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Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

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Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now. Annette DeMaria, P.E. Staff Engineer Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. . Michigan Water Environment Association Phase I and II Storm Water Permitting Workshop December 9, 2009. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now Annette DeMaria, P.E. Staff Engineer Environmental Consulting & Technology, Inc. Michigan Water Environment Association Phase I and II Storm Water Permitting Workshop December 9, 2009
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Page 1: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements

run, run fast, run away now

Annette DeMaria, P.E. Staff EngineerEnvironmental Consulting & Technology, Inc.

Michigan Water Environment AssociationPhase I and II Storm Water

Permitting WorkshopDecember 9, 2009

Page 2: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Permit Requirements (Watershed Permit)

• Standard Approach– Collect 1 representative sample from 50% of major discharge

points w/in the TMDL portion of the urbanized area.– Use this information to identify actions to reduce E.

coli/Phosphorus. – Or if data is available

• Submit an existing plan that prioritizes areas and actions for controlling the pollutant

• Elective Option– Work collaboratively to develop and implement a monitoring

program to determine priority areas requiring further actions.

Page 3: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

What do these terms have in common?

• Act naturally• Almost perfect• Jumbo shrimp• One representative sample

They are all oxymorons

Page 4: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Presentation Focus

• Findings areas/sources of elevated E. coli/ Phosphorus via wet weather sampling (while fulfilling the permit requirements)

Page 5: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Review Available Data

Should help determine where to focus efforts, potential sources and elements of your sampling plan

• Ambient water quality and quantity data– Watershed studies– Beach data– USGS flow data– TMDL data

• IDEP data

Page 6: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Determine your Budget

• Internal resources– Expertise– Field personnel– Equipment– Lab services

• External resources– Consultants

Page 7: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Define the Area of Interest

• Watershed• Sub-watershed• Sub-basin• Jurisdiction

Page 8: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Various Monitoring Approaches

1. Stream/tributary monitoring– If you have limited data telling you where to focus

your efforts2. Discharge point monitoring

– To identify which outfalls to investigate in a previously defined problem area

3. In-system (investigative) monitoring– To further narrow down the source area, if you

know any outfall is “hot”

Page 9: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Sampling Approaches

• Collect routine data and evaluate against stream flow conditions– More data intensive, but less staff intensive– Create load duration curves to determine the

weather/stream conditions associated with the impairment

• Collect wet weather data only– Very, very, very, very resource intensive

Page 10: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Load Duration Curve for Ecorse River At Sampling Station EC5Data Collected from 5/1/2007 to 10/2/2007

1.0E+08

1.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.0E+14

1.0E+15

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35% 40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100%

Load Duration Interval (%)

Dai

ly L

oad

(# E

. col

i/Day

)

300 cfu/100 ml 1000 cfu/100 ml 2007 Data Daily Geomean

High Flows Moist Conditions Mid-Range Flows Dry Conditions Low Flows

Example Load Duration Curvehttp://www.ehow.com/how_5148881_create-load-duration-curve.html

Percent of time the flow was exceeded

Page 11: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Example Load Duration Curve

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% 100

1,000

10,000

100,000

DO Readings expressed in lb/hr 5 mg/L FERC Permit Limit

Percentage of Time the indicated Flow was Equaled or Exceeded in 2009

Diss

olve

d O

xyge

n Lo

ad (l

b/hr

)

Low Flow RangeMid Flow RangeHigh Flow Range

Values below the red line indicate a permit exceedence

Page 12: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

If collecting one sample

• Decide on weather conditions: wet or dry• Tackle dry weather issues first

– It is easier and they compound wet weather problems

Page 13: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Wet Weather Sampling Program Elements

• Patience• Luck

Page 14: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Write a Sampling Plan to Define the…

• Goals of the data collection effort• Staff responsibilities• Sampling locations• Number of sampling events• Sample collection conditions, equipment, methods

and frequency (samples per event)• QC sample frequency• Analytical methods• Data analyses to be performed

Page 15: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Sample Collection Options Automatic Sampling

• Considerations– Power source and sustainability

• NiCad battery• Marine battery• Solar panel vs battery change out

– Enable conditions• Exceedence of a threshold (flow, rainfall or an insitu parameter)• Manual trigger• Time trigger

– Sample pacing• Timed, Flow-weighted

– Sample bottling• Composite, discrete, combination of both

– Equipment maintenance

Page 16: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Sample Collection OptionsManual Sampling

• Considerations– Staff availability

• # of staff needed will depend on the # of sampling locations• Make sure you cover holidays, nights and weekends

– When to mobilize?• Smaller drainage areas: At the onset of the rain• Larger drainage areas: After a response in the hydrograph

– Sample pacing• Timed, usually a function of the number of available staff

– Sample bottling• Composite, discrete, combination of both

Page 17: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Parameters

• Conducting the sample collection is most of the work; why not kill 2 birds with 1 stone?

