Whap 1450-1750 Wood Ppt Review

8/20/2019 Whap 1450-1750 Wood Ppt Review

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AP WorldGlobal Interactions

Review

1450 - 1750Priscilla Zenn

Allen Park High School*Source: AP World HistoryAn Essential Coursebook


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Two hemisheres !oined in sustainedcontact resulting in greatly enlarged worldtrade networks with "ewer eole remainingoutside the in#uence

$alance o" ower changed as WesternEuroean kingdoms claimed lands and

gained control o" older trade routes

%and based emires e&anded borders andcon'uered many nomadic grous

(gunowder)

The Big Pictre


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%abor systems are trans"ormed sla+erye&anded and became more central toeconomic acti+ities

,atural en+ironment drastically changed- .morted domestic animals tramled grasslands

and altered nati+e "arming habits

- ,ew cros changed soil conditions

- %and cleared "or "arming (including rain "orests)

- Poulation comositions changed as diseasesread

The Big Pictre!contined"


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E+ents shaed regional olitical units o" today/s world andin#uenced interrelationshis among modern cultures

Power centers shi#ted awa$ #ro% the &iddle 'ast and Asiaand towards Western 'ro(e

Western Euroe trans"ormed "rom decentrali0ed1 'uarrelingkingdoms to ower"ul centrali0ed states

The world became smaller as international trade grew Technology made transortation "aster and easier

2iddle East and Asia still layed host to large1 wealthy emiresbut the balance o" ower was shi"ting westward

3oining o" the two hemisheres in sustained interactions greatlyaltered the e+er4shrinking world

)verall


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Trans#or%ation o#

'ro(eAnaly0e the trans"ormationalde+eloments in Euroe that"ueled its rise to world

rominence


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56 Cultural changes 7 including the8enaissance1 8e"ormation1 andEnlightenment- 9riented Euroean minds toward in+ention

- Allowed them to escae the social and intellectualboundaries o" the 2iddle Ages

Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e


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6 Politicalconsolidation o" strongcentrali0ed states- This meant that kings

had enough ower andmoney to;Control regional lands

;Control eole;Sonsor trade e&editions

and dilomatic en+oys

Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e!cont"


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Interrelated *hanges+el( to e,(lain the rise o# 'ro(e!cont" These three changes

e+ol+ed together changesin one area brought aboutreactions in others1created more changes

$y 5=>? these changestrans"ormed the continent

Euroe was almost totallydi@erent olitically1

socially1 culturally1 andeconomically "rom thebeginning o" this era


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Economic changes occurred late in there+ious era- Crusades stimulated trade and contact between

the 2iddle East and Euroe

- enoa and Benice grew wealthy "rom the newinteractions

- Cultural changes began in .taly and worked theirway north

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eI%(ortant *ltral *hanges


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance

2ore than a rebirth Humanism (interest in accomlishments o" indi+iduals 7 grew

"rom reek culture) 8e#ected in

- Portrait ainting- Autobiograhy- Philosohies- Petrarch$occaccio re+i+ed interest in classical writing and secular sub!ects- Bernacular- 8eligion declined as a central "ocus o" interest


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance !cont"

.taly 7 urban (Euroe still mostlyrural)

enoaBeniceDlorence2ilanower"ul city4states

2erchants comete "or oliticaland economic ower- Patron o" the arts

;a Binci;2ichelangelo

;8ahael- 2edici ower"ul in Dlorence

Catholic Church sonsored8enaissance endea+ors

F8enaissance 2anG


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance

!cont" Humanism also suorted an entrereneurialsirit- 8enaissance merchants imro+ed banking techni'ues

and became more oenly cometiti+e and rot4seeking

**Political ower based on indi+idual e@orts toromote city and cultural achie+ements (noclaim to di+inity)- $uilt glorious churches which insired e&erimentation

with architecture; Churches lled with scultures and aintings


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Italian Renaissance !cont"

Sread north ,orthern humanists more religious $lended secular and religious

interests- Erasmus o" 8otterdam

; Dirst reek edition o" ,ew Testament- Shakeseare and Cer+antes

; Wrote about secular li"e utenberg

- Printing ad+ances- Printing ress already in Iorea and

China- Humanists worked with rinters tomake their writings a+ailable to wideraudiences; Peole had access to $ibles and also

8enaissance ideas


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(eThe Protestant Re#or%ation

Access to rinted material layed imortant role in religiousuhea+al

Permanent new di+ision in Western Christendom: Catholics +s6Protestants- 2artin %uther

; J> Theses

Peole concerned about growing wealth and corrution o" church %uther interested in the idea o" sal+ation

- Published criticisms o" many church ractices assisted by imro+ed rinttechnology

- E&communicated- Works insired Protestant mo+ements all o+er Euroe

Catholics against Protestants Protestants against Protestants Cal+in

- Stern and +enge"ul god %uther

- 2erci"ul od Henry B...

- Anglican Church


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e*atholic Re#or%ation

Church initiated re"orms1banned sale o" indulgences- Tried to ersuade Protestants to

return to the Church Council o" Trent

- 2et eriodically to discuss Churchdoctrine; 3esuits "ounded tried to con+ince

Euroeans to return to the Church

ChurchKs ower"ul hold on theolitical1 religious1 economic1and social li"e o" Euroe broken

- %uther encouraged reading o" the$ible to nd meaning o"Christianity; Humanistic in#uences and literacy

Euroeans gained a di@erentersecti+e on religion


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e*atholic Re#or%ation !cont"

8eligious tensions led to wars Edict o" ,antes

- ranted tolerance to Protestants- 8e+oked by Iing %ouis L.B

Thirty MearsK War- Treaty o" Westhalia- Choose own religion

; Created atchwork o" religious aNliations 8eligious di+isions in England layed out through

Henry B...Ks daughters- 2ary 7 Catholic tried to turn kingdom back to 8ome- Eli0abeth . 7 Protestant ensured the continuation o"

the Anglican Church English Ci+il War

- Partially ro+oked by Catholic leanings o" Stuart kings 8eligious issues dominated Euroean olitics "or

almost a century but settled into an accetanceo" religious luralism- Some le"t Euroe- Some headed to the Americas


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion

Humanistic emhasisshaed attitudes towardscientic thought- $ased knowledge on

direct obser+ation andmathematics

- 8eliance on human reason"or understandingscientic henomena

*Durther weakened thein#uence o" the CatholicChurch


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"

2ethods de+ised "orm thebasis "or science today- 2athematical "ormulation- Emirical e+idence-

Dreedom o" in'uiryContrasted with

Scholasticism (in'uirybased on the rincilesestablished by the church)

- Clashes occurred betweenscientists and religious andolitical authorities;As a result1 ndings not

always made ublic


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*o(ernics- .deas "rom 5


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e/cientic Revoltion !cont"Brahe and e(ler used

Coernican model- Ieler ublished his results

"ueled a contro+ersy

between religious oNcials(Protestant and Catholic) andscientists

Catholic Church declaresheliocentric theory asheresy all writingsclaiming that the earthmo+ed on its a&is"orbidden


