WESTPAC Training Workshop on “Distribution, Source, Fate and Impacts of Marine Microplastics

in Asia and the Pacific”

20–22 September 2017 Phuket, Thailand

Agung Dhamar Syakti1, Corry Manullang2, Agus Sudaryanto3

1).Raja Ali Haji Maritime University (UMRAH)2).Indonesian Institut of Science (LIPI)

3).Agency for the Assesment and Application Technology (BPPT)

MP Current situation and related concerns in Indonesia

5.4 million tons of plastic (0.5-1.3 million tons ) (Jambeck et al., 2015)165.000 tons of plastic waste (Van Cauwenberghe et al., 2015) River to the sea Oceanic Gyres Co-pollutants (PAHs and PCBs) Few scientifc data on marine plastic pollution especially microplastic

Country priorities for MP research, monitoring and management

We focus on five main aspects :

Beach macro-litter monitoring Microplastic monitoring in the environmental matrices Co-pollutions occurrence evidence (PAHs, PCBs, heavy metals) Ingested plastic on fish Community Empowerment program in re-use of plastic litter

Strategies: Encouraging a citizen science program in Indonesia. Collaboration for the cruise RV and portable FTIR Collaboration for analytical instruments FTIR Assisted villages

Coordination Ministry for Maritime Affairs – Republic of Indonesia

National Agency priorities for Marine Plastic Debris

National Plan of Action for CombatingMarine Plastic Debris consists five pillars :• Improving behavior change• Reducing land-based leakage• Reducing sea-based leakage• Reducing plastic production and use• Enhancing funding mechanisms,

policy reforms and law enforcement

Programs Action Plan at five level:• Distric Provincial Level• National Level• International Level• Industrial Sector • Research and Development

GOALS : REDUCED OF 70% MARINE PLASTIC DEBRIS BY 2025

Campaign: River - Ocean Clean Up & Outreach at Jakarta Province

(Coordinated by Coordinator Ministry for Maritime Affairs, 2017)

OCEAN CLEAN UP IN THE 1000 ISLANDS

EDUCATION PROGRAM FOR STUDENTS • 19 Elementery Schools• 2 Senior High Schools• 1 University• 2200 Students

River – Beach Clean Up

Gaps and capacities needed for MP research, monitoring and management to be address via

WESTPAC

Gaps:• The lack of standardized protocols for debris detection, sampling

and extraction of MP.• The lack of infrastrusture for detection MP (Analytical Instrument,

QA/QC)• The lack of data base about MP in Indonesia

Capacities Needed:• Join research • Training of standardized protocols for debris detection, sampling

and extraction of MP

PROPOSALMP research, monitoring and management

• We proposed to IOC WESTPAC to consider Riau Archipelago province (borderline with 4 countries) as a locus for regional IOC WESTPAC – MP programme.

• Asia Pacific Marine Debris Research Networking• Asia Pasific Marine Pollution Research (APMPR)

Consortium

1° 1°

4° 4°

105°

105°

108°

108°

M A L A Y S I A

SELAT MALAKA

PROVINSI KALIMANTAN BARAT

PROVINSI RIAU

SELAT KARIMATA

LAUT CINA SELATAN

SINGAPURA

KAB. NATUNA

KAB. ANAMBAS

KAB. BINTAN

KAB. LINGGA

KOTA TANJUNGPINANG

KOTA BATAM

KAB. MORO

U

40 0 40 80 KMSkala 1:2000000

PETA ADMINISTRASI PROVINSI KEPULAUAN RIAU

2.408 islands 251.811 km2 and 8.950 km2

Map source : http://cheatssoul.blogspot.co.id

95 public state universities 3000 privates universities 7 Research Agencies

Participant/institute/country roles in the join regional MP programmeMinistry of Marine and Fisheries

Coordinator Ministry for Maritime AffairsAgency for the Assesment and Application of Technology

Bogor Agricultural UniversityJenderal Soedirman University

Hasanuddin University Padjajaran University

Raja Ali Haji Maritime University

Research Sites 2016

Mikroplastic Focus

Water

Sediment

Biota

Open Sea

Straits

Marine Protected Area

Beach

Estuary

Rupat Strait Bali Strait

Banda Sea Sulawesi Sea & Maluku sea

Perancak estuary - Bali

TN. BunakenTN. Takabonerate

Research Sites 2017

Open Waters

Straits

Marine Protected Area

Estuary

Bali Strait

TN. Bali Barat-Bali

Perancak Estuary - Bali

Institut for Marine Research and ObservationMinistry of Marine and Fisheries

LIPI Microplastics Sampling Program 2015-2017

(Cordoba et al)

• Initiation of survey for MP in nationwide of Indonesia waters 2015-2017• Cordoba et al group from Center for Oceanography at LIPI• Data is not coming out

(Cordoba and Wahyudi, 2016)

• Southwestern Sumatra• 66.8 to 2182 m depth • May 7-18, 2015• Box Corer• 10 station

Sample observation andAnalysis: • Nikon Eclipse E600

microscope

Size of MPForms of MP and DepthMicroplastics were found

on the southwestern Sumatera deep-sea

sediments

Microplastic in the Deep-sea Sediment of Southwestern Sumatera Waters

LIPI Campaign on Combatting Marine Plastic Debris to Primary Students

Beach clean up regulary with community “Trash Hero Ambon 2020”

