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WETLAND FORESTS IN
BRUNEI DARUSSALAM:
The Endangered
Ecosystems
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON WETLAND FORESTS
22-23 MARCH 2012
BANDAR SERI BEGAWAN
TROPICAL PEATLAND WORLDWIDE
�Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn
in:in:in:in:
South America;South America;South America;South America;
Africa;Africa;Africa;Africa;
India, India, India, India,
Papua New Guinea; andPapua New Guinea; andPapua New Guinea; andPapua New Guinea; and
Southeast Asia (about 30M ha / Southeast Asia (about 30M ha / Southeast Asia (about 30M ha / Southeast Asia (about 30M ha /
60% of the world area)60% of the world area)60% of the world area)60% of the world area)
ASEAN (estimated):ASEAN (estimated):ASEAN (estimated):ASEAN (estimated):
Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia –––– 50 ha50 ha50 ha50 ha
Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia Indonesia –––– 21 M ha21 M ha21 M ha21 M ha
Lao PDR Lao PDR Lao PDR Lao PDR –––– 20K ha20K ha20K ha20K ha
Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia –––– 2.5 M ha2.5 M ha2.5 M ha2.5 M ha
Myanmar Myanmar Myanmar Myanmar –––– 3.5K ha3.5K ha3.5K ha3.5K ha
The Philippines The Philippines The Philippines The Philippines –––– 11K ha11K ha11K ha11K ha
Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore –––– 1 ha1 ha1 ha1 ha
Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam –––– 36K ha36K ha36K ha36K ha
Brunei Brunei Brunei Brunei –––– 100K ha100K ha100K ha100K ha
Source: APFP
2008 - MODIS 250m
• Peat Swamp Peat Swamp Peat Swamp Peat Swamp ………….90,884 ha (19%).90,884 ha (19%).90,884 ha (19%).90,884 ha (19%)
• (17% of total land area)(17% of total land area)(17% of total land area)(17% of total land area)
• Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater Freshwater ………….12,668 ha (3%).12,668 ha (3%).12,668 ha (3%).12,668 ha (3%)
• (2% of total land area)(2% of total land area)(2% of total land area)(2% of total land area)
• Mangrove Mangrove Mangrove Mangrove ………….18,418 ha (4%).18,418 ha (4%).18,418 ha (4%).18,418 ha (4%)
• (3% of total land area)(3% of total land area)(3% of total land area)(3% of total land area)
HoB in Brunei Darussalam
HoB in Brunei Darussalam
57.7%[1.5% of HoB]
58%58%58%58%
[1.5% of HoB][1.5% of HoB][1.5% of HoB][1.5% of HoB]
Land Status:-
•Forest Reserve
•State Land
•Private land
Forest land uses:-
•Production
•Protection (water
resources)
•Conservation
•Agriculture (Other
development projects)
•Villages
Forest types:-
•Montane
•Mixed
Dipterocarp
•Peat Swamp
•Old Secondary
Forest
•Secondary/shrub
s/Bush
Estimated Number Of Tree Species in Brunei Darussalam according to their forest types and
habitats (Ashton 2003)
Forest TypeForest TypeForest TypeForest Type Estimated No. of SpeciesEstimated No. of SpeciesEstimated No. of SpeciesEstimated No. of Species Percentage Borneo Percentage Borneo Percentage Borneo Percentage Borneo
endemismendemismendemismendemism
Sea shore 25 0
MangroveMangroveMangroveMangrove 33 0
BackBackBackBack----mangrove, bank of brackish riversmangrove, bank of brackish riversmangrove, bank of brackish riversmangrove, bank of brackish rivers 50 5
White water and rocky river banksWhite water and rocky river banksWhite water and rocky river banksWhite water and rocky river banks 200 35
Rivers of the plains, alluvium river banksRivers of the plains, alluvium river banksRivers of the plains, alluvium river banksRivers of the plains, alluvium river banks 200 15
Floodplains (freshwater swamp forest, empran)Floodplains (freshwater swamp forest, empran)Floodplains (freshwater swamp forest, empran)Floodplains (freshwater swamp forest, empran) 600 25
PSFPSFPSFPSF 200 25
Kerangas 300 50
MDF, sandy, sandy clay soils 1200 50
MDF, clay soils 900 35
Upper dipterocarp forest 600 40
Lower montane forest 500 45
Upper montane forest 100 50
Wetland forests = 1383 of 4908 (30%)
LEGAL & POLICY FRAMEWORK
Land statusLand statusLand statusLand status
Forest reserveForest reserveForest reserveForest reserve
StatelandStatelandStatelandStateland
By sectoral By sectoral By sectoral By sectoral ---- agriculture , museum etc..agriculture , museum etc..agriculture , museum etc..agriculture , museum etc..
