Western CivilizationsUnit 11

PP 2The Industrial Revolution

Chapter 19 sections 1, 2 & 3

Agricultural Revolution = more food

Jethro Tull: The seed drill Charles Townsend: turnip to replenish

the soil and feed livestock (more livestock = more food)

Enclosure Acts British Gov’t passes laws that allow wealthy

to enclose pasture land (=IND labor force)

Robert Bakewell: Animal breedingproduced more milk and meat

Result: Population goes from 5 million in 1800 to 9 million in 1900

Steam power In the 1760’s James Watt

perfected Thomas Newcomen’s steam engine to make it safer and more efficient

Applications– 1776 first practical application

pumping water out of mines– George Stephenson: The Rocket

(steam locomotive)– Robert Fulton: The Cleremont

(steamboat)

Great Britain What advantages allowed GB to be

the first Industrial nation– Natural resources (coal, iron ore etc..)– Entrepreneurs (Capital)– Transportation (rivers, navy merchant

marine, eventually the rail road)– Colonial empire (markets and resources)– Government support (tax, tariff, loans)

Enclosure Acts– Labor force (better diet meant a healthier

and larger population)

Revolution in the textile industry Shift from the domestic system to

the factory system (power source?) New machinery

– John Kay (1733) The Flying Shuttle (weaving)

– 1764 James Hargreaves: The spinning jenny

– 1793 Eli Whitney: The cotton gin– 1709 Smelting process to create

stronger Iron (Abraham Darby)

6

The Manufacture of Iron

Manufacturing iron was a hot and strenuous process, requiring workers to spend longs hours stoking hot blast furnaces. (Library of Congress)

The Manufacture of Iron

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/images/c05312.jpg

Bessemer Process = process to convert iron to steel

The Flying Shuttle

The Spinning JennyThe Seed Drill

Effects of IndustrializationNegative: Urbanization =new

problems– Over crowding, unsanitary, unsafe, lack of

hospitals, fire and police departments– Dangerous working conditions, low pay

How do workers fight these problems?– Women and children join the workforce– Formation of labor unions (illegal at first)

Positive (long term)– Horizons widened, opportunities increase– Eventually legislation to protect workers

Eventual reform

Factory Acts: 1833: limited child labor (no one under 9, 10 hours of education a week)– Mines Act 1842: certain jobs women and

children were no longer allowed to hold– Ten Hours act 1847

Varying degrees of success (Why?)

Coal mining children

New Classes Emerge Industrial middle class

– Entrepreneurs and skilled artisans– Women stay home children get education– Pleasant neighborhoods

Industrial working class– Women and children work to add income– Lived in slums and new tenements

No running water or sanitation system led to the spread of disease (Cholera etc..)

How could they have done better

Radical solutions for social justiceSocialism: to end poverty and

injustice People as a whole should own and operate the means of production (especially of essential industries)– Competition can be destructive

“Utopian” socialism:– Robert Owen (1771-1858): Cotton mill

owner who refused to exploit labor and encouraged unions (New Lanark Scotland)

Planned community to improve health education and well being of workers

"What ideas individuals may attach to the term "Millennium" I know not; but I know that society may be formed so as to exist without crime, without poverty, with health greatly improved, with little, if any misery, and with intelligence and happiness increased a hundredfold; and no obstacle whatsoever intervenes at this moment except ignorance to prevent such a state of society from becoming universal.”

Extract from Robert Owen’s "Address to the Inhabitants of New Lanark"New Year’s Day, 1816

Marxian socialism 1848 Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels

published “The Communist Manifesto”– The poor or “proletariat” should help

themselves by revolting against those who are exploiting them and seizing control of the means of production

– “Workers of the world unite”– Predicted England would be first (most ind.)

happened in Russia ironically– “Religion is the opiate of the masses”– Dictatorship of the proletariat