Marine Plastic Program at Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT)

Following Indonesia’s Action Plan of Marine Plastic Debris coordinated by Ministryfor Marine Affairs, BPPT will propose program on Innovation and Service forReduction of Marine Plastic which will conducted at several research centers:1. Plastic Waste Management (Center of Technology for Environment)2. Developing Biodegradable Plastic (Center for Agro industrial Technology)3. Developing Material composite based plastic waste (Laboratory for Technology

Polymer)4. Developing vessel for marine plastic clean up (Laboratory for Hydrodynamic

Technology)5. Promoting research on distribution of marine plastic in Indonesian waters

(Laboratory for Marine Survey Technology)

Anthropogenic debris in seafood: Plastic debris and fibers from textiles in fish and bivalves sold for human consumption

• Observing the presence of anthropogenic debris in fishes and shellfish from markets in Makassar (Indonesia) and from California (USA).

• In Indonesia, 28% of individual fish (n= 76) contain anthropogenic debris which all are plastic debris (0.1 –1.6 mm).

• In the USA, 25% of individual fish (n= 64) and 33% of individual shellfish (n= 12) contain anthropogenic debris, primarily fibers.

• Variations in debris types likely reflect different sources and waste management strategies between countries.

Anthropogenic debris in fish market from Indonesia

(Rochman et al., 2015. Scientific Report. www.nature.com/scientificreports)Joint Study University Hasanuddin Makassar and University California Davis, 2015

Padjajaran University: Marine Plastic Debris Study

Sites:• Seribu Islands• South Java• Banten• North Java

Polymer identification: FTIR

Manta Net Sampling

Classified + Counted

Collor grouping : Visual perception Weight : DISCOVERY DV215CD (± 0, 001 mg), L , W, S : Binocular microscope equipped by

DCM 310 (4SB 2.0), 3M pixels, CMOS Chip IR (Thermo Electron Corporation) equipped by

diamond cristal Smart Orbit tm

(ATR)

MantaNet dimension : 75 cm x 20 cm Mesh size : < 5,000 µm. Trajectory path : ca. 1800 m Estimated volume : ca. 270 m3.

MP Joint Research Study at Cilacap Waters, Central Java

10mL

Samples

Automatic stirring 24h (200 rpm)

Solid –Liquid extractionC7H16/CH2Cl2 (1:1; v:v)

Evaporation under gentle nitrogen stream (at 30°C)

Dissolved in 50 µL of C6H14 containing IS (Mirex)UPLC200µl ACN

15.00 20.00 30.00 40.00 50.00 60.00 70.00

GC-MS 250µl C6H14

Polymer Extraction (PE and PP)

+ 50 µL dimethylformamides

Naphtalene

2 Cycles

PhenanthreneAcenaphtylene Fluorene AnthraceneAcenapthene

3 Cycles

4 Cycles

Fluoranthene Pyrene Benzo [a] anthracene Chrysene

5 Cycles

Benzo [a] pyrene Benzo [b] Fluoranthene Benzo [k] fluoranhene Dibenzo [a,h] anthracene

Indéno [1,2,3-c,d] pyrene Benzo [g,h] perylene

6 Cycles

PAHs (ng. g-1 of floating microplastic)

16 PAHs -USEPABenzo[a]pyrenne : Group 1-IARC

1 nm – 5 mm 300 µm-5 mm

0.00

500.00

1000.00

1500.00

2000.00

2500.00

MT1 MT2 MT3 MT4 MT5

HAP légers HAP lourds

NAG (Bouhroum et al., 2017)ΣPAHs = 11.2-255 ng g-1

CAI = 17 times higher !!!

ΣPAHs = 153.5-2,002.8 ng.g-1

LMW PAHs > HMW PAHs

PCBs

Mixtures of up to 209 individual chlorinated compounds (known as congeners).PCB’s are a fat-soluble, water-insoluble low volatility but may be adsorbed on particles7 PCBs-ICES

Stations MT-1 MT-2 MT-3 MT-4 MT-5 MeanCB28 - 9 0.9 - 82.9 18.6CB52 - 3,019 - - - 603.8CB101 15,458 130.8 508 2,590 1.723 4082CB118 - - - - - -CB153 14.7 - 33 - 28.5 15.2CB138 - 14.4 - - - 2.9CB180 - - 12.3 3.1 15.2 7.7∑PCBa 15,472.7 3,211.8 541.9 2,590 1,834.4 4730.2

Concentration of PCBs in ng .g-1 (floating microplastic).a Sum of the 7 PCB recommended by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea (ICES) .

PCBs concentration in Cilacap Coast, Central Java

0%

25%

50%

75%

100%

MT-1 MT-2 MT-3 MT-4 MT-5

7 CL

6 CL

5 CL

4 CL

3 CL

NAG (Bouhroum et al., 2017)ΣPCBs = 0.6-50 ng g-1

CAI = 300 times higher !!!

0

Acknowledgement

• Dr. Somkiat Khokiattiwong• Mr. Wenxi Zhu• Organizing Committe of WESPAC Training Workshop• IOC/WESPAC

KhxbkhunThank You