(private land)(private land)(private land)(private land)
Forest Act
Wildlife Act
Land Code
TCP Master Plan
EIA
NFP 1989
OnOnOnOn----going threats (Brunei):going threats (Brunei):going threats (Brunei):going threats (Brunei):
�---- Global warming / increase in ambient Global warming / increase in ambient Global warming / increase in ambient Global warming / increase in ambient
temp. temp. temp. temp. –––– increase rate of decompositionincrease rate of decompositionincrease rate of decompositionincrease rate of decomposition
�---- Frequent Forest firesFrequent Forest firesFrequent Forest firesFrequent Forest fires
�---- Poor natural regenerationPoor natural regenerationPoor natural regenerationPoor natural regeneration
�---- Improper conversionImproper conversionImproper conversionImproper conversion
�---- Infrastructural DevelopmentInfrastructural DevelopmentInfrastructural DevelopmentInfrastructural Development
�---- Loss of water loggedLoss of water loggedLoss of water loggedLoss of water logged
�---- Sand mining Sand mining Sand mining Sand mining
Peatland Degradation:Peatland Degradation:Peatland Degradation:Peatland Degradation:
30% PSF to Agriculture30% PSF to Agriculture30% PSF to Agriculture30% PSF to Agriculture
30% PSF to logged / degraded over 30% PSF to logged / degraded over 30% PSF to logged / degraded over 30% PSF to logged / degraded over
3M ha 3M ha 3M ha 3M ha –––– burntburntburntburnt
ASEAN ASEAN ASEAN ASEAN ---- 12 M ha cleared12 M ha cleared12 M ha cleared12 M ha cleared
ON-GOING TREND OF CONVERSION : -
Change in forest ecosystemChange in forest ecosystemChange in forest ecosystemChange in forest ecosystem
Change in vegetation composition / Change in vegetation composition / Change in vegetation composition / Change in vegetation composition /
plant communitiesplant communitiesplant communitiesplant communities
Change in forest genetic /erosionChange in forest genetic /erosionChange in forest genetic /erosionChange in forest genetic /erosion
Reduce / loss of biodiversity / species diversityReduce / loss of biodiversity / species diversityReduce / loss of biodiversity / species diversityReduce / loss of biodiversity / species diversity
Reduce conservation & ecotourism valuesReduce conservation & ecotourism valuesReduce conservation & ecotourism valuesReduce conservation & ecotourism values
Prone to frequent firesProne to frequent firesProne to frequent firesProne to frequent fires
Prone to artificial calamities Prone to artificial calamities Prone to artificial calamities Prone to artificial calamities
Loss of carbon stock / peatLoss of carbon stock / peatLoss of carbon stock / peatLoss of carbon stock / peat
High associated cost High associated cost High associated cost High associated cost –––– economic damage, health economic damage, health economic damage, health economic damage, health
of peopleof peopleof peopleof people
Loss of wildland & CultureLoss of wildland & CultureLoss of wildland & CultureLoss of wildland & Culture
BRUNEI HEART OF BORNEO
BRUNEI HEART OF BORNEO
BRUNEI HEART OF BORNEO
BRUNEI HEART OF BORNEO
Vital Roles:Vital Roles:Vital Roles:Vital Roles:
Economic Economic Economic Economic –––– plants, fish, ecotourismplants, fish, ecotourismplants, fish, ecotourismplants, fish, ecotourism
Ecological & Environmental Ecological & Environmental Ecological & Environmental Ecological & Environmental
–––– reduce flood peak, maintain base flows reduce flood peak, maintain base flows reduce flood peak, maintain base flows reduce flood peak, maintain base flows
in rivers, water supply in rivers, water supply in rivers, water supply in rivers, water supply
Ethnic Ethnic Ethnic Ethnic ---- source of livelihoodsource of livelihoodsource of livelihoodsource of livelihood