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Galileo- Osed the telescoe to study thehea+ens; 2ilky Way a huge collection o" stars; 2oonKs light re#ected "rom the sun; The earth is not the only lanet with

moons- .ndicated the earth is nothingsecial 7 imlied that the earth wasnot central to odKs creation

- odKs throne is not in a &ed lacein hea+en

alileo wrote "or a generalaudience in the +ernacular- .mact o" bold 'uestioning o" church

doctrine great- Dorced to recant- %i"e under house arrest



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2ewton- Principia Mathematica- $uilt the "ramework o" natural law that guided scientists

through the ?th c6; $asic rinciles o" motion

; Oni+ersal law o" gra+ity

- E&lained how his laws go+erned the uni+erse including thelanetary orbits Ieler had identied

Catured the +ision o" a natural uni+erse in simlelaws that heled to organi0e scientic thought "orresearch



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Educated westerners embraced many otherscontinued to belie+e in traditional e&lanations- Witcheswitchcra"t

E+entually eole came to belie+e that theiren+ironment could be controlled by humans- octors romoted more scientic aroach- Writers began to 'uestion religious miraclesK

Some rethought concetions o" od through asystem o" thought called deism



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.n *hina the aroach toscience was more ractical7 interest in science basedon its ercei+ed use"ulness

.n 'ro(e thinkers were

enthralled with the idea o"general laws o" nature thatcould e&lain broadatterns- Similar to Ancient reek1

8oman1 and .slamic scholars

9+erall1 scientistscon+inced it was "ullywithin the reasoning owero" humans to understandthe workings o" theuni+erse

/cientic Revoltion 3 Worldiew


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e'nlighten%ent .nsired by scientists how do

natural laws a@ect humansociety and go+ernmentQ

Tho%as +obbes belie+ed thathumans must be controlled byabsolute rulers

ohn oc6e sought tounderstand the imact o" lawso" nature on human liberties ande'uality and 'uestioned Hobbestheories

Second Treatise of Government - Social contract- Consent o" the go+erned

Ada% /%ith analy0ed naturallaw o" suly and demand:Wealth of Nations


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e'nlighten%ent !cont"

5Rth C Drance was the center- Philosohes (intellectual hilosohers)

debated- Salons

Baron de &ontesie- Ad+ocated go+ernment with three

branches sharing ower oltaire

- wrote witty criticisms o" Drench monarchyand Catholic Church

Rossea- Social Contract – man is born "ree and

e+erywhere he is in chains

2ost Enlightenment thinkers wrote "oreach other but there were broadconse'uences- 8e+olutions based on Enlightenment

rinciles trans"ormed their societies andushered in a modern age o" democracy


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation

Smaller states in Euroeconstant cometition ledthem to seek ower throughland e&loration and tradeclaims

Euroean kings benetted

"rom 8e"ormation- Church lost olitical ower as

many Christians becameProtestants

8eligion remained imortantand continued to "ragment

the Holy 8oman Emire Strong kings emerged in

England1 Drance1 and Sainby late 5th C6


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+a(sbrg 8a%il$

%and claims "rom Sain to .talyto ,etherlands to Hungary- Aeared as i" they might control

all o" Euroe

Catholic 7 led to religiouscon#icts

Charles B tried to uni"y Euroe- e&erienced strong oosition

"rom Drench king and 9ttoman

sultan Abdicated his throne and

holdings "ragmented sonPhili .. inherited lands inSain

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(ePolitical *onsolidation !cont"


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Phili( IISain at height o"

ower- Iingdom had been

unied by marriage o"Derdinand and .sabelle;Sonsored +oyages o"

Columbus;8econ'uista

Sanish rulersde+outly Catholic

Sain rich "rom ,ewWorld wealth



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8rench and /(anish kingsabsolute monarchs- Hold comlete control o+er kingdoms

Drench kings claim divine right o#6ings (od/s blessing 7 legitimacyo" royalty across Euroe enhanced)

%ouis L.B 7 Sun Iing- Theatre state- Bersailles- Entertained e&tra+agantly 7 nobility

would "orget their comlaints againstking

- %ikeness surrounded by sun beams- %Ketat cKest moi summed u absolute

rule Prussia (emhasi0ed strong

military)1 Austria4Hungary alsoracticed absolutism



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'ngland and the 2etherlandsde+eloed constitutionalism- 8ulers shared ower with a

arliament; Henry B... needed arliamentary

suort in "orming the Anglican Church

; ueen Eli0abeth relied on Parliamentto "und the na+y and nancee&loratory +oyages; English Ci+il War itted the king against

Parliament; Iing Charles . was beheaded

- William and 2ary (Protestants "rom

the ,etherlands) ruled together withParliament; Parliament ower o" the urse

$ritain and ,etherlands growingcommercial and colonial owers- o+ernment in the ,etherlands

decentrali0ed by the House o" 9range

was highly in#uential


Absoltis% vs


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Absoltis% vs*onstittionalis% in 'arl$

&odern 'ro(e

Constitutionalism Absolutism

egree o" centrali0ation+aried

8ule o" law 8ule o+er relati+ely

homogeneousoulations

Practiced mercantilism Power o" rulers shared

with arliament 8ecognition o" some

indi+idual rights

Highly centrali0edstate

8ule by di+ine right o"kings

egree o"

homogeneity +aried %ess likely to ractice

mercantilism ,o sharing o" ower

with arliament ,o recognition o"

indi+idual rights

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e


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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances

Caitalism- Economic system

based on ri+ateownershi o"

- Dree market

Wealth of Nations 7in+isible hand-

Suly and demand2ercantilism

- 8esonsibility o"go+ernment toromote statesKeconomy

T # ti # '


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rowth o" banks andbanking- eosit "unds- Secure loans

.nsurance comanies

"ormed 3oint stock comaniesorgani0ed commercial+entures

East .ndia Comany 2ost !oint4stock comanies

"ormed in $ritain and the,etherlands- %aws were suorti+e

.n absolutist go+ernmentthey were more likely tocontrol +entures directly

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9evelo(%ent o# *a(italis% andTechnological Advances !cont"

T # ti # '


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Caitalist systemlargely relaced guildsystem- Entrereneurs sought

ways to oerate withoutguilds whichreresented collecti+e1not indi+idual e@orts

and did not emhasi0erot4making

Putting out system




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Technological ad+ancescontributed to thetrans"ormation o" Euroe- Altered in+entions to suit

their needs- 2odied hulls "or the

Atlantic Comass was imro+ed 2amaking 7 2ercator

ro!ection Euroean ad+ances in

metalwork allowed "or

cannons 7 used Chinesegunowder- %ed to buildu o" Euroean

military might




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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial

*hanges8aid oulationgrowthHealthier diets due to

increase in "ood "rom

e&anding tradenetworks9ld diseases less

deadly .ncreased li"e sani during Thirty MearsK

War- A"ter oulation le+els

continued to rise



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Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial *hanges!cont"

Commerce increasedand led to raidurbani0ation

%ondon1 Paris1 2adrid1

Amsterdam1 $erlin1Coenhagen1 andStockholm

*Poulation growthallowed "or

- raid economice&ansion

- ro+ided "uel "orEuroean settlement inthe ,ew World



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Social li"e changed Wealth to urban areas and rural (utting out system)

