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Wetsus Congress 2010October 19thProgram & Abstracts

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Wetsus Congress October 19th

09.30 - 10.00 Welcome and registration

10.00 - 11.00 Plenary session - Friesland Bank zaalWelcome, prof.dr.ir. Cees Buisman, member Executive Board WetsusNanomaterials for innovative water treatment and purification methods, dr. David Rickerby, Senior Scientific Officer, European Commission Joint Research Centre, Italy

11.00 - 12.15 Parallel sessionsClean water technology - Friesland Bank zaal

Feasibility of zero liquid discharge application of reverse osmosis, dr.ir. Maarten Nederlof, KWR, NieuwegeinUltrafast dynamics of water around ions and hydrophobes, prof.dr. Huib Bakker, Molecular Nanophysics, FOM-Institute AMOLF, AmsterdamCatalytic removal of nitrite, nitrate and bromate, prof.dr.ir. Leon Lefferts, University of Twente, Enschede

Waste water technology - De Friesland Zorgverzekeraar ZaalTreatment of source separated hospital waste water for removal of micro pollutants: from research to full scale, ir. Nico Wortel, Pharmafilter, AmsterdamPhysiology and applications of anaerobic ammonia oxidizing bacteria, dr. Boran Kartal, Radboud University, NijmegenWater treatment to improve recovery of oil, Paul Verbeek, Shell Global Solutions, Den Haag

Sensoring & monitoring & control - Nivo Noord 1&2Laser-based Liquid Water and Vapor Isotope Ratio Measurements From Antarctica to the Upper Atmosphere, prof.dr.ir. Erik Kerstel, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble I), France

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Rapid, extremely sensitive detection of micro-organisms based on Ostendum’s Lab-on-a-Chip Interferometric Biosensor, dr. Aurel Ymeti, R&D Director OSTENDUM, EnschedeElectrochemical communication between viable bacterial cells and flexible redox polymers, prof.dr. Lo Gorton, Lund University, Sweden

Water resources - Nivo Noord 3Application of BioSealing for salt water seepage reduction. drs. Maaike Blauw, DeltaresUsing ground based geophysics and airborne transient EM (SkyTEM) to map salinity distribution on Terschelling, Arjen Kok, Vitens, LeeuwardenSuccessful integration of technology and sustainability: One year of brackish water desalination at Vitens, dr.ir. Wilbert van der Ven, Vitens, Leeuwarden

12.15 - 13.30 Lunch and visit exhibition floor - FV foyer

13.30 - 14.30 Plenary session - Friesland Bank Zaal The Future of MF/UF in Water Treatment, dr. Pierre Côté, Côté Membrane Separation, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada

14.30 - 15.00 Coffee/tea

15.00 - 16.30 Parallel sessionsClean water technology - Friesland Bank Zaal

Adsorptive removal of phosphonate-based antiscalants from membrane concentrates by iron-coated waste filtration sand, ir. Luciaan Boels, Wetsus/Delft University of TechnologyCuriosity - Water - a solution, Mark Tonkin, research & development manager Design Technology & Irrigation Ltd - (DTI-r), UK The impact of pulsed power anti-fouling technology on brackish water desalination, John E. Dresty Jr., President & CEO of Clearwater Systems Corporation, Essex, CT, USA

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Waste water technology - De Friesland Zorgverzekeraar ZaalInnovative water and energy recovery from sewage, dr. Kees Roest, KWR, Nieuwegein TurboTec® Continuous thermal hydrolysis of sludge for lower sludge disposal costs and more energy on the wwtp, ir. Lex van Dijk, Sustec, WageningenConverting byproducts into fish feed, dr. Hellen Elissen, Tail Technologies, Leeuwarden

New technologies - Aegon Zaal (podium)From surprising results to new technologies, dr.ir. Mateo Mayer, EasyMeasure, AmersfoortFlexible, low energy VOC removal from water, dr. Rob van der Meij, fluXXion BV, EindhovenLight-driven binding and release of anions using foldamer-based receptors, prof.dr. Amar Flood, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, USA

Energy from water - Nivo Noord 1&2Capacitive double-layer expansion: a novel technique for generating energy from the mixing of sea and river water, dr. Doriano Brogioli, Università degli Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Italy and EnteNazionale per l’Energia e per l’Ambiente, Milan, ItalyHydrogen production through microbial electrolysis, ir. Tom Sleutels, Wetsus/Wageningen University“New generation” ion exchange membranes, Jacko Hessing, Fujifilm, Tilburg

16.30 Drinks/snacks

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Nanomaterials for Innovative Water Treatment and Purification Methods

D.G. RickerbyEuropean Commission Joint Research CentreInstitute for Environment and Sustainability21027 Ispra VA, Italy

Nanoscience and nanotechnology offer innovative solutions for cost effective, sustainable methods of water treatment to address the global challenge of access to clean and safe water. An overview of the applications of nanomaterials in this field will be presented, focusing on the use of zerovalent iron for groundwater remediation, titania photocatalysts for drinking water purification and process water recycling, and nanofiltration membrane technology for desalination and industrial wastewater treatment. Tests with zerovalent iron at sites contaminated by organic compounds have shown generally promising results. Photocatalytic disinfection has been demonstrated to be effective even against chlorine-resistant micro-organisms and its efficiency can be further improved by doping with low concentrations of noble metals; industrial wastewater treatment systems based on nano-photocatalysts are currently undergoing trials. Polymer membranes with pore volumes comparable to molecular dimensions are able to remove pesticide residues and other toxic chemicals, while highly selective biomimetic membrane filters are also being developed. The principle advantages of nanomaterials in water treatment technologies lie in reduced energy consumption, more efficient destruction or removal of chemical compounds and micro-organisms, and avoidance of the use of disinfectants. Possible risks related to toxic by-products of chemical degradation and the disposal of contaminated filtrate and filters have however to be evaluated.

Dr. David Rickerby is a Senior Scientific Officer in the Institute for Environment and Sustainability at the European Commission Joint Research Centre. After obtaining his PhD at the University of Cambridge he carried out post-doctoral research in the Materials Research Laboratory at the Pennsylvania State University. He was a visiting professor at INRS University of Quebec and has taught graduate courses on electron microscopy and microanalysis at the University of Trento and the University of Venice. At present he is a member of the Task Force on Environment and Health, responsible for developing new

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research strategies to help reduce the disease burden caused by environmental factors, to identify and to prevent environmental health threats, and to strengthen the capacity for EU policy support in this area. His scientific interests are in the field of nanostructured materials for environmental and medical applications. He has participated in technology foresight analysis and technology road-mapping studies and was the organiser of several European workshops on health and environmental applications of nanotechnology. He was one of a panel of international experts who co-authored a chapter on Nanotechnology and Environment in the 2007 UNEP GEO Yearbook and was a member of the steering committee for the recent OECD Conference on Potential Environmental Benefits of Nanotechnology.

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Feasibility of zero liquid discharge application of reverse osmo-sis

M.M. Nederlof1, J.W. Post1, B. Hofs1, H. Huiting1, S. Salvador1,2, E. Genceli2 and G.J. Witkamp2

1KWR Watercycle Research Institute, P.O. Box 1072, 3430 BB Nieuwegein, The Netherlands, e-mail address maarten.nederlof@kwrwater.nl 2Delft University of Technology, Process and Energy laboratory, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft, The Netherlands.

