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Western Europe in the Western Europe in the “Dark Ages”“Dark Ages”
330 CE to 1000 CE330 CE to 1000 CE
Were they dark?Were they dark?
Dark Ages or Middle Dark Ages or Middle Ages?Ages?
Dark AgesDark Ages Gibbon’s book Gibbon’s book The The
Decline and Fall of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire Roman Empire (1788)(1788) set the toneset the tone
Roman/ Greek Roman/ Greek civilization was bestcivilization was best
Barbarians were Barbarians were forces of darknessforces of darkness
No culture or unified No culture or unified society in Europesociety in Europe
Middle AgesMiddle Ages Newer understandingNewer understanding Medium aevium Medium aevium – latin – latin
for middle agefor middle age– Source of English word Source of English word
medievalmedieval Seen as a time of Seen as a time of
change rather than change rather than declinedecline
Society is fragmented – Society is fragmented – local cultures flourishlocal cultures flourish
Church and KingsChurch and Kings
ChurchChurch Was granted favours Was granted favours
by by Roman Roman Emperors/Kings Emperors/Kings – landland– exemption from taxesexemption from taxes– immunity in courtsimmunity in courts– positions in courtspositions in courts
In return church In return church helped kings secure helped kings secure control of territorycontrol of territory
KingsKings Got a supply of Got a supply of
educated educated administrators from administrators from ChurchChurch
In return kings would In return kings would enforce laws that enforce laws that prohibited other prohibited other religionsreligions
You scratch my back, I’ll scratch yours.
Monasticism Monasticism and Saintsand Saints
MonasteriesMonasteries grew 400 -700 CE grew 400 -700 CE – centres of education, literacy and centres of education, literacy and
learninglearning
Rule of St. Benedict Rule of St. Benedict – Reformed conduct Reformed conduct
SaintsSaints– performs miracles as evidence of a performs miracles as evidence of a
special relationship with Godspecial relationship with God– Must be canonized after deathMust be canonized after death
St. Augustine St. Augustine – wrote “Confessions” wrote “Confessions”
ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will role of free will
– Wrote treatise allowing violence against Wrote treatise allowing violence against heretics – the “just war”heretics – the “just war”
MerovingiansMerovingiansLong Haired KingsLong Haired Kings
Clovis IClovis I - 481 CE - 481 CE – United Franks & expanded United Franks & expanded
territoryterritory– Converted to & spread Converted to & spread
Christianity Christianity – Built churches & monasteriesBuilt churches & monasteries
Salic LawSalic Law – Financial value to everyone Financial value to everyone – Trial by oath and ordealTrial by oath and ordeal
ArtArt– Metalwork, Cloisonné enamelMetalwork, Cloisonné enamel– Glasswork and ivory carvingsGlasswork and ivory carvings– Illuminated manuscriptsIlluminated manuscripts
Decline Decline – mid 7– mid 7thth century century– Kings became figureheadsKings became figureheads
Carolingian DynastyCarolingian Dynasty Charles Martel Charles Martel (the Hammer)(the Hammer)
– Mayor, not king Mayor, not king – More powerful than kingsMore powerful than kings– Expands empire of FranksExpands empire of Franks
Pepin the Short Pepin the Short (son of Martel)(son of Martel)
– Pope Leo declares him kingPope Leo declares him king– Pepin seizes land for PopePepin seizes land for Pope
now Papal statesnow Papal states
– Establishes Establishes Pope as King-makerPope as King-maker Kings as protectors of PapacyKings as protectors of Papacy
Charlemagne & Holy Roman Charlemagne & Holy Roman EmpireEmpire
Charlemagne – 771-Charlemagne – 771-814 CE814 CE– Restores Pope Leo III to Restores Pope Leo III to
powerpower– Leo crowns him Emperor Leo crowns him Emperor
of the Romans 800 CEof the Romans 800 CE
Holy Roman Empire Holy Roman Empire Includes much of Europe for 700 yearsIncludes much of Europe for 700 years
Charlemagne’s LegaciesCharlemagne’s Legacies
Church ReformsChurch Reforms– New liturgy & Latin Bible New liturgy & Latin Bible
translationstranslations– Sermons in vernacular Sermons in vernacular
– PreachingPreaching manualsmanuals
Impact Impact – Latin common language of empireLatin common language of empire– The most scholarship since RomeThe most scholarship since Rome
ScholarshipScholarship– Latin standard, new Latin standard, new
textbooks, new textbooks, new pronunciationpronunciation
– Carolingian Carolingian minisculeminiscule
Treaty of Verdun – 843 CE
End of the Holy Roman Empire1600 CE
After CharlemagneAfter Charlemagne
Slaves and SerfsSlaves and Serfs
SerfsSerfs– Rural slavesRural slaves– Provided labour for Provided labour for
land owner land owner – Received protection Received protection
from land ownerfrom land owner
Slaves Slaves – Conquered peoplesConquered peoples– Varied treatmentVaried treatment
Slave dress
Tapestry depicting serfs
WomenWomen
Active in Monastic Active in Monastic movementmovement
Radegund – Queen Radegund – Queen of Franks in 500sof Franks in 500s– Founded Founded
monasteries monasteries – Had a relic of the Had a relic of the
crosscross Irene – Emperor of Irene – Emperor of
Byzantium 780Byzantium 780
IberiaIberia 711 Moors 711 Moors
invade invade
Christian Christian reconquista reconquista
790-1250790-1250
British IslesBritish Isles Angles & Saxons invadeAngles & Saxons invade
Britons flee to Cornwall Britons flee to Cornwall and Wales -Arthur?and Wales -Arthur?
Alfred the Great 9Alfred the Great 9thth C C
Danes invade & settleDanes invade & settle
Venerable Bede 673Venerable Bede 673
Ireland saves civilizationIreland saves civilization
Vikings Vikings traders to pirates to settlers traders to pirates to settlers
Modern LanguagesModern Languages
Vernacular Vernacular languages develop languages develop written workswritten works
Old EnglishOld English FrenchFrench GermanGerman Norse Norse
Oldest surviving textin Old English
Beowulf 7th – 10th century
The Dark Ages The Dark Ages
Were they really dark?Were they really dark?
Class DebateClass Debate