• Add other analytes that may help with diagnosing the source

• E. coli and Total Phosphorus– BOD, SOD, COD, DO, TSS, ortho-phos, nitrogen

series, chloride, surfactants, etc.– Bacterial source tracking

Page 18: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Number of Sampling Events

• Minimum: 5 at a site– 1 year

• Preferred: 10 or as many as possible– 2 years

Page 19: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Number of Samples per Event

• Minimum = 6– 2 on the rising limb of the hydrograph– 2 at the peak– 2 on the falling limb

Page 20: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Example Hydrograph for Surface RunoffStormFilter

Hydrograph for Storm 1 on 6/21/02

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

1.2

6/21/02 6:45 6/21/02 7:15

Date and time

Dis

char

ge (c

fs)

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

Cum

ulat

ive

Rai

nfal

l (in

)

Inlet DischargeInlet SamplesOutlet DischargeOutlet SamplesRainfall

Page 21: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Example Hydrograph for Surface RunoffStormFilter

Hydrograph for Storm 2 on 7/08/02

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

7/8/02 21:15 7/8/02 21:45 7/8/02 22:15 7/8/02 22:45 7/8/02 23:15

Date and time

Dis

char

ge (c

fs)

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.4

1.6

Cum

ulat

ive

Rai

nfal

l (in

)

Inlet DischargeInlet SamplesOutlet DischargeOutlet SamplesRainfall

Page 22: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Example Hydrograph for Surface RunoffStormFilter

Hydrograph for Storm 16 on 09/14/03

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

9/14/035:15

9/14/035:45

9/14/036:15

9/14/036:45

9/14/037:15

9/14/037:45

9/14/038:15

9/14/038:45

9/14/039:15

9/14/039:45

9/14/0310:15

9/14/0310:46

9/14/0311:16

9/14/0311:46

9/14/0312:16

Date and time

Dis

char

ge (c

fs)

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.45

0.5

Cum

ulat

ive

Rai

nfal

l (in

)

Inlet DischargeInlet SamplesOutlet DischargeOutlet SamplesRainfall

Page 23: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Discrete vs Composite

• For composite samples– Flow weight during sample collection– Flow weight after sample collection using stream

flow data. This allows you to select specific samples.

• Use discrete samples– For E. coli

Discrete sample collectionverses

Composite

Page 24: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Quality Control Samples

• Duplicates and blanks: 1 in 20• Collect in the same manner as site sample• To determine precision calculate the relative

percent difference (RPD). – For Phosphorus

• RPD=[(difference of 2 values)/(mean of 2 values)] x 100%• RPD should be ≤ 20%

– For E. coli• Refer to Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and

Wastewater

Page 25: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Preservation and Hold Times

• Total Phosphorus– Sulfuric acid to pH = 2 and ice to 4°C– HT = 28 days

• E. coli– Ice to 4°C– HT = 6 hours for regulatory samples or up to 24

hours for non-regulatory samples

Page 26: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Analyzing Data: Dry vs Wet Weather

Page 27: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Analyzing Data: Median Phosphorus Conc. (mg/L)

Dry

0.02 0.360.08

0.23

0.62

0.05

0.190.07

0.02

0.03

0.08

0.02 0.260.14

0.46

0.42

0.14

0.14

0.14

0.31

Wet

US EPA’s recommended limit: 0.033 mg/L

Page 28: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Analyzing Data: Box & Whisker Plot

Page 29: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Analyzing Data: Frequency Distribution<= 300 301 - 1,000 1,001 - 10,000 > 10,000

Based on daily geometric mean values (cfu/100 mL)

<= 300 301 - 1,000 1,001 - 10,000 > 10,000

Page 30: Wet Weather Sampling to Fulfill MS4 NPDES Permit Requirements run, run fast, run away now

Summary

• Wet weather sampling is very labor intensive by automatic or manual means

• Clearly define the objectives of the sampling on the onset

• Plan for hiccups in your sampling plan• And keep in mind, you will never be able to

sleep through a rain event again


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