When NF/RO concentrate disposal options are limited , increasing the recovery of the NF/RO to its limits is an attractive approach. In this paper the different treatment options and the technological challenges that need to be overcome to increase the recovery are discussed. A cation exchange pre-treatment is proposed to reduce Ca2+, Ba2+, Mg2+ levels to prevent scaling of salts with these ions, followed by primary NF. The silica concentration of the primary concentrate needs a dedicated silica antiscalant, which needs to be developed, in order to allow recoveries > 93%. Alternatively, the silica is removed by a crystallization step. The primary concentrate is used as feed water for a final Reverse Osmosis step.Using the available tap water as an example it is shown that with a conventional NF/RO approach recoveries are limited to about 85%. Introduction of ion exchange in combination with a more dedicated Si-antiscalant increases the recovery to 93,5%. When also an extra reverse osmosis step is introduced in combination with a sophisticated silica scaling control, the recovery may be as high as 98,5%. Cost calculations show that the introduction of extra treatment steps increases the costs with € 0,05-0,08 per m3 produced. Total costs will depend on a number of factors like feed water costs and extra costs to discharge the concentrate or the reamaining salt slurry at high recoveries.Research questions include membrane fouling and rejection of micropollutants at high recovery and finding innovative solutions for the remaining brine.

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Maarten Nederlof is a principal researcher and research coordinator drinking water technology in the Water Technology Department of KWR. He is a specialist in water technology. He has an extensive experience in drinking water technology both with respect to ground water and surface water. He was especially involved in projects dealing with the implementation of membrane technology and pellet softening.

Current fields of interest are the technical aspects of a sustainable urban water cycle, including drinking water treatment, in home water technology and new sanitation concepts. He is coordinator of the drinking water technology research programme within the Joint Research Programme of the Dutch Water Supply Companies. He is coordinator of the participation of KWR in the Technical Top Institute (TTI) Wetsus on Advanced Clean Water Technology.

Part of his time he works as an Associate Professor Drinking Water Technology at the Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences (which is part of Wageningen University and Research), also there the sustainability of the urban water cycle has his special interest.Another part of his time he works as Scientific Project Manager at TTI Wetsus, where he is responsibel for setting up a number of new research thems in the field of water technology.During these part time activities he is representative of KWR in KWR’s location in Leeuwarden. He is initiator of various projects for clients in the Northern part of The Netherlands.

Maarten studied environmental sciences and has 20 years’ experience in soil and water pollution research and design and implementation of (drinking) water treatment technology. Recently he became Master of General Management at the Academia of Management, State University of Groningen.

Keywords in his specialisation are: Water technology research, scenario studies, design and implementation of water technology, sustainable urban water cycle, pellet softening, membrane technology and biological stability, programme manager research programmes.

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Education2010 Master of General Management (MGM), Academy for Management, University of Groningen1992 PhD Environmental Science, Wageningen University1987 MSc Environmental Science, Wageningen University

Work experience2010-present: Scientific Project Manager at Wetsus, centre of excellence for sustainable water technology.2008-present: Principal Researcher Water Technology, KWR (Water Technology Department) 2007-present: Associate Professor Drinking Water Technoloy, Van Hall Larenstein University of Applied Sciences2004-2008: Scientific project manager and theme manager at Wetsus, the Technological Top Institute on Sustainable Water Technology2000-2008: Senior Process Engineer at Vitens Drinking Water Supply Company1994-2000: Senior Researcher at Kiwa Water Research, Water Technology Department1988-1993: Junior Researcher at Wageningen University, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department

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Ultrafast dynamics of water around ions and hydrophobes

H.J. Bakker, K-J. Tielrooij, N. Garcia-Araez, M. Bonn

FOM Institute AMOLF, Kruislaan 407, 1098 SJ Amsterdam, The Netherlands Despite prolonged scientific efforts to unravel the effects of ions and molecules on the structure and dynamics of water, many open questions remain, in particular concerning the spatial extent of this effect (number of water molecules affected) [1]. Here we study the orientation dynamics of water molecules in the hydration shells of ions and hydrophobic molecular groups. We employ two advanced femtosecond laser techniques: polarization-resolved femtosecond mid-infrared spectroscopy (fs-IR) and terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) that give complimentary on the motions of the water molecules. The results show that water molecules in the hydration shells of ions and hydrophobic molecules are strongly hindered in their orientation mobility. However, for the ions the reorientation is slowed down only in certain directions. As a result, the water molecules still show a propeller-like motion around a certain molecular axis. We also find that certain cation and anion combinations, such as magnesium sulfate, can impede the motions of water molecules at relatively long ranges. For these ions the effects of the ions on the water dynamics are much larger than the sum of the effects of the separate cations and anions [2]. [1] Y. Marcus, Chem. Rev. 109, 1346 (2009)

[2] K.-J. Tielrooij, N. Garcia-Araez, M. Bonn, and H.J. Bakker, Science 238, 1006 (2010)

Huib Johan Bakker was born on March 2, 1965 in Haarlem, The Netherlands. He did his PhD studies in the group of Prof. dr. Ad Lagendijk, at the FOM Institute for Atomic and Molecular Physics (AMOLF). From 1991 - 1994 he worked as a post-doc in the group of Prof. dr. Heinz Kurz at the Institute of Semiconductor Electronics at the Technical University of Aachen, Germany. In 1995 he became a group leader at AMOLF, heading the group “Ultrafast Spectroscopy”. The research work of the group includes the spectroscopic study of the structure and ultrafast dynamics of water interacting with ions and (bio)molecular systems, and the study of the mechanism of proton

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transfer in aqueous media. In 2001 he became a full professor of Physical Chemistry at the University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands. In 2004, he received the Gold Medal of the Royal Netherlands Chemical Society for his work on the ultrafast dynamics of aqueous systems.

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Catalytic removal of nitrite, nitrate and bromate.

prof.dr.ir. Leon Lefferts, University of Twente, Enschede

The lecture will give a short overview of reductive conversion of nitrate, nitrite and bromate using supported precious metal catalysts. Especially the importance of the choice of support material will be addressed in view of the performance of catalysts in terms of activity and selectivity.

Leon Lefferts (1960) was trained as a chemical engineer at Twente University and received his PhD in 1987. The Royal Dutch Chemical Society awarded his thesis with the Catalysis Prize of the section Catalysis.He continued to specialize on heterogeneous catalysis and joined the DSM Research laboratories, working on catalyst characterization, hydrogenation, slurry phase catalysis, carbon supported metals and kinetics. He was appointed full professor “Catalytic Processes and Materials” at Twente University in 1999. He has been visiting professor at Tokyo Institute of Technology. His research interests within the field of applied heterogeneous catalysis include selective oxidation, heterogeneous catalysts in liquid phase, and catalysis for sustainable processes for fuels and chemicals. He (co-)authored 120 peer-reviewed scientific publications and three patents.

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Physiology and applications of anaerobic ammonia oxidizingbacteria

dr. Boran Kartal, Radboud University, Nijmegen

In conventional sewage treatment, organic matter is combusted to CO2 by microorganisms growing in flocs, generally referred to as an “activated sludge”. This is generally followed by nitrogen removal with nitrification-denitrification systems that require a lot of electrical energy input for air pumps to provide oxygen for oxidation of ammonium to nitrate. Furthermore, denitrification requires extra organic matter (methanol) for the removal of nitrate as nitrogen gas in the final step. A compact application of a very-high-load activated sludge and anaerobic digester (biogas production) system followed by a granular sludge nitrification-anaerobic ammonium oxidation reactor would lead to an energy producing (rather than an energy consuming) wastewater treatment plant. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) is a shortcut in the nitrogen cycle and was discovered in the early 1990s. These bacteria occur in nature at both low and high temperatures and salinities and are responsible for at least 50% of the nitrogen turnover in the natural environments. Anammox bacteria double every two weeks which is slow compared to other microorganisms used in biotechnological applications. They are able to use Fe3+, Mn4+ and nitrate as electron acceptors and Fe2+, formate, acetate, propionate and methylamines as electron donors. Anammox bacteria use CO2 as their carbon source for growth and hence do not require organic carbon. These bacteria have several unique physiological properties such as an intracellular membrane bound organelle, highly impermeable ladderane lipids and toxic intermediates.