Peole urchased more goods1 e&anded economy Dinancial indeendence young eole own homes 2arriages not longer "or economic interest marry "or

lo+e

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e9e%ogra(hic and /ocial *hanges!cont"


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2utually rein"orcing cultural1 olitical andeconomic comonents that changed theower balance in the world

9lder ci+ili0ations in decline or holding theirown

Small Euroean states #e&ing their musclesChanges encouraged Euroeans to +enture

across the seas to !oin the hemisheres

Trans#or%ation o# 'ro(e)verall


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+e%is(heres :nitedDocus on the relationshis"ormed between the ,ew Worldand the 9ld and theconse'uences o" !oining the

hemisheres


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Across the water;<

Peole had tra+eled theri+ers- reeks1 Phoenicians1 8oman

shis crossed 2editerranean- Chinese !unks and dhows

tra+ersed the .ndian 9cean

- Trade atterns intensied- Polynesians e&lored andsettled the islands

- Scandina+ians made their wayto ,orth America

.n the Americas1 the Arawakwere tra+eling theCaribbean- All o" these +entures laid the

basis "or e&tensi+e sea tra+eland made it ossible "or sea4based states to gainreeminent ower in the world


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Atlantic a giant barrier between Euroe1 A"rica1 and theAmericas

Chinese sailors went on incredible +oyages led by ZhengHe who was commissioned by Emeror Mongle (2ingdynasty)- Se+en maritime e&editions

- Dleets with as many as


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+e%is(heres :nited=heng +e.s o$ages !cont"

Boyages ended with a"ter the death o"Emeror Mongle

What i" theyKd continuedQ Would theChinese ha+e Fdisco+eredG the AmericasQ Timing about the same as the Euroeans6- Some historians think Zheng He went to

Cali"ornia but most disagree Either way1 the 2ing stoed the +oyages

which made sense gi+en the dynasty/sorientation to the world

Mongle e&cetional emeror- ,ot sketical about contact with "oreigners1 as

later 2ing emerors tended to be

- To start and sto +oyages re#ects ChinaKs onagain o@ again attitude toward the world Trade was +ital to ChinaKs greatness but it

could also bring harm and destruction- 9n to o" that1 money was needed to contain

attacks "rom the nomadic eole to the northand west and the +oyages were e&ensi+e

+e%is(heres :nited


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+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$ages and*olonies

Portuguese and Sanish led the way- Consolidated their go+ernments had

built strong militaries 9n the Atlantic close to the Strait o"

ibraltar- Benice and enoa dominated

2editerranean which had "orged tradealliances with 2uslim states Sain and Portugal insired by new

cultural and economic "orcestrans"orming Euroe interested innding con+erts

Sain united under Derdinand and.sabelle- E&elled 3ews- 8eligious de+otion couled with

centrali0ed olitical ower ro+ided theincenti+e to sread Christianity

+e%is(heres :nited


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+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$ages and*olonies !cont"

Portuguese aware o" cara+ans o" gold andsla+es mo+ing across the Sahara 7 sail alongthe A"rican coast in hoes o" establishingtrade contacts

Henry the ,a+igator led the rst +entures- Created a na+igation school

- 3ewish cartograhers- Studied and imro+ed na+igation technology- 2agnetic comass and astrolabe- Ad+ancements in designs "or shis the cara+el

; Smaller than a Chinese !unk but si0e allowede&loration o" shallow coastal areas and ri+ers

; Strong enough to withstand storms; Two set o" sails; S'uare to catch bree0es "or seed; %ateens "or maneu+erability

Cannons made it a ghting shi

+ i h : it d


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2any thought southern watersboiling hot and "ull o" monsterstook time to con+ince others

Students o" Henry1 most

notably ias and da ama1 setout set out to nd the ti o"A"rica and connect to the .ndian9cean- $y the end o" the 5>th c their "eat

was accomlished 4 a"ter years o"e&eriments with wind and ocean

currents and disco+ering the"astest and sa"est way to returnhome to Portugal

Bentured away "rom the coast- Cabral (5>??) sailed too "ar and

reached South American coastclaimed $ra0il "or Portugal

+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$agesand *olonies !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


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Sanish e&lorationless gradual

Columbus con+incedDerdinand and .sabelleto sonsor +oyage- Osed PtolemyKs

calculationsunderestimated thedistance

- Thought heKd reachedEast .ndies

- Three +oyages insistedheKd reached Asia

,ew World named "orAmerigo Besucci1e&lorer sonsored byPortugal and Sain

+e%is(heres :nitedPortgese and /(anish o$agesand *olonies !cont"

i h i d


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Portugal and Sain disagreeo+er control o" Americas- %ook to the Church "or guidance- Agree on an imaginary line to

di+ide the lands: Treaty o"

Tordesillas (line shi"ted) E+entually argue about lands

around the Pacic also 2agellan commissioned by

Sain to nd a way through the

Americas1 cross the Pacic1 andreturn home to Sain

ied en4route in the Philiinesone shi made it back

+e%is(heres :nitedThe Treat$ o# Tordesillas

+e%is(heres :nited


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Treaty "ate"ul agreement "or both- Docused Sain on the Americas and

Portugal on A"rica and the .ndian 9cean Portgese encountered well

established trade routes and ortscontrolled by many di@erent eole- Were able to dominate due to cannons on

shis- $urned many Swahili city4states- i@erent orts connected the trading

community1 no one enemy to de"eat- Portuguese had to be content with 'uick

rots and seldom settled in orts they

controlled 2uslims1 $uddhists1 and Hindus little

interest in con+ersion /(anish disco+ered that a"ter the

con'uest o" two clear enemies1 theA0tecs and the .nca1 all would betheirs and began to trans"orm theAmericas

+e%is(heres :nited The Treat$ o# Tordesillas!cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


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+e%is(heres :nitedThe /(anish '%(ire in theA%ericas

Combination o" religious "er+or anddesire "or riches

Con'uistadores- Cortes

; A0tec; Aided by Amerindian eole

; 2alint0in; 2onte0uma welcomed Saniards

(uet0alcoatl returning home); ,ati+es had ne+er seen men with beards

descritions gi+en to 2onte0uma may ha+esounded like the "eathered serent

; Sanish took o+er the city and imrisoned2onte0uma killed

; How did ?? men take o+er a cityrotected by thousandsQ; Amerindians; isease; Weaons; Sanish swords

+e%is(heres :nited


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Pi0arro- .nca- Atahuala de"eated his brother "or the throne in a ci+il war emire weakened- Pi0arroKs soldiers sei0ed Atahuala and imrisoned him- Atahuala aid ransom- $ati0ed Christian then strangled- 2assi+e nati+e rebellion "ollowed causing the .nca con'uest to take longer than the A0tec

With these two con'uests the con'uistadores marched through other arts o" the

Americas- Claiming land as they went- Con+erting nati+es to Christianity- Searching "or gold

$y the end o" the 5th c they had built a massi+e colonial emire in the ,ew World

+e%is(heres :nitedThe /(anish '%(ire in the A%ericas!cont"

