily)Zephyranthusspp. allparts dizziness,stomachpain,collapse,fataltolivestock
Mahonia Mahoniaspp. allparts depressantactionontheheartmuscleMimosa Albizziaspp. allparts intestinalirritationMorningGlory Ipomoeaspp. seeds,root hallucinations,vomiting,diarrhea,muscletightnessMountainLaurel** Kalmialatifolia leaves,twigs,flowers gastric,paralysis,convulsionsOleander** NeriumoleanderL. allparts dizziness,irregularheartbeat,nausea,convulsions,
death.Thisisoneofthemosttoxicornamentalplants
inthesoutheastOrnamentalTobacco** Nicotianaspp. allparts weakness,diarrhea,abdominalpain,paralysisPeriwinkle(vine) Vincaminor allparts intestinalirritationPeriwinkle(annual) Catharanthusroseus allparts hallucinations,damagetoliver,kidney,nervoussystemPlumbago Plumbagospp. leaves,stems stomachpainPrivet Ligustrumspp. fruit nausea,headache,abdominalpain,vomiting,diarrhea,
lowbloodpressureSagoPalm Cycasrevoluta seeds,roots,trunk
pithheadache,vomiting,stomachdisorders
Sweetshrub Calycanthusfloridus seeds affectscentralnervoussystem,spasms,increased
heartrateTrumpetCreeper(Chalice
Vine)Campsisradicans allpartsexceptfruit gastricirritation,dilatedpupils,numbnessinhands
VirginiaCreeper(Woodbine) Parthenocissusquinquefolia
berries,leaves nausea,bloodyvomiting,abdominalpain,kidney
damage,headacheWisteria Wisteriaspp. pods,seeds stomachpain,diarrhea,nausea,vomitingYew** Taxusspp. berries,foliage foliagemoretoxicthanberries, deathcanbesudden
withoutsymptoms
References: Perkins, Kent D. and Payne, Willard. Guide to Poisonous and Irritant Plants of Florida, Circular 441, Florida
Cooperative Extension Service. Westbrooks, Randy G., & James W. Preacher. 1986. Poisonous Plants of Eastern North America. Texas A&M University Web Site, “Poisonous Plants.” Mississippi State Extension Web Site, “Poisonous Plants.” Georgia Poison Control Center fact sheet.
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