Food security Food security Food security Food security ---- repository of repository of repository of repository of
foodfoodfoodfood
Under sustainable forestry managementUnder sustainable forestry managementUnder sustainable forestry managementUnder sustainable forestry management
Institutionalization of the statusInstitutionalization of the statusInstitutionalization of the statusInstitutionalization of the status
ProjectsProjectsProjectsProjects
58%[1.5% of HoB]
POTENTIALS
Conservation forestsConservation forestsConservation forestsConservation forests
Ecotourism paradiseEcotourism paradiseEcotourism paradiseEcotourism paradise
Botanical paradise (wildlife)Botanical paradise (wildlife)Botanical paradise (wildlife)Botanical paradise (wildlife)
Research and Education Research and Education Research and Education Research and Education
Environmental assetEnvironmental assetEnvironmental assetEnvironmental asset
Prominent biodiversity hotspots
Substantial Reductions in CarbonSubstantial Reductions in CarbonSubstantial Reductions in CarbonSubstantial Reductions in Carbon
Loss from Improved Forest Management Loss from Improved Forest Management Loss from Improved Forest Management Loss from Improved Forest Management
at Scales of a Hectare of Malaysian at Scales of a Hectare of Malaysian at Scales of a Hectare of Malaysian at Scales of a Hectare of Malaysian
ForestForestForestForest
Annual Reductions in GlobalAnnual Reductions in GlobalAnnual Reductions in GlobalAnnual Reductions in Global
Carbon Emissions that Would Result from Carbon Emissions that Would Result from Carbon Emissions that Would Result from Carbon Emissions that Would Result from
Adoption of Improved Tropical Forest Adoption of Improved Tropical Forest Adoption of Improved Tropical Forest Adoption of Improved Tropical Forest
Management PracticesManagement PracticesManagement PracticesManagement Practices
Francis E. Putz*, Pieter A. Zuidema, Michelle A. Pinard, Rene G. A. Boot, Jeffrey A. Sayer, Douglas Sheil, Plinio Sist, Elias,
Jerome K. Vanclay, 2008
1990199019901990
(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)
2000200020002000
(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)
2005200520052005
(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)
2010201020102010
(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)(million tonnes)
Tonnes Per ha Tonnes Per ha Tonnes Per ha Tonnes Per ha
(2010)(2010)(2010)(2010)
Brunei
Darussalam81818181 76767676 74747474 72727272 188188188188
Cambodia 609 537 495 464 46
Indonesia 16335 15182 14299 13017 138
Lao PDR 1186 1133 1106 1074 68
Malaysia 2822 3558 3362 3212 157
Myanmar 2040 1814 1734 1654 52
Philippines 641 655 660 663 87
Singapore
Thailand 908 881 877 880 46
Vietnam 778 927 960 992 72
Carbon stock in living forest biomass (FA02010)
ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion
�Wetland forests in the brink of extinction
�Need multi-sectoral efforts to protect and conserve the ecological island
�Need to align the policies and promote more adaptive development
growth
�Establish market for environmental services of the wetland forests
e.g. PPP – polluters pays principle / carbon trading mechanism
WETLAND FORESTS OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAMWETLAND FORESTS OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAMWETLAND FORESTS OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAMWETLAND FORESTS OF BRUNEI DARUSSALAM
�GATEWAY TO NEW DISCOVERIESGATEWAY TO NEW DISCOVERIESGATEWAY TO NEW DISCOVERIESGATEWAY TO NEW DISCOVERIES
�GETAWAY PARADISEGETAWAY PARADISEGETAWAY PARADISEGETAWAY PARADISE
�ONE OF THE PILARS OF THE ECONOMIC ONE OF THE PILARS OF THE ECONOMIC ONE OF THE PILARS OF THE ECONOMIC ONE OF THE PILARS OF THE ECONOMIC
GROWTHGROWTHGROWTHGROWTH