+ i h : it d


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Sain and Portuguese tookcontrol o" the landscon'uistadores had claimed

Portgese reoccuied withinterests in A"rica and Asia- Biceroys aointed to administer

$ra0il The /(anish established two

centers o" authority- 2e&ico and Peru- %ater di+ided into "our

+iceroyalties and the Audiencia o"

Chile- $uilt 2e&ico City on old A0teccaital o" Tenochtitlan

- $uilt administrati+e buildings inold .nca centers in Cu0co

- Caital in %ima along the coast

+e%is(heres :nitedIberian *olonial )rgani>ation

+e%is(heres :nited


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Biceroys were the kingKs reresentati+es- Iing had audiencias1 secial courts- Communication diNcult +iceroys oerated "airly

indeendently- Biceroys set u go+ernment in urban areas

members o" bureaucracy li+ed nearby- Ontil 5=th C most oNcials were born in Sain but

o+er time osts gi+en to some o" the newgeneration Orban settlement atterns in $ra0il were

similar- 3esuits and riests arri+ed to con+ert nati+es- Set u residences and churches- Priests also saw to the siritual needs o"

Euroeans and established schools- Amerindians con+erted as a result o" closecontact with riests

- E+entually some riests rotested Sanishe&loitation

+e%is(heres :nitedIberian *olonial )rgani>ation!cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


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reatest societal di+ision between Euroeans andAmerindians- Political administrators1 military leaders and soldiers1

lantation and mine owners were Euroean- Workers were Amerindian- A0tec and .nca class di+isions wied out treated the same

by Euroeans

Social Structure- Children o" Sanish and Portuguese (the eninsulares) were

creoles (o+er time gained more ower)- Dew women "rom the 9ld World1 took nati+e

wi+esmistresses6 Children mesti0os- When sla+es arri+ed1 children o" Euroeans and A"ricans

were mulattoes- 2ulattoes and mesti0os comosed castas1 middle le+el

status

Patriarchal society- Dather authority o+er children

- Women couldnKt hold olitical ositions1 run a lantation ormines

- Women did control dowry and ran business a"ter husbandsdied

- Women had "ull rights to inheritance

+e%is(heres :nitedThe *olonial 'cono%$ in atinA%erica

+e%is(heres :nited


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The 2etherlands de+eloed as center o"trade in the 2iddle Ages

2oti+ated by the Protestant work ethic- Encouraged indi+iduals to work towards gaining

wealth Took o+er the .ndian 9cean trade "rom

Portuguese in 5=th C- 2uslim traders re"erred the Protestants didnKt

try to con+ert to Christianity- Osed cannons to back u business deals- 3oint4stock comany: East .ndia large and

ower"ul- Seciali0ed in the sice and lu&ury trade

Shi"ted attention in late 5=th c to the trans4Atlantic sla+e trade- 5U the utch West .ndia Comany established

,ew ,etherland caital on 2anhattan .sland

+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica

+e%is(heres :nited


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British coloni0ation started later due tointernal ower struggles- War o" the 8oses

; rained resources

- Also struggles between Catholics and Anglicans Eli0abethKs de"eat o" the Sanish Armada

(5>RR) demonstrated $ritish na+al ower

- Dirst +enture 8oanoke (lost colony) adisaointment

$ritain "ormed !oint4stock comanies to beginsettlement and established di+erse colonieson the east coast- 3amestown 5?=- Puritans in 2assachusetts-

uakers in Pennsyl+ania- Catholics in 2aryland 3oint4stock comanies intended to make

rots economic goals 5UU English sei0ed ,ew ,etherlands and

renamed ,ew Mork- English solidied their control o" the Atlantic coast

WorldKs leading na+al ower by the late 5=th

C

+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


59/124

8rench also entered the race "orcolonies late- E&lored waterways o" the ul" o" St6

%awrence and the St6 %awrence ri+ers- Colonies at Port 8oyal (,o+a Scotia)

and uebec

- Con+ert nati+es to Catholicism; 3esuits- .nterested in "ur market- Traded guns1 te&tiles1 alcohol "or "urs

; %ed to o+erhunting and guns "orAmerindians

Drench colonies grew slowly cold

Canadian colonies held littleaeal- Drance didnKt allow Protestant

Huguenots to settle- Trader li"estyle1 constantly on the

mo+e to "ollow tras1 not conduci+e to"amily li"e

- Contrast: English colonies o"ten settled

by "amilies to "arm and ro+ide work"or !oint stock comanies

+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ento# 2orth A%erica !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


60/124

English and utch tried to control economies throughmercantilism- oal o" economic gain to benet mother country- oods and ser+ices that originated in mother country to colonies and

colonial goods to mother country

9+erall1 ,ew World endea+ors e&anded the mother countryKs(Drance1 Sain1 Portugal1 ,etherlands1 England) economy "arbeyond the borders1 heling to tilt the balance o" ower in theworld toward Euroe

+e%is(heres :nitedThe ',(loration and /ettle%ent o#2orth A%erica !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


61/124

utch and English coloniesri+ately nanced moreindeendence than %atin Americancolonies

Charters selled out rights andresonsibilities

o+ernments not all the same- 2aryland was a rorietary colony

(granted to %ord $altimore)- Iing assumed control o+er Birginia

English colonies had assemblieswith two houses- Colonists came to think they should

share the right to determine rules andregulations

,o ower"ul authoritarian +iceroysand no large urban areascomarable to 2e&ico City or %imauntil much later

+e%is(heres :nitedGovern%ents in 2orth A%erica

+e%is(heres :nited


62/124

Amerindian oulationssmaller in ,orth America(comared to A0tec.nca)- Slashburn agriculture or

nomadic easier to dislace

Suscetible to diseaseoulation "urther reduced

Pushed westwardadated to newen+ironments by hunting- Horses made it ossible

Some migrated to landsother nati+es claimed- territorial wars

+e%is(heres :nitedRelations with A%erindians

+e%is(heres :nited


63/124

(Relations with A%erindians!cont"%ess rigid social classes Euroeans and

Amerindians led searate li+es in the early days- Euroeans oulated colonies- As settlers ressed westward more intermingling

Southern colonies de+eloed strict socialclasses between blacks and whites (mi&ed raceconsidered black)- $elie+ed blacks to be in"erior

Social classes that de+eloed within the middleand northern colonies mainly among Euroeansand more #uid than %ain America

Drench took nati+e wi+es and relationshigenerally more cooerati+e

+e%is(heres :nited


64/124

(Relations with A%erindians!cont"

Dorced labor systemsdi@erent than %atin America(mitKa and encomienda)

English colonists came tosettle

- Darm or trade Sla+es not ractical in areas

with small "arms in ,ewEngland

2iddle colonies 7 indenturedser+itude

- Same as "ree settler but boundby contract "or "our to se+enyears

- End o" contract 4small iece o"land1 tools1 and clothing

+e%is(heres :nited?