Boran Kartal received the Bachelor of Science degree from the Istanbul Technical University, Turkey and the Master of Science degree at the Newcastle University, UK. During his PhD study at the Radboud University Nijmegen, he studied the ecophysiology of anammox bacteria. Currently, Dr. Kartal is working as an assistant professor at the same department.

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Treatment of source separated hospital waste water for removal of micro pollutants: from research to full scale Wortel N.C, Koetse, E., Van Den Berg, E. Pharmafilter Ltd., Amsterdam, Tel. +31204203392 , n.wortel@Pharmafilter.nl

The Pharmafilter concept exists of two primary components: increasing efficiency and security in a hospital and a far-reaching effluent treatment where energy is recovered and the quantity of waste is considerably reduced. Efficiency increase in the hospital is accomplished by using bioplastics for disposables, but also for reusable’s such as bed pans. These disposables together with kitchen refuse are safely and easy removed by means of decentralized shredders and the existing sewerage system and fed to a digestion and sophisticated waste water treatment plant.At the Reinier de Graaf Hospital in Delft a test installation was operated from April to October 2008 as a model for the waste water treatment and digestion component of the total Pharmafilter concept. This proof-of-principle unit investigated the selected configuration and operational parameters. Bioplastics together with primary sewage sludge and kitchen waste were digested under thermofilic conditions. Presedimentated waste water was treated by a membrane bioreactor system, advanced ozonation and activated carbon filtration. Analyses of medicines, hormone disturbing substances and roentgen contrast fluids were carried out.Medicines were removed consequently by the total system until below there respective detection limits. Roentgen contrast fluids were removed for more than 99.99 % and the removal range of hormone disturbing substances measured as ER-, AR- en GR-Calux was at least 99.99%. The membrane bioreactor in combination with high flux ozonation and activated carbon removed the nitrogen and BOD/COD as far as 99%, a good performance for a waste water treatment plant on biological and physical basis. On basis of the technical operation and chemical / biological analysis the proof of principle of the waste (water) treatment was successful. In October 2010 a full scale installation is operational at the Delft Hospital.

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Nico Wortel studied at the Technical University of Delft, Department of Civil Engineering, Faculty Health technique and Water management.He worked at this Faculty in the field of tertiary treatment of effluents from Waste Water Treatment Plants; after that 10 years at Kiwa Research and Consultancy in the field of treatment of waste and waste water generated by drinking water production, amongst others with membrane technology. At Grontmij Engineering he was during 12,5 years Senior Consultant tertiary waste water treatment and drinking- and process water. Here he researched advanced treatment processes and designed numerous treatment plants in this fields in and outside The Netherlands.

At this moment he is Head process technology & engineering at Pharmafilter, a company that designs and builds advanced waste- and wastewater treatment plants at hospitals. These plants are based on digestion systems, membrane bio reactor technology, high flux ozonisation and activated carbon and their purpose is removal of micro pollutants such as medicines and hormone disturbing agents. He is also consultant for contractors, Water Boards and engineering bureaus. He designed and builds a few successful pilot- and full scale treatment plants for removal of micros from hospital waste water and urine.

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Water treatment to improve recovery of oil

Paul Verbeek, Shell Global Solutions

Water quality is a top technical issue for advanced oil recovery methods. To meet the water quality requirements the industry develops more efficient treatment methods, since current methods fall short in efficiency and compactness, and may not allow the economic re-use of produced water. Overboard disposal of produced water, on the other hand, may be prohibited since chemicals are potentially toxic or not sufficiently biodegradable to meet future discharge limits based on whole effluent assessment. The presentation provides an overview of the challenges to meet the stringent water quality requirements and potential solutions.

My professional career is oriented towards process, fluid and mechanical engineering topics typical for the oil and gas industry. I am passionate about finding novel value-adding solutions to engineering problems that enable new business opportunities; I’ve been privileged to lead technology development teams; within the field of fluids processing and produced water treatment I am acknowledged as a technical expert. Through an extensive network in industry, universities and professional organisations I stay abreast and spot technologies that may change the game. Over 30 years of experience through Shell and graduated from Technical University Delft in Aerospace Engineering.

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Laser-based Liquid Water and Vapor Isotope Ratio Measurements From Antarctica to the Upper Atmosphere

Prof. Erik KerstelJ. Fourier University of Grenoble, France

The determination of the stable isotope ratios of water (2H/1H, 17O/16O, and 18O/16O) represents a powerful tool in hydrology and studies of the atmospheric water cycle. For decades, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) has been the instrumental tool of choice to perform such measurements. Despite the impressive performance of modern IRMS instrumentation, it has a number of important drawbacks, which are most notable in the case of water. Laser based techniques are able to address at least some of these issues; particularly, in relation to sample pretreatment and the difficulty of in-situ measurements. After discussing some general principles of infrared laser-based isotope ratio spectrometry, the case made above will be illustrated with a number of different applications from earthbound to the atmospheric: From laboratory based ice-core water isotope analyses to in-situ water isotope measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using an optical feedback cavity enhanced absorption spectrometer.

Erik Kerstel holds a M.Sc in Physics of the Eindhoven University of Technology and a Ph.D. in Chemical Physics of Princeton University (USA). After post-doctoral research at the European Laboratory for Non-linear Spectroscopy (Florence, Italy), he joined the Center for Isotope Research of the University of Groningen in 1995. Here he started to apply his background in spectroscopy to the measurement of stable isotope ratios in small molecules of environmental interest, and water in particular, by means of high-resolution, high-sensitivity infrared laser-based techniques. In 2010 he accepted a position as distinguished professor of physics at the University of Grenoble (France), where his group continues to develop state-of-the-art laser-based instruments for trace gas detection and isotope measurements in glaciology and atmospheric research.The water isotope ratio instruments developed in Groningen and Grenoble have paved the way for the recent success of a number of commercial instruments, including those of AP2E, Los Gatos Research, and Picarro.

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Rapid, extremely sensitive detection of micro-organisms based on Ostendum’s Lab-on-a-Chip Interferometric Biosensor

A. Ymeti, P.H.J. Nederkoorn, A. DudiaOstendum R&D BV, PO Box 217 / HO-SP03, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands.A.Ymeti@ostendum.com

Ostendum has developed a highly sensitive, table-top biosensor device for instantaneous detection of micro-organisms, biomarkers and the like based on interferometry and lab-ona-chip nanotechnology.The essential innovation in Ostendum’s biosensor technology is the combination of an integrated interferometric sensor with receptor-analyte label-free recognition approaches offered through a lab-on-a-chip, which enables real-time and multiplexed detection of several analytes at the same time. Not only is Ostendum’s biosensor able to detect microorganisms and biomarkers, but it can also instantaneously (literally within minutes) determine their concentration in (complex, untreated) samples such as serum, blood, sputum, drinking and waste water and raw milk. This is done by pre-coating each channel in the lab-on-a-chip system with a unique receptor layer. This receptor, e.g. an antibody, specifically binds one type of micro-organism such as a bacterium, virus, yeast, fungus or a small parasite. Next to micro-organisms, the lab-on-a-chip system also enables detection of one type of biomarker such as a protein or DNA/RNA molecule in a particular channel.The sensitivity of 1 femtogram/milliliter achieved with the Ostendum’s lab-on-a-chipinterferometric biosensor is at least 100x better than all known golden standard methods. This means that samples need none or significantly less pre-concentration handling, which contributes to faster analysis and savings on operational costs.