65/124

(*o%(arative *olonies in theA%ericas

atin A%erica Encomienda1 2itKa1 Sla+e

labor Single men soldiers

married nati+e women Authoritarian go+t1

+iceroys1 no assemblies1elaborate bureaucracies

Amerindians "orced into

labor Hierarchal social

structures se+eralclasses based onethnicity

2orth A%erica

Sla+ery and indenturedser+ants

Damilies came1 lessintermarriage untilmo+ement west

o+t more indeendent1assemblies with lesselaborate bureaucracies

Amerindians ushed

aside1 not generallyused "or labor Hierarchal social classes

in the south1 lesshierarchal and rigid inthe ,orth

+e%is(heres :nited


66/124

Sustained contact hadro"ound imlications "oralmost all areas o" theworld- $iological

; Plants1 "ood1 animals1 humanbeings1 and disease

- Commercial; 2anu"actured goods1 non4

biological raw materials andmoney

$oth tyes o" e&changescombined to establish

global networks o" tradeand communications suchas had not been seenbe"ore in world history

+e%is(heres :nitedGlobal ',changes

+e%is(heres :nited


67/124

lobal di@usion o" cros1 other lants1 humanbeings1 animals1 and disease- Pre+iously #ora and "auna de+eloed searately

When the worlds were brought together +astchanges occurred in natural en+ironments1health1 and demograhic atterns

+e%is(heres :nitedThe *ol%bian ',change

+e%is(heres :nited


68/124

High death rates in the,ew World noimmunities to diseases- Smallo& deadliest but

o"ten combined withother disease toincrease mortality rates

Highest in denselyoulated areas (A0tecand .nca)- 9nly limited historical

roo" that diseases weresread intentionally

Euroean immigrantsto the Caribbean dyingo" malaria

isease also imacteddeath rates in 9ceania

(The *ol%bian ',change!cont"

The Great 9$ing wascased b$ s%all(o, andother disease ger%s

carried b$ the conerors


69/124

.ncreased world oulationo+erall Sulies o" "ood increased

- Bariety o" a+ailable "ood- Caloric intake increased

%i+estock altered en+ironment

- Cattle1 igs1 horse1 and sheemultilied raidly

- estroyed natural +egetation- Sulied meat1 milk1 hides and

wool Horse robably single most

imortant- ,ati+es tra+el "urther- Hunt more eNciently- Wage a di@erent tye o" war"are

(The *ol%bian ',change!cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


70/124

Caitalism andmercantilism alied toe&changes across theAtlantic

.n+estors sought rots inthe roduction and e&orto" cash cros

Some cros "rom ,ew Worldto 9ld (tobacco)

$ra0il and the Caribbeanrincial sources o" sugar("rom Eastern Hemishere)- ,eeded to be raised on large

lantations- 8aw sugar cane could not

sur+i+e the ocean !ourneys; Processed be"ore it was

shied- Producer needed growing

elds and a rocessing lant; %arge in+estment small

"armers couldn/t sur+i+e- Sla+e labor

(The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$

/gar Plantation &ill CardIsland o# Antiga*aribbean@ 1DE<

+e%is(heres :nited


71/124

Great *ircit- ,ew roducts- E&erimentation with labor systems- ,ew methods o" transortation- ,ew lands- Caitalistic enterrise

All combined to create a clockwisenetwork o" sea routes

'ro(e to Arica- uns1 te&tiles1 manu"actured goods

&iddle PassageF A#rica to A%ericas- Sla+es to the Americas (brought "oods such as

okra and rice contributed to di+ersity o""oods)

2ew World to 'ro(e- oods roduced in the new world included

sugar1 tobacco1 gold1 sil+er1 "ood Shis also crossed Pacic

- 2anila galleons

; Traded sil+er "or u Asian lu&ury goods

(The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$ !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


72/124

$y 5th C many orts o" the world are connected (e&ect Australia andmuch o" 9ceania)- Trade atterns established continued into later times

Those who (roted the %ost gained econo%ic (ower in additionto (olitical and social control !generall$ 'ro(eans"

The Great *ircit and the Atlantic'cono%$ !cont"

+e%is(heres :nited


73/124

This eriod brought tremendous change to the Americas- Western Hemishere had de+eloed in relati+e isolation- The Americas now became an integral art o" the world trade network- The rst truly global economy de+eloed

Changes in one art o" the world otentially imacted others- A0tec and .nca relaced by Sanish and Portuguese- ,ati+es in ,orth America ushed inland- Drench traers traded with nati+es along interior waterways

En+ironmental and demograhic changes- ,ewly introduced lants and animals changed diets and li"estyles and altered the

natural en+ironment Poulation increases in Euroe surred interest in the ,ew World

- ,ew business and transortation inno+ations allowed migrations to the Americas ,ati+e oulation decreased

- Poulations later rebound as nutritional and economic benets o" the Columbiane&change began to take e@ect

)verall


74/124

A#rica.n+estigate the imact o" thenew world economy on A"rica

A#rica and the 2ew World


75/124

A#rica and the 2ew World'cono%$

old1 salt1 and i+ory tradebrought wealth to A"ricankingdoms

These connections led A"ricadirectly into the new worldeconomy

A"ricans layed a +ital rolein the new trade atternsthat de+eloed- 2ost +aluable contribution was

human beings the second lego" the Atlantic Circuit as sla+esheaded to the new World

The sla+e trade trans"ormedthe arts o" A"rica that ittouched1 but many artswere una@ected by thechanges swirling aroundthem

'arl$ *ontact with


76/124

'arl$ *ontact with'ro(eans

Sla+e trade e&isted be"orethe Euroeans gotin+ol+ed- .nternals sla+e trade- P9W

;Sla+es not seen as roertycontrollers amass wealththrough their labor

- Sla+es could obtain "reedomor become members o" clan

Changed a"ter contact withthe Portuguese

5?1???1???V largest"orced migration in worldhistory

'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans


77/124

'arl$ *ontact with 'ro(eans!cont"

5>th CE&loratory +oyages

along western coastPrince Henry the

,a+igator

- Established "orts andtrading osts called"actories localA"rican merchantsbrought goods to betraded

.nitial interest ingold and i+orysome sla+esbrought to Portugalby 5UU5



78/124


Christian missionaries con+erted

royal "amily in Iongo- 8elationshi e'ual tried toEuroeani0e the nati+es (A"ricans asin"erior)

rowing sla+e trade encouragedthe Portuguese to look to theIongo to suly sla+es "or the

2iddle Passage- 5> 7 Iing o" the Iongo went to warwith the Portuguese to sto sla+eraiding

- Portuguese suerior arms heledthem win

Euroeans continued to coloni0e"urther south and set ucometing sla+e trading osts- 9nce the Portuguese rounded the

Cae o" ood Hoe they took o+erSwahili trading cites and intensiedthe sla+e trade already in laceacross the .ndian 9cean



79/124


Cooeration o" A"rican eliteimortant- Traded war cati+es1 criminals1 and

indi+iduals e&elled "rom theirgrou

- enerally young men +alued "orstrength

Portuguese dominated "or 5>?yearsV As demand grew1 other

Euroeans !oined sla+e trade- Established "orts along A"rican

coast- Sla+es brought to coast as military

cati+es or kidnaed 2any A"rican states were small

and "ragmented their'uarreling roduced warcati+es who ro+ided labor "orthe +ictors

Euroean merchants benetted

h iddl


80/124

The &iddle Passage

Sla+es in secially built holdsacked together- irlsboyswomen searate- Dour to ten weeks

Packed shis to ma&imi0erots

- 2ale sla+es chained together tokee "rom !uming o+erboard- Secial nets to catch any that

decided to !um together 9nce under sail1 men ket

below decks

eath "rom disease1 bad"ood1 dysentery1 re"usal toeat1 whiings1 occasionale&ecution

Th A# i 9i


81/124

The A#rican 9ias(ora

Sreading o" A"ricans- 2ost destined "or sugarlantations in $ra0il and theCaribbean later "or rice1 cottonand tobacco roduction

- Some in Sanish mines orhousehold ser+ants

%arge sugar lantationssla+es +ast ma!ority o"oulation- $ra0il 7 manumission more

common than elsewhere .mact o" diasora on "amily

li"e A"rican women

outnumbered by mene+erywhere in the WesternHemishere- Damily structures seriously

challenged- 2any A"rican con+erted to

Christianity but continued theirnati+e religions

h # h l i


82/124

The I%(act o# the Atlantic/lave Trade in A#rica

.nterior grous not asa@ected (8wanda1$urundi1 2asai1 Turkana)- 2any beneted such as

Asante1 ahomey1 9yo Asante

- Western A"rica- %eader 9sei Tutu united

clans- Controlled gold and sla+e

trade- 2ost ower"ul state in

Sudan- Iingdom cooerati+e

The I%(act o# the Atlantic


83/124


Benin deendedon traditionalroducts- i+ory- te&tiles

- bron0e9aho%e$ used

rearms to createower base- Authoritarian

leaders usingbrutal "orce "orcomliancekingdom based on"orce

The I%(act o# the Atlantic


84/124

%oss o" millions o" young men creating se& ratioimbalance Sla+e trade brought olitical unrest

- Biolence escalated Euroean weaons

9n the east coast the Swahili states continued

trade ad!usted to Euroean resence- %inks to the interior continued to bring i+ory1 gold1 and

sla+es to the coast

,ew World style lantations on Zan0ibar- Sla+e markets o" the 8ed Sea continue

utch set u Cae Colony at Cae o" ood Hoe- utch mo+ed inland to "arm and deended on sla+e labor

2ost other interior A"rican areas remained relati+eisolated



85/124


86/124

and Based Powers on the


87/124

8ise o" sea4based owers shi"tedthe balance o" world ower- Seen in the gradual weakening o" the

2uslim Emires Three imortant land based

emires didnKt lose ground- Either on the rise or at their eak

; 8ussia; ing China; Tokugawa 3aan

All reached their greatnessthrough traditional land4based

methods All addressed challenges "rom

Euroe in di@erent1 but e'uallysuccess"ul1 ways

and Based Powers on theRise? Rssia and 'ast Asia

and Based Powers on theRi


88/124

$y 5U>? 2ongol controlended1 2usco+y on the rise

,ot as modern as other states- Pre+iously aligned with

$y0antine culture and olitics

- The 2uslim cature o"Constantinole1 the northernlocation1 and the rise o" sea4based owers should ha+eensured 8ussiaKs continuingobscurity

The concentration o" oliticalower1 the actions andolicies o" the tsars1 deedthe odds and roelled 8ussiato the ranks o" the greatemires by 5=>?

Rise?The Rssian '%(ire

and Based Powers on the Rise? The Rssian'%(ire


89/124

As 2ongol resence weakened12oscow rinces continued to aytribute

.+an ... re"used to ay known asIvan the Great- eclared himsel" Tsar- Claimed establishing FThird 8omeG- Ac'uired new lands by marriage1

wars1 and urchase- 8ecruited cossacks (easants) to

settle in new lands in e&change "or"reedom ("ormer ser"s)

A"ter the demise o" the$y0antines1 .+an saw 8ussia as thecarrier o" 8oman tradition

istinct cultural characteristicsincluding Eastern 9rthodo& Church .+an .. head o" go+ernment and

church .n#uence o" the church increased

as .+anKs ower grew

'%(ireThe ',(ansion and *entrali>ation o# RssiaBe#ore 150

and Based Powers on the Rise? The Rssian'%(ire


90/124

Centrali0ation continued under Ivanthe Terrible (.+an .B 7 grandson o".+an the reat)

Economic system based on "eudalism- $oyars (nobles) held land worked by ser"s- 2ilitary resonsibilities similar to Western

Euroe and 3aan

- $oyars resisted centrali0ation o" tsars ower .+an .B resonded by

- 8edistributed the boyars lands to orichniki- Iilling the rebels in cruel ways (cooking

them and skinning ali+e)- E&ecuted his oldest son

FTime o" TroubleG "ollowed .+anKs death- Cometition among boyars "or control o"

throne- ,eighboring kingdoms in+aded- $oyars selected 2ikhail 8omano+ as heir

8omano+Ks ruled until the early ?th Cwhen last tsar e&ecuted by new regimeo" communist leaders

(The ',(ansion and *entrali>ation o# RssiaBe#ore 150 !cont"

and Based Powers on the RiseThe Rssian '%(ire? Peter the


91/124

The Rssian '%(ire? Peter theGreat

Peter the Great- Tsar most resonsible "or

trans"orming 8ussia- Saw 8ussia was "ar "rom

cutting edge- %ooked to the West and

understood the imortanceo" controlling the oceans andseas

- Studied Euroean methodso" shibuilding andengineering

Pulled 8ussia by thebootstras into its newrole as an imortantlayer in global history


92/124

and Based Powers on the RiseTh R i ' i P t th G t


93/124

2ilitary 8e"orm- $uilt si0e o" army by dra"tingeasants to ser+e as ro"essionalsoldiers

- .ncreased ay

- Encouraged western technology(including training on cannons andrearms)

- $uilt roads and bridges to transorttroos and e'uiment

- $uilt na+y bringing in Euroeane&erts on shi4building1 sailing1 andna+igation

- $uilt orts to accommodate shis

The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great!cont"



94/124

Social 8e"orm- 9rdered boyars to dress likeEuroeans no more bearskincaes and beards (owner coulday a ne to kee beard)

- 8ussian women traditionallysecluded themsel+es at homewearing +eils when out inublic Peter insisted theyaeared un+eiled in his courtand dress as Euroean ladies

- ecreed that young eole(not their arents) determinedwho they wanted to marry




95/124


$ureaucratic 8e"orm- 8eorgani0ed to be more

eNcient gathering ta&es(needed money to ayarmy1 na+y1 and "or there"orms)

- 8elaced boyars withgo+ernment oNcialsselected "rom new Table o"8anks ositions based on

merit

- Eliminated many titles o"nobility and ensured thatnew bureaucrats wereloyal to him



96/124

Peter brought many changes- Con#ict between the Sla+ic traditional ways and the newimetus to westerni0e

- Selecti+ely imitated western ways; %ittle interest in Enlightenment ideas

id not aim to build an international e&ort4

oriented economy Saw economic de+eloment mainly as a way to

suort military e@orts- Continued autocratic rule but sent message to sub!ects to

emulate Euroean ways- Catherine the reat understood the con#ict and continued

the autocratic traditions o" the tsars 8ussians continued their Sla+ic ways1 including

8ussian 9rthodo& religion- A"ter Peter they began to turn one ear toward the West

The Rssian '%(ire? Peter the Great)verall


97/124

The Tsar *annonecannon in 15D< Its tbe weighs 40 tons< Itwas intended #or de#ense o# the re%lin in&oscow@ bt it was never red<

and Based Powers on theRise?


98/124

Tended to think o" Euroeans as backwards lobal e@ects o" Euroean e&ansion were being "elt by

the 5=th and 5Rth C

- SE Asia most a@ected since the Portuguese and utch claimedorts and controlled trade through this crucial link between the.ndian 9cean and South China Sea

Euroeans took o+er Philiines and .ndonesia- Established regimes that "a+ored the Euroean merchants

Philiines

- 2anila center o" Sanish commercial acti+ity .ndonesia

- utch had more tenuous hold hub in $ata+ia on 3a+a China1 3aan1 and Iorea more resistant

Rise?'ast Asia

and Based Powers on theRise?


99/124

2issionaries to ChinadidnKt ha+e much imact

3aanese acti+ely tried tokee Euroeans out

,omadic in+asions

continued to reoccuy2ing

Euroean e&cursion tothe ,ew World only o"marginal interest- China and 3aan +entured

into the seas and tradedmost o" their concerns wereland4based and remained"ocused on their owninternal a@airs

Rise?'ast Asia !cont"

Rise


100/124

'ast Asia? The ate &ing

9$nast$

ynasty began witho+erthrow o" 2ongols andlasted


101/124

Palace eunuchs ser+ed asemerorKs eyes and earswith direct access toemerors

E&anded "orbidden cityE&amination system re+i+ed

- 8e'uired e&tensi+e knowledgeo" Con"ucian thought

2ing armies large1 good

leadershi- Direarms not as ad+anced as the

West

'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$Political *haracteristics

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$


102/124

Commercial acti+ity strong in China 5th C

%arge o" eole engaged in trade andmanu"acture

Portuguese traded ,ew World sil+er "orlu&ury goods beha+ior consideredo@ensi+e

- o+ernment conned their acti+ity to 2acao Orban areas grew under 2ing inland and

ort cities 2ing not interested in technical inno+ation

- Euroeans had adated and imro+ed manyearly Chinese in+entions; unowder and rinting

.n 'uest to reser+e identity1 Chinese tooklittle notice o" technological ad+ances thatwould ro+e undoing- Still1 the brilliance and roserity o" the 2ing are

not o+ershadowed during this era by lack o"technological rogress

'cono%ic Progress and TechnologicalResistance



103/124

2iddle Iingdom didnKt "eel itneeded anything "rom outsiders

High oint in cultural andcommercial relations with 3aan- Shoguns embraced Chinese culture

- 3aanese and Chinese iratesraided together Trade contacts with westerners

limited .mortant oening "or Euroe

was 2ing tolerance o" Christian

missionaries who sharedwestern technology- 2ing "ound Euroean +isitors

amusing and interesting

Trade and *ltral *ontacts with)tsiders


d d * l l * i h ) id


104/124

Earlier Christian e@orts in Chinaalmost eliminated by the lague andcollase o" Muan- 3esuits led the way when e@orts re+i+ed

2atteo 8icci- Onderstood Chinese re+ered learning and

renement; Osed his own curiosity about things Chinese

to imress emeror and to try to accomlishunderlying moti+e o" a establishing China asa Christian nation

- 2astered reading and writing in Chinese- isco+ered the emerorKs interest in

Euroean science1 technology1 and

mechanical in+entions; 3esuits corrected Chinese calendars and

reared world mas (with China as center)- islayed bron0e cannons1 cuckoo clacks1

and mechanical clocks that chimed thehours

Trade and *ltral *ontacts with )tsiders!cont"

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$T d d * l l * i h ) id


105/124

3esuits brought Euroeaninno+ations as gi"ts tookad+antage o" good will- e+ised ways to con+ince emeror

o" similarities betweenCon"ucianism and Christianity

- ,umber o" con+erts low

E+entually Poe becamealarmed about comarisonswith Con"ucianism andChristianity 3esuit missionended- Poe demanded ban on ancestral

+eneration- Chinese emeror banned Christian

roselyti0ing- 2ission weakened

3esuits "ailed in goal o" aChristian China but oenedcountry to Euroean in#uence- Writings stimulated interest in

China and demand "or goods

Trade and *ltral *ontacts with )tsiders!cont"



106/124

Problems de"endingborders- ,omadic grous success"ul

"orays across reat Wall Weak emerors

- Corrution (articularlyamong the long4resentedeunuchs)

- Court "actions bickering "orthe emeror/s "a+or

Peasant rebellions 2anchurians won the

2andate o" Hea+en- 8enamed emire the ing(ure) ynasty

- ,ot Han Chinese- $arbarians "rom the north

Dounded and maintained

a brilliant new era "or

'ast Asia? The ate &ing 9$nast$The 9ecline o# the &ing

and Based Powers on theRise


107/124

Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$

2anchu gained control o"$ei!ing and began camaignto con'uer rest o" 2ingterritory

$y late 5Rth C China reached

largest si0e in history largestcountry in the world- Transition "rom 2ing to ing not

as diNcult as transitions betweendynasties in earlier eriods; 2anchu had been close to Chinese

ci+ili0ation and had adated manyChinese customs and attitudes

; Some ga+e their suort to2anchu in taking o+er go+ernment

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$


108/124

ing encouraged searation between 2anchuand Chinese

Con"ucians sub!ugated to the +ictors (like withthe 2ongols)- Highest osts lled by 2anchu- Con"ucian scholar4gentry ket most ositions in

bureaucracy 2anchu rulers wanted to reser+e ethnic

identity- Dorbade intermarriage- Chinese men "orced to sha+e "ront o" heads and

grow 'ueue as a sign o" submission to dynasty Ci+il ser+ice e&ams became more cometiti+e

with tests gi+en on district1 ro+incial1 andmetroolitan le+els-

2ost student took the test se+eral times State tightly controlled at center Son o"Hea+en +iew clearly in lace

Emeror led secluded but ri+ileged li"e inDorbidden City

FTheatre stateG aarent- Sumtuous alace and customs

- EmerorKs clothing- Iowtow three se arate kneelin s

'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$Political )rgani>ation



109/124

2anchu dynasty strengthened bytwo strong emerors

Iang&i and ianlong Together rule sanned 5


110/124

Proserity based uon- Agriculture high yields "rom newmethods; 8ice1 wheat1 millet

- ,ew "oods "rom Americas; 2ai0e1 sweet otatoes1 eanuts raised on

soil not aroriate "or re+ious cros

- ,ew "oods sustained raid increasein oulation Poulation outaced "ood suly

but not e+ident be"ore 5=>?- Poulation growth suorted by

trade and in#u& o" American sil+er

- Chinese workers roduced silk1orcelain1 and tea ,ew sil+er sulies generally

heled Chinese economy(contrast to 2uslims)