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Aurel Ymeti received a PhD in Applied Physics/Nanotechnology from the University of Twente, The Netherlands, in 2004, working on the development of ultrasensitive multichannel integrated optical sensing platforms. Subsequently, he worked as a postdoctoral researcher at the same University on development of portable diagnostic tools for staging of HIV infection in point-of-care settings.His research interests include nanotechnology, optical biosensors, microfluidics, point-of-care instrumentation, lab-on-a-chip devices and biomedical applications. Aurel has (co)authored about 25 publications in refereed journals, peer-reviewed conference proceedings and books, is inventor of several patents and has presented 15 invited talks and more than 30 contributions in international conferences. His work has been featured, among others, in MIT’s Technology Review, Nature, Le Monde, BBC Focus Magazine and Forbes Nanotech Report “13 Amazing New Nanotechnologies” and in 2007 he was nominated for the Dutch Science and Society Award.He serves on the Editorial Advisory Boards of Sensors & Transducers Journal, Recent Patents on Nanotechnology and Nano Science & Nano Technology. Aurel is a member of the SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, Optical Society of America (OSA) and International AIDS Society (IAS). He is a regular reviewer for various journals, such as Nano Letters, Lab on a Chip, Optics Letters, Optics Express, etc., and several conferences as Program Committee Member, including SPIE Defense, Security and Sensing.In 2008, Aurel co-founded Ostendum, a spin-off company of the UT International Ventures (UTIV) which is embedded within MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology of the University of Twente. Ostendum is a group of companies that focuses on the commercialization of extremely sensitive and label-free optical analysis methods for instantaneously determining the presence and concentration of micro-organisms and biomarkers based on lab-on-a-chip interferometric nanotechnology. As Chief Technology Officer, he is responsible for the research, technology development and product management.

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Electrochemical Communication between Viable Bacterial Cells and Flexible Redox Polymers

Lo Gorton, Analytical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Lund University, P. O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden

During the last few years we have proven that viable bacterial cells can be electrochemically ”wired” to electrodes with flexible Os2+/3+ functionalised polymers such as poly(1-vinylimidazole)12-[Os(4,4’-dimethyl-2,2’-dipyridyl)2Cl2]

2+/3+ and poly(vinylpyridine) [Os(N,N’-dimethyl-2,2’-biimidazole)3]2+/3+. Our initial studies1 in this field were made with the structurally rather simple gram-negative Gluconobacter oxydans, where we addressed redox enzymes from the cytoplasmic membrane yielding response for glucose, fructose, ethanol and glycerol. In further studies focus was on the structurally more complex gram-negative Pseudomonas putida and Pseudomonas fluorescens,2,3 where response currents could be obtained both for substrates being metabolised in the cytoplasmic membrane (glucose) as well as in the cytosol of the cell (phenol). Recently we have also showed that introduction of a cytochrome to the cytoplasmic membrane of E. coli greatly facilitated the communication between these gram-negative bacterial cells and the osmium polymers.4 In the current study reported here5, we now use the gram-positive model organism B. subtilis, with a substantially thicker peptidoglycan cell wall, which at an early glance is expected to be more difficult to permeate by the osmium polymeric mediators. In B. subtilis the cell wall has a diameter of ≈35 nm. It constitutes a multilayered structure composed mainly of peptidoglycan and teichoic acids. The polyelectrolytic properties of the peptidoglycan and teichoic acids provide a continuum of anionic charge between the cytoplasmic membrane and the environment. These properties of the cell wall may facilitate the connection between the cells and the polycationic Os-polymer and further to the electrode. Using a B. subtilis strain which overproduces succinate:quinone oxidoreductase (respiratory complex II), we were able to improve the current response several fold using succinate as substrate. We believe that the approach taken in this work adds to the understanding of how gram-positive cells may communicate with their surroundings through electron conductive structures present in the layers of peptidoglycan/teichoic acids. This is also in line with the recent hypothesis raised by Ehrlich6 on that electron conducting structures are present in the periplasm of gram-positive bacteria (peptidoglycan, teichoic acids), which must be responsible for conveying electrons from the cytoplasmic membrane to the outer surface of the cell wall. Another recent publication that support such a theory is the work by Marshall and May7, who show that gram-positive Thermincola ferriacetica strain Z-0001 readily can

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grow onto a graphite electrode and exhibit direct electron transfer communication.

[1] Vostiar, I.; Ferapontova, E. E.; Gorton, L. Electrochem. Commun. 2004, 6, 621-626.

[2] Timur, S.; Haghighi, B.; Tkac, J.; Pazarlioglu, N.; Telefoncu, A.; Gorton, L. Bioelectrochemistry 2007, 71, 38-

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[3] Timur, S.; Anik, U.; Odaci, D.; Gorton, L. Electrochem. Commun. 2007, 9, 1810-1815.

[4] Alferov, S.; Coman, V.; Gustavsson, T.; Reshetilov, A.; von Wachenfeldt, C.; Hägerhäll, C.; Gorton, L.

Electrochim. Acta 2009, 54, 4979-4984.

[5] Coman, V.; Gustavsson, T.; Finkelsteinas, A.; von Wachenfeldt, C.; Hägerhäll, C.; Gorton, L. J. Am. Chem.

Soc., 2009, 131, 16171-16176.

[6] Ehrlich, H. L. Geobiology 2008, 6, 220-224.

[7] Marshall, C. W.; May, H. D. Energy Environ. Sci. 2009, 2, 699-705.

Lo Gunnar Otto Gorton (1949), Sweden. PhD 1981; Thesis title: A Study of Modified Electrodes and Enzyme Reactors. Current position: Professor at Lund University, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry since 1997. Research interests:Bioelectrochemistry and spectroelectrochemistry especially the electrochemistry of NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H, mediated and direct electron transfer reactions between redox proteins/enzymes/whole living cells and electrodes, chemically modified electrodes, biofuel cells, biosensors and their use in flow analysis, nanostructured electrode materials. Immobilised enzymes, flow injection analysis, liquid chromatography, mass spectrometry, polysaccharide hydrolysing enzymes and their use for analysis and characterisation of derivatised cellulose, hemicellulose and starch.

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Application of BioSealing for saline seepage reduction

Maaike Blauw1, John Lambert1, Perry de Louw1, Jos van Rooden2

1Deltares; 2Hoogheemraadschap Rijnland Maaike.Blauw@deltares.nl

In the Netherlands, the upward seepage of saline and nutrient-rich groundwater into deep polders, which have their surface level 4 to 6 meters below sea level, leads to salinization and eutrophication of the regional surface water. This seepage makes the surface water unfit for irrigation and adversely affects aquatic ecosystems. De Louw et al. (2010) presented evidence that preferential seepage via boils is the dominant salt source of surface waters in deep polders. Boils are vents that connect the underlying aquifer and the surface water or ground level through the confining top layer. They may develop when the water pressure in the aquifer is larger than the pressure exerted by the weight of the overlying confining stratum of clay and peat. This produces heaving and cracking of the confining layer resulting in boils.

Reducing upward groundwater seepage fluxes can be realized by raising surface water levels in ditches, which is effective but expensive. BioSealing is believed to be an effective solution for reducing salinization by preferential seepage via boils. BioSealing is a natural sealing mechanism, which locates and repairs leaks. Both laboratory and field tests have shown that BioSealing successfully repair leakages in water retaining civil constructions like in dams and sheet pile walls. A reduction of flow velocities with a factor 5 -20 was achieved in all cases. BioSealing starts by injecting nutrition for soil bacteria at some distance of the suspected leak location. The injected nutrients mix with the ground water and are automatically transported towards the leak, resulting in an increase of bacterial activity near the leak location. A combination of biological, chemical and physical phenomena causes the clogging: chemical reactions induced by bacteria, cause weathering of particles. Simultaneously biofilm is formed around the leak and captures the particles in the biofilm. This method has as huge advantage that the leak location should not be known precisely and that the sealing takes place specifically at the location of the leak.

Deltares has investigated this method for reducing preferential saline seepage via boils, in cooperation with water board Rijnland. A pilot has been executed, in 2009, in polder “Haarlemmermeer”, a reclaimed lake that lies about 5 m below sea level, in the western part of the

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Netherlands. In this area, several boils are found. After the injection, we were able to reduce the seepage flux.

Reference:De Louw, P., G. H. P. Oude Essink, P. J. Stuyfzand, and S. E. A. T. M. van der Zee, 2010. Upward groundwater

flow in boils as the dominant mechanism of salinization in deep polders, The Netherlands. Journal of Hydrology

(accepted).

Drs. M. Blauw graduated in Earth Sciences from the University of Utrecht (NL), with a minor in Microbiology. She is currently working for Deltares, with her focus as project manager for BioSealing. Other projects are involving business development and EU funded research projects

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Using ground based geophysics and airborne transient EM(SkyTEM) to map salinity distribution on Terschelling

Arjen Kok, Vitens, Leeuwarden

Based on the Ghyben-Herzberg principle, a fresh groundwater lens has been established under the Dutch Wadden Islands. This lens is the “beating heart” of the hydro geological cycle. The drinking water supply of the island is depended on this storage of fresh groundwater. For salanization risks, i.e. as an effect of climate change, a better knowledge of the variation (in time) of the depth of the salt and fresh water interface is essential. Field data, cone penetration tests (CPT), continuous vertical electrical sounding (CVES), time domain electro magnetic sounding (TDEM) and historic geological data was used together with a high resolution geophysical airborne survey. The airborne survey was flown with the SkyTEM system and results in a complete 3D mapping of the central part of the island. The boundary conditions of a 3D, density driven MODFLOW-SWI model were based on this unique data set. The result was a high detailed and calibrated 3D model of the salinity distribution.

ing Arjen Kok 1990 - now: geohydrologist / senior-advisor Vitens.

Topics:Sustainable water supply Wadden islands, Cradle to Cradle island project Climate change, Natura 2000 goals in relation to water supply

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Successful integration of technology and sustainability: One year of brackish water desalination at Vitens

dr.ir. Wilbert van der Ven, Vitens, Leeuwarden

Vitens, the largest water supply company in the Netherlands, supplies yearly 330 million m3 drinking water to domestic and industrial clients. The main source for the production of drinking water is groundwater with salinity concentrations lower than 150 mg/l. In the province of Friesland (in the Northern part of the Netherlands) problems have arisen with the extraction of fresh groundwater by salination of some wells. Since October 2009 a pilot is in operation where the brackish groundwater is treated with an RO installation under anaerobic conditions in combination of the fresh-keeper system. The basic idea of the fresh-keeper is to control the fresh/brackish interface in the aquifer. The installation has a feed capacity of 50 m3/h. Operating with an initial recovery of 50 % the concentrate is injected into a deeper aquifer below a thick clay layer. The permeate is treated further to drinking water in the production facility of Noardburgum, close to the extraction well. As it is not allowed to infiltrate any non-natural products into the subsoil of the Netherlands no anti scaling products are used which limits the recovery of the RO process. Until now the process conditions are very stable. The pressure drop and flux values indicate no scaling or fouling occurs. At a later stage feed flow reversal will be tested in order to prevent scaling with increasing recoveries. Also the effects of the influence of concentrate injection in the deep aquifer are being monitored. Aim of the project is first to show that brackish groundwater is a good source for drinking water production and that the treatment process is stable and cost effective. Second that the concentrate disposal by deep well injection is feasible, causes no possible negative effects in relation to permits and is a better alternative to other disposal options. The Dutch government stimulates this project with a innoWATOR grant. Partners in the project are: Vitens, KWR, Hatenboer-Water and University Twente.

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Dr. Wilbert van de Ven is a chemical engineer specialized in drinking water treatment. He obtained his doctorate degree from the University of Twente, graduating on optimized monitoring and control for dead end ultrafiltration of surface water. Wilbert heads the process technology department within Vitens. He and his team are responsible for the design of new water treatment plants, monitoring of drinking water quality, and research and development for water treatment.

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The Future of MF/UF in Water Treatment

Pierre Côté, Ph.D., COTE Membrane Separation Ltdpierre@cotemembraneseparation.com

Micro/ultra filtration using hollow fibre membranes is one of the major innovations of the past century in water treatment, along with chlorination, activated sludge and reverse osmosis. Key drivers for adoption of the technology and barriers to growth will be identified.The current worldwide market for MF/UF modules is currently about 800 Million $, growing at more than 10% annually. The market will be dissected by technology, application and plant size, and projections will be made over the next decade.A number of technology trends will be presented and analyzed, including the selection between MF and UF, inside versus outside feed for hollow fibres, manufacturing method (i.e., NIPS versus TIPS), membrane bioreactor versus tertiary filtration, and desalination versus water reuse.The current state of the industry will be projected by classifying five current technology platforms on an application chart as a function of water type and plant size. The analysis will show that two of these platforms are in the process of becoming the standard for water filtration and membrane bioreactors.The evolution of membrane prices will be examined both from a top-down analysis, comparing to more mature membrane technologies such as dialysis and reverse osmosis, and a bottom-up analysis, by looking at manufacturing costs for generic products as a function of production volume. The presentation will be concluded with comments on the industry structure and some thoughts on how it is likely to evolve as it matures.

Experience

Vaperma Inc., St-Romuald, QC, Canada Nov 2006 to Oct 2009

Chief Technology Officer

Setting directions for the development of solutions for the purification of biofuels, the separation of industrial gases and carbon capture.

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ZENON (now part of GE Water), Oakville, Canada Jan 1998 to Oct 2006

Chief Technology Officer

Led the development of the ZeeWeedTM membrane and its applications for drinking water production, wastewater treatment, water reuse and desalination. ZeeWeedTM has become the world leading product for water filtration.

Anjou Recherche (R&D arm of Veolia), Maison-Laffitte, France Oct 1992 to Dec 1997

Program Director, Membrane Applications for Water Treatment

Led a group of application engineers working on membrane solutions for water treatment. Coordinated the development of the largest nanofiltration plant in the world in Mery-sur-Oise.

McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada May 1987 to 1994

Assistant Professor (part-time), Chemical/Civil Engineering

Direction of graduate students and occasional teaching.

Zenon Environmental Inc., Burlington, Canada Jun 1989 to Oct 1992

Research Director, Membrane development

Director of R&D group for membrane development; principal inventor of the ZeeWeedTM membrane.

Wastewater Technology Centre, Burlington, Canada Oct 1979 to Jun 1989

Process Development Engineer, Wastewater & Hazardous Wastes

Process engineer working on the treatment of hazardous waste by stabilization / solidification and the development of guidelines for waste landfilling.

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Education

McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada

Ph.D., Chemical/Civil Engineering (part-time)

Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada 1978-1979

M.Sc.A., Génie de l’Environnement

Ecole Polytechnique de Montréal, Canada 1974-1977

B.Ing., Génie Civil

Board and Advisory Positions

APT Water (Advance Oxidation / Reduction of Contaminants – since 2010)

Ostara (Nutrient Recovery from Wastewater – since 2009)

Vaperma (Gas Separation Solutions – 2006)

SiM Composites (Fuel Cell Membranes – 2006 -2007)

Expert Witness

Several assignments

Patents

US patents and applications >75

Publications

In Journals with Peer review: 40

In Conference Proceedings: 60

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Adsorptive removal of phosphonate-based antiscalants from membrane concentrates by iron-coated waste filtration sand

L. Boelsa,b, T. Tervahautaa, G.J. Witkampb

a. Wetsus, Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, P.O. Box 1113, 8900 CC Leeuwarden,

The Netherlandsb. Laboratory for Process Equipment, Delft University of Technology, Leeghwaterstraat 44, 2628 CA Delft,

The Netherlands

Phosphonates are extensively used in water treatment processes to inhibit scaling of sparingly soluble salts like calcium carbonates, calcium phosphates, sulphates, silicates and others. In membrane processes, the use of antiscalants allows for a higher water recovery. However, the discharge of a membrane concentrate, or waste brine, containing a phosphonate-based antiscalant can be problematic, especially in those cases where largesurface water is absent. Phosphonates contribute to the total phosphate content, and are considered to be compounds that promote eutrophication of the receiving surface water and, therefore, need to be removed before discharge. Removal of phosphonate-based antiscalants could also improve downstream concentrate treatment processes in which sparingly soluble salts are being removed in order to improve water recoveries and reduce the size and impact of the concentrate stream before discharge.

Iron-coated waste filtration sand was investigated as a low-cost adsorbent for the removal of a phosphonate-based antiscalant from membrane concentrates. The adsorption of this phosphonate-based antiscalant on this material was measured and compared with two commercially available anion exchange resins and activated carbon. The results showed that the use of iron-coated waste filtration sand offers a promising means for the removal of phosphonates from membrane concentrates.

CVLuciaan Boels studied Chemical Engineering at the State University of Groningen from 2002 until 2007. Currently he is a PhD student in Wetsus from the Delft University of Technology.

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Curiosity - Water - a solution

Mark Tonkin, Design Technology & Irrigation Ltd, UK

The Root Hydration System is a technology which takes a totally different approach to growing plants - instead of applying running water to the growing medium, the Root Hydration Technology delivers water vapour to the root zone by pervaporating water through a pipe network installed in the ground at target plant root depth. Trials have been conducted in the extreme environment of the desert in the Middle East - using salted water and tree saplings in temperatures of over 50°c. Trials have also been conducted in the USA and under glass in the UK on a number of different types of plant.

Mark Tonkin is the Research & Development manager for Design Technology & Irrigation Ltd - (DTI-r) - a small UK based intellectual property company which specialises in water technologies and environmental issues.

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The Impact of Pulsed Power Anti-Fouling Technology on Brackish Water Desalination John E. Dresty Jr., President & CEO of Clearwater Systems Corporation.

A project using a 20 GPM two-stage 4” reverse osmosis pilot plant processed brackish surface water in Florida, USA to drinking water standards. Constant flow was maintained by increasing feed pressure, and tests were stopped when the feed pressure increased by 10%. Operating parameters insured a highly scaling prone chemistry (high LSI) and no anti-scalents were added. Membrane autopsies showed that, when pulsed power was applied to the water, the pressure increase was cause by backpressure from feed spacer blockage, rather than from fouled membranes when pulsed power was not applied. It also provided persuasive evidence of the surprising fact that some equiaxed precipitated mineral crystals tumbled in eddies of flowing water in the concentrate stream for weeks without exiting the system. Although source water was filtered to 5µ, equiaxed crystals of 100µ were found in the concentrate channel. Mr. Dresty is a materials engineer (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute) with graduate degrees in corrosion engineering and law. His industrial career has included the manufacture of nuclear reactors for submarines, the production of titanium alloys for aerospace applications, and the reclamation of metal values from hazardous waste. While in a faculty position at the University of Connecticut, he founded Clearwater Systems in 1998. Clearwater has gone on to become the world leader in non-chemical water treatment for cooling systems, by demonstrating that pulsed power effectively prevents surface fouling in over 4,200 installations worldwide. Mr. Dresty is currently attempting to extend Clearwater’s technology to the prevention of fouling in membrane systems.

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Innovative water and energy recovery from sewage

Kees Roest1, Kerusha Lutchmiah1, Danny J.H. Harmsen1, Jan W. Post1, Keith Lampi2, Hans Ramaekers3, Joost W.M.N. Kappelhof4, Jules B. van Lier5, Luuk C. Rietveld5 and Emile R. Cornelissen1

1KWR Watercycle Research Institute, 2Hydration Technology Innovations, 3Triqua, 4Waternet, 5Delft University of

Technology

The aim of this project was to develop a completely new technological concept by extracting water from sewage by means of forward osmosis (FO) in combination with a reconcentration system e.g. reverse osmosis (RO), in order to produce high quality water and to convert the concentrated sewage, by applying anaerobic digestion, into renewable energy (RE). In this way, the RE can be used in the system reducing the energy consumption of the energy-intensive reconcentration process. The whole concept can contribute to a paradigm change in sewage treatment and facilitate a more sustainable watercycle. This study, with the application of FO on sewage, is of great significance and may be a breakthrough in decentralised wastewater treatment due to (i) a high-quality water production because of the rejection of diverse components by a double barrier approach, (ii) the concentration of sewage, resulting in biogas production possibilities and (iii) the robustness of FO requiring less pre-treatment and potentially resulting in reduced membrane fouling compared to membrane processes currently used for reuse of water. In this project, sewage is not seen as a waste, but as a source for water, energy and nutrients. The effects of this innovative recovery concept on the watercycle and society can be tremendous, especially in water-deprived regions. Depending on the effectiveness of the whole process, the concept can produce an interesting energy balance. The use of naturally occurring osmosis in FO has a low energy demand and if the extraction of water can be carried out as shown here in this study, concentrated sewage can be obtained, facilitating energy production via anaerobic digestion. Furthermore, the produced RE and the generated savings on energy requirements for aerobic wastewater treatment result in a substantial reduction of CO2-equivalents emission. Further research has to clarify if the produced energy is enough to drive the reconcentration process, which will keep the process running and produce high quality water. In general, FO requires less energy than pressure-driven processes; the reconcentration unit recycles and reuses the draw solution, while producing high-quality water and the digestion step generates RE for possible use in the system. Considering all these facts, the integration of these units could lead to a more economical and sustainable treatment of wastewater.

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Kees Roest completed his MSc in medical biology and his PhD in environmental sciences, focused on the microbiological aspects of anaerobic wastewater treatment systems (combining culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches). As a Marie Curie research fellow, he arranged new microbiology laboratories for the investigation of environmental bioreactor processes in Spain (Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology of the Universidad de Valladolid) and in the UK (Sustainable Environment Research Centre (SERC) of the University of Glamorgan). Currently he is working as a senior scientific researcher at KWR watercycle research institute in Nieuwegein, the Netherlands. His research focuses mainly on innovative wastewater & reuse technologies (kees.roest@kwrwater.nl).

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TurboTec®Continuous thermal hydrolysis of sludge for lower sludgedisposal costs and more energy on the wwtp

Lex van Dijk, Sustec, Agro Business Park 36, 6708 PW Wageningen: tel: +31 6 53219323 e-mail: lvd@sustec.nl; web: www.sustec.nl

Domestic wastewater has a potential energy content of approximately 130 kWh per person per year. In the common wastewater treatment practice this potential chemical energy is oxidized by adding 25 kWh per person per year of electrical energy. Also relatively wet sludge is produced, containing after dewatering between 20 and 25 % of dry solids, which is treated in incinerators or composting facilities at relatively high costs. By means of thermal hydrolysis of the sludge the primary energy consumption of the wastewater treatment plant can be reduced as well as the costs for final sludge treatment. Sustec from Wageningen (NL) has developed a continuous thermal hydrolysis process for treatment of organic waste streams like sludge: the TurboTec® process. On the wastewater treatment plant (wwtp) of Venlo (NL) of the Waterschapsbedrijf Limburg (WBL), the operational unit of the waterboards Peel en Maasvallei en Roer en Overmaas, the TurboTec® process has been tested on pilot scale. As a result of these tests WBL has decided to realize a full scale thermal hydrolysis plant on wwtp Venlo.

Key skills General management, Project management, Project lead engineering, Cost estimation, Proposal preparation, Presentation

Education University of Wageningen(NL), Environmental Engineering MSc-degree in environmental engineering 1983 – 1990

Specfic courses Open Universtity: Business Strategy Marketing NIMA-A/NIMA-B University of London (Ontario, CD) – Marketing

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Employment record Director -founder | Sustec Consulting & Contracting bv 1-2-2008 -present Sustec provides sustainable technology solutions in the field of biogasproduction, sludge treatment and industrial and household waste treatment. Services include feasibility studies, laboratory and pilot research, turnkey installation and after-sales. Manager Sustec, Process design and feasibility, Turn key delivery of environmental technology, Development of specific processes thermo-chemical pretreatment for digestion processes , nutrient recovery

Director -founder | Triqua bv 15-5-1996 – 31-1-2008 Triqua bv provides water and wastewater solutions to the industrial, offschore and municipal markets. Services include pilot testing, supply ot turnkey installations, after-sales and BOOT contracts. The core of their supply technologies is membrane bioreactor technology. Manager Triqua, Turn key delivery of wastewater treatment systems to several clients:( AGIP-KCO, DOW, Heinz, Akzo Nobel, Shell, McDermott, etc) world wide, Development of specific processes (post filtration for WWTP, MBR-process, thermophilic digestion, etc)

Senior process engineer | Grontmij Advies & Techniek bv 1-11-1992 – 14-5-1996 Grontmij Advies & Techniek is one of the main consultancy firms in the Netherlands. Senior process engineering on biological/chemical/fysical treatment of strong polluted wastewater (leachate, industrial wastewater), Pilot testing, design, basic engineering for Akzo, Heineken, SOW, waterschap Hollandse Delta, Volgermeerpolder), Process introduction and marketing of MBR technology, Sharon technology, modeling of wastewater processes.

Process engineer | Ecotechniek bv 1-2-1991 – 31-10-1992 Ecotechniek is a part of Volker Wessels Stevin. At the time Ecotechniek was setting up a full scale manure processing plant. Project engineer for the design, construction and operation of a demo manure treatment plant. Activities included process design, engineering, purchase, operations.

Researcher | Wageningen University 1-2-1990 – 31-1-1991 At Wageningen University I worked on the development of a treatment process for piggery manure. This research involved anaerobic treatment, nitrification/denitrification and advanced control techniques.

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Researcher | University of Notre Dame (USA) 1-10-1988 – 31-4-1989 At the University of Notre Dame I worked on a system for the degradation of dioxins in soil by gamma-radiation. This contract research was done for Occidental Chemicals.

Researcher | EAWAG (ETH Zürich, CH) 1-6-1988 – 31-9-1988 At the EAWAG I worked on ultrafiltration of oil contaminated wastewater.

Personal details Date of birth: 23-6-1964, married, 3 children Languages: Dutch (mother tongue), English (good), German (good), French (basic)

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Converting byproducts into fish feed

dr. Hellen Elissen, Tail Technologies, Leeuwarden

Tail Technologies i.o. is a young new company that focuses on the sustainable production of worms as an alternative animal feed. TT is a spin-off of Wetsus and combines technology developed at Wageningen UR and Wetsus with business development know-how of Westt BV. TT participates in the new ‘Aquatic worms’ theme within Wetsus, together with Duynie Holding, which focuses on the valorisation of byproducts from feed industries. Small freshwater worms of the species Lumbriculus variegatus (also called blackworms) can be grown on a variety of organic matter and contain high concentrations of protein (60 % of the dry weight) and in addition, omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids, such as EPA. Sources of organic matter are byproducts from feed industries, but may also be waste streams from algae-production or the aquaculture sector. On a small scale, blackworms are already applied in Australia and the US as ornamental fish feed, either alive or freeze-dried. They are a clean alternative for so-called Tubifex worms. Another market we are targeting is the aquaculture sector itself, since farmed fish is fed with feeds that contain varying amounts of wild fish (in the form of fishmeal or fish oil). With fish stocks decreasing and toxic components accumulating in the food chain, there is a need for clean sources of animal protein and lipids. Experiments with several fish species have shown that these worms, and related species, are excellent feeds especially for juvenile fish. They increase growth rates and food conversion, but may also for example decrease cannibalism. Currently, TT is in the development phase, which involves a market research and the development of a prototype production system, subsidized by the municipality of Leeuwarden.

Born on the 14th of July 1975 in Heerlen, the Netherlands

Employment2009/now Scientific project manager, Wetsus Theme manager of new Wetsus theme on conversion of waste streams into worms for use as animal feed Co-founder of Tail Technologies/Dutch Blackworms i.o.

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2006/2008 Postdoc researcher, Wetsus Research on reuse of the aquatic worm Lumbriculus variegatus during sludge reduction in wastewater treatment 2000/2007 PhD researcher, Wageningen University and Research centre Sub-department of Environmental Technology Research within the EET project ‘Substantial reduction of organic waste streams using the natural food chain’ resulting in the PhD thesis ‘Sludge reduction by aquatic worms in wastewater treatment with emphasis on the potential application of Lumbriculus variegatus’1998/1999 Analyst, TNO-MEP, Apeldoorn, Division of Environmental Biotechnology Research on microbial degradation of HCH in polluted soils

Education 1993 /1998 MSc in Biology, University of Groningen Specialisms Microbial Ecology, Animal Ecology, Population Genetics1987 /1993 Grammar school Gymnasium, Grotius College, Heerlen

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From surprising results to new technologies

Mateo Mayer, EasyMeasure, Amersfoort

A new technology for electrical energy and information transfer through process fluids is presented. The technology appears to be feasible for supplying sensors that are present in the fluid with energy and to realize communication with these sensors at the same time. While developing this technology several spin-off technologies were born, most of the time as a result of side effects observed during experiments. The spin-off technologies comprise amongst others the steering of membrane properties, a new type of transformer, a new technology to produce ozone, a technology to cure plants from bacterial infections, prevention of biocorrosion and different water disinfection techniques through treating water with electromagnetic waves. Already at an early stage of development, strategic cooperation with partners active in the different technology fields was started, resulting in spin-off joint ventures. In the presentation, a short explanation will be given to how the different technologies work and how they are being further developed and converted into products.

Mateo Mayer has a passion for developing new sustainable disruptive technologies through combining practical experience with scientific knowledge from different disciplines. He is director of EasyMeasure B.V., a company focusing on the development and application of new technology combinations in the fields of sensoring, electrotechnical engineering, chemical engineering and polymer chemistry. He is also co-founder and technical director of 5 spin-off joint ventures focusing on bringing new products, based upon patented technology, to the market. Mateo studied Chemical Engineering at Eindhoven University of Technology and obained his PhD in the field of emulsion polymerization at the same University. After his studies he was employed at Akzo Nobel in different R&D positions in the fields of crystallization & scaling, salt production technology and chlor alkali electrolysis. Further he was strategy analyst and innovation manager at Akzo Nobel Salt and Base Chemicals respectively. More recently, Mateo worked for Wetsus as theme coordinator and his company EasyMeasure B.V. is a member of the Wetsus Sensoring theme.

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Flexible, low energy VOC removal from water

dr. Rob van der Meij, fluXXion BV, Eindhoven

Fluxxion has developed unique ultra-precise, low cost microsieves based and is now close to commercialization of two technologies developed with strong industrial partners: dairy filtration, in a cooperation with TetraPak and chemicals separations by adsorption/desorption, jointly developed with Bayer. In dairy filtration, the fluXXion microsieves remove the microbal spores without affecting the milk constitution. The result is milk with enhanced shelp life, yet with still the taste of fresh milk. For chemicals separation, the fluXXion technology intensifies the absorption/desorption rates in chemical separations. The advantages created are reduced energy consumption, increased flexibility and enhanced safety. The first industrial application will be the descorption (stripping) of volatile organic components (VOC) in chemical waste or process water streams. fluXXIon technology provides a magnitudes higher rate of VOC removal and uses 5-10x less gas than conventional methods. This can provides significant operating cost savings.

Rob van der Meij is an experienced and entrepreneurial business and technology manager, having worked in the international corporate world in catalysis, petro-chemicals and strategy consulting at Akzo, Gemini and Shell Chemicals, as well as created start-ups in biofuels (KiOR with Khosla Ventures), catalysis (Hermes, private investment) and now CEO at fluXXion.

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Light-driven binding and release of anions using foldamer-based receptors

Amar H Flood, Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 E. Kirkwood Ave, Bloomington, IN 47405, USAaflood@indiana.edu Telephone +1-812 856 3642 Website www.indiana.edu/~floodweb

A new strategy for the removal and relocation of toxic anions from solutions is presented where sunlight is envisioned as the external driving force and the remote control for the separation. As a proof-of-principle demonstration, a bioinspired molecular machine has been created where light stimuli of different colors are used to trigger the release and then re-uptake of chloride ions in non-aqueous solutions. The control over the solution-phase chloride levels is demonstrated by photo-switching the conductivity of an electrolyte solution up and down. The advantages of such a molecular technology – it is recyclable and the outside user can choose when and where to bind/release the anions – and its possible deployment in water technologies will be addressed. Fundamental aspects relating to concentration differentials and the rates of separations will also be considered.

Amar Flood was educated at Otago University, New Zealand (BSc Hons 1st, 1996; PhD 2001) under the supervision of Keith Gordon. He joined the group of Sir Fraser Stoddart (2002) at UCLA as a postdoctoral scholar conducting research on molecular electronics and muscles publishing 37 papers. He started as an Assistant Professor at Indiana University (2005) conducting researching in three areas: (i) Triazolophane anion receptors that use CH hydrogen bonds [ACIE, 47, 2649 (2008) & Chem. Soc. Rev. 39, 1262 (2010)]. (ii) Molecular switches and mechanistic analyses, both independently [JACS, 131, 1305 (2009) & JACS, 132, 1665 (2010)], and with collaborators [JACS, 129, 7354 (2007) & ACIE, 46, 6093 (2007)]. (iii) Active molecular plasmonics using SERS [JACS, 132, 6099 (2010)]. In his independent career, 11 out of the 24 scholarly works published or in press are in JACS or ACIE, he has given 69 talks, has co-organized three international symposia including the 2013 International Symposium on Supramolecular and Macrocyclic Chemistry, is funded by the Department of Energy (DOE) and the National Science Foundation (NSF) as an Early CAREER Awardee and is a Camille Dreyfus Teacher-Scholar.

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Capacitive double-layer expansion: a novel technique for genera-ting energy from the mixing of sea and river water

D. Brogioli, R. Zhao, P. M. Biesheuvel

Electrical energy can be obtained from the controlled mixing of fresh(river) and saline (sea) water. Existing technologies such as pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) and reverse electrodialysis (RED) make use of ion-exchange membranes which must be crossed by either the water or the ions. Recently we demonstrated a new physical principle which allows extraction of electrical energy without making use of membranes [D.Brogioli, Phys. Rev. Lett., 2009, 103, 058501]. A couple of electrodes are immersed in a salt solution, and are charged at a voltage low enough to avoid redox reactions. The electrode surfaces attract ions of opposite charge and repel ions of the same charge, thus forming the so-called electric double layer, that is the actual physical structure which stores the charge. We use activated carbon porous electrodes having high specific surface, in order to achieve high capacitance, as in the so-called supercapacitor technology or in capacitive deionization (CDI). After the charge phase, we change the solution, placing the electrodes into contact with fresh water. Experiments show that the voltage across the electrodes increases, while the stored charge does not change significantly. This means that part of the free energy of mixing of salt and fresh water has been transformed into electrical energy stored into the capacitor. This can be explained in terms of electrostatic double layer theory, as a consequence of the expansion of the electric double layer, or, correspondingly, of the reduction of the capacitance of the system. The surplus energy can be extracted by making a cycle, consisting of four phases: injecting salt water, charging, injecting fresh water, discharging. In the first experiments, a few micro Joule of energy were extracted per cycle with small electrodes made of less than one milligram of activated carbon, at a cycle rate of the order of tens of seconds. In order to maximize the energy recovery, we developed a simple prototype cell of much larger dimensions, consisting of a stack of 8 cells, with outer dimensions 6x6x1 cm^3; we extract about 2 J per charging/discharging cycle with 500 mM / 1 mM NaCl salt solution, corresponding to 0.5 kJ per kg of activated carbon electrode.

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Place and date and of birth: Busto Arsizio (Italy) August 25th, 1972.

Education (degrees, universities, dates):Laurea degree in physics, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, 1998.PhD in physics, Universita’ degli Studi di Cagliari, 2002.

Career/Employment (employers, positions and dates):Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Post-doc, 2003-2006.Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Researcher, 2007.Universita’ degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Researcher, 2008-2010.Ente Nazionale per lEnergia e per l’Ambiente, Researcher, 2010-present

Specialization:Optical techniques for scattering detection, and applications of optics to complex fluids.Electrokinetic phenomena of charged nanoparticles, colloidal suspensions and macromolecules.Nanomanipulation and nanomechanics of biological molecules, in particular DNA.Numerical calculation for simulation of chemical systems.

Current research interest:Renewable energy sources, in particular from mixing of salt and fresh water, and solar energy conversion through thermochemical means.Innovative optical techniques for detecting scattering.Nanomanipulation of biologic molecules with unusual topologic properties.Origin of life and abiogenesis.

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Hydrogen production through microbial electrolysis

ir. Tom Sleutels, Wetsus/Wageningen University, Wageningen

Microbial electrolysis cells (MEC) offer the possibility of producing hydrogen at high yield and efficiency from waste materials. In an MEC the organic material is oxidized by electrochemically active microorganisms to CO2, protons and electrons. These electrons are being transferred to an anode and are transported to a cathode where they are being reduced together with protons to form pure hydrogen gas. To overcome the thermodynamical barrier for hydrogen production, a small amount of electrical energy is added to the electrons by means of a power supply. Since the proof of principle of MECs in 2005 both the hydrogen production rate and the required specific energy input have improved greatly.The hydrogen production rate and the specific energy input are determined by the applied voltage and the internal resistance of the system. The total internal resistance of the system can be described by an equivalent circuit of smaller resistances, which can be described by the kinetics of the system. Analysis of these kinetics made it possible to reduce the resistance by changing the cell design. This presentation describes the changes made to the cell design and how these changes influence the kinetics of the process and thereby help to reduce the internal resistance of MECs.

Tom studied Bioprocess Engineering at Wageningen University with a focus on reactor design. In 2006 he started his PhD at the sub-department of Environmental Technology of that same university and worked as a researcher at Wetsus. In December he will defend his PhD thesis entitled: Microbial Electrolysis, kinetics and cell design.

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“New generation” ion exchange membranes

Jacko Hessing, Fujifilm, Tilburg

Salinity gradient energy is a promising renewable energy source for the future. In densely populated delta areas, where rivers with a low salinity flows in the saline sea, the energy potential is enormous. With the Reverse Electro Dialysis (RED) technology, this “Blue Energy” can be converted into electricity. In the WETSUS theme “Energy from water” the RED technology has been researched and developed further. Although the developments are promising, still several hurdles have to be taken to become a proven, economical feasible, electricity source.One of the biggest hurdles is the necessity for a cost effective, high quality membrane.FUJI FILM, participant in this theme, took up this challenge and started with the R&D of a “new generation” ion exchange membranes. In this presentation, the progress of the ion exchange membrane development will be presented. Besides the application in Blue Energy, the ion exchange membranes can also by used in other new applications.

Jacko Hessing (BSc Organic chemistry) has been working at FUJI since 1991 and has led many R&D projects in the imaging field: Color paper, Color Negative Film and Inkjet paper. Since 2007 he is leading the research and development of the ion exchange membranes.