'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics



111/124

Patriarchal society- Control o+er women robablyincrease late 2ing to ing

- Con"ucian ideals strong Pre"erence "or male

children clear (only males

could take ci+il ser+icee&am which could boost"amily status)

Women encouraged tocommit suicide a"terhusbands died- Doot binding oular- Women could not di+orce

husbands- 2en could ut wi+es aside "or

disobedience or adultery

H g $ $'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics !cont"



112/124

H g $ $'cono%ic and /ocial *haracteristics !cont"

High status o" scholarbureaucrats- istincti+e clothing- .ncome "rom go+ernment ser+ice- %i+ed in urban areas- 9wned land that brought

additional income $elow gentry were easants1

artisans1 and merchants- 2erchants with the lowest status

since easants more worthyconsidered honest work

- 2erchants did not create any

tangible roducts %ower classes o"ten called

mean eoleK which includedsla+es1 indentured ser+ants1and beggars



113/124

$eyond ,eocon"ucianism arich cultural li"e emergedin hilosohy1 literature1and history

Emerors suorted

rinting and distribution o"materials- Mongle sonsored Yongle’s

Encyclopedia- Iang&iKs Collection of oo!s

Poular no+els circulatedtwo o"ten best know tono+els are the oo! of theGolden "ot#s and the$ream of the %edCham&er

'ast Asia? The Hing 9$nast$*ltral Inences


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Change Over time China’s Long History

8000-600 BCE Earliest know dynasty emerged 1500 BCE


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in ang!i and H"ang He #iver $alleys%$eneration o& &amily an'estors( em)hasison im)ortan'e on writing and learning%*hang overthrown +y ,ho"( instit"ted +elie&

in mandate o& heaven

600 BCE 600 CE Con&"'ianism. /aoism. Legalism develo)edd"ring ,ho" dynasty% *hi H"angdi "ni&iedChina as short-lived in /ynasty "nderLegalism( &ollowed +y Han +ased onCon&"'ianism% /ynasti' 'y'le )atterns wellesta+lished

600 -150 Chaos &ollowed *"i dynasty. then long erao& 2ang emerged% B"ddhist in&l"en'es.Con&"'ians regained 'ontrol%3eo'on&"'ianism% 2ang and *ong '"lt"rallyri'h. military strength greater with 2ang%*ong de&eated +y 4ongols. esta+lished"an% "an overthrown +y 4ing( re+"ilt

Chinese '"lt"ral instit"tions% 4ing hadmied &eeling a+o"t o"tside world%

150 - 150 4ing strong early. lost 'ontrol to 4an'h"s the ing% *trengthened China with armyand 'om)etent r"lers% Largest and one o&strongest 'o"ntries 150%

and Based Powers on theRise


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3aan organi0ed olitically andeconomically into "eudalistichierarchies- Emeror ruled in name only- Shogun (to military authority) wielded

most real ower

- Power"ul territorial lords1 daimyos1 hadgreat deal o" local control Political ower "ragmented as a

result- Each daimyo ledged allegiance to the

shogun as o+erlord %ate 5>??Ks ci+il war

- Toyotomi Hideyoshi broke ower o"warring daimyos and unied 3aan underhis authority

- reamed o" ruling Iorea1 China and .ndia- ied be"ore "ullled ambitions but his

actions sarked the unication "or therst time in history1 as ste that was acrucial in the countryKs rise to world

ower three centuries later

Rise'ast Asia? a(an

Rise' t A i Th T 6


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aimyos met under leadershi o" Tokugawa .eyasu to establishcentrali0ed go+ernment in 5?<

Also called Tokugawa baku"u tentgo+ernment- .mlying that it was a temorary

relacement "or the ower o" the emeror Tokugawa controlled 3aan until 5R=

- aimyos still retained ower and authority- ShogunKs authority based on military might

; To check daimyoKs ower alternateattendance

; 8e'uired daimyos to send e+ery other yearat Tokugawa court- Weakened daimyos in two ways

; Wealth a@ected because they had tomaintain two households

; aimyos absence "rom lands imaired abilityto establish ower base at home

'ast Asia? The To6gawa

/hognate

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The To6gawa


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Political unicationencouraged economic growth

rowth rooted in agriculture- Water control

- .rrigation- Ose o" "ertili0er

Similar to China- Mields o" rice and other "oods

meant raid oulation growth

Curbed by birth control1 latemarriage1 abortion1 in"anticide- 3aan had limited sace a+ailable

; %imited geograhy 1 mountainousland1 oor soil

/hognate

'cono%ic and /ocial *hange

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The To6gawa /hognate


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'ast Asia? The To6gawa /hognate'cono%ic and /ocial *hange !cont"

Social hierarchy in#uenced byCon"ucianism- 9bedience and resonsibilities o" eole

o" une'ual ranks 8uling elites included

- Shogun- aimyos- Samurai

2iddle class- Peasants and artisans

2erchants at bottom As eace settled and trade

#ourished1 merchants became more

roserous and were amongwealthiest

Samurai le"t with nothing to do intimes o" eace- Strict social hierarchy re+ented samurai

"rom other ro"essions many "ell intodebt

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? The To6gawa


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Culture shaed byCon"ucianism1$uddhism1 andShintoism

- Elite in#uenced by,eocon"ucianism

$uddhism andShintoism morein#uential among

common eole- Shintoism romoted as

imortant source o" 3aanese identity

g/hognate

Arts and earning

an ase owers on e se'ast Asia? The To6gawa/h t


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%iteracy rates high (less charactersthan Chinese)

Wood4block rinting and mo+eabletye made mass roduction o"reading materials ossible

Poetry1 no+els1 social satires1 and

6ab6i lays most common "ormso" urban literature Iabuki

- rama with singing1 dancing1 andelaborate staging

- Setting "or lays o"ten the #oatingworldsK

; Teahouses; Public baths; $rothels

- Allowed eole to escae rigid ublicdecorum

$unraku uet theatre alsooular

/hognateArts and earning !cont"

Rise' t A i d th


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3aanese attemting to uni"y 3aan Euroeanshis on their way to the islands by mid 5th c Euroean traders and missionaries

- Trade and con+ersion main goals- Priests had some success "ocus on con+erting

daimyos; Power"ul daimyo ,obunaga murdered1 successor less

enthusiastic (Hideyoshi); 9rdered missionaries to lea+e the island

- Soon ersecuting Catholic riests and nati+econ+erts

- .eyasu1 rst Tokugawa shogun1 banned Christianity55U; ro+e missionaries out killed any who re"used to go; Con+erts tortured1 imrisoned1 e&ecuted i" wouldnKt

renounce- Tokugawa regime seriously restricted "oreign traders

; 5U?Ks only limited number o" utch and Chinese shisallowed to trade on island o" eshima

'ast Asia? a(an and the

'ro(eans

and Based Powers on the Rise'ast Asia? a(an and the 'ro(eans


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as s a a(a a d e o(ea s!cont"

X Tokugawa set about consolidatingtheir sway o+er the daimyos onceoutside in#uences were controlledX5=>? struggle "or ower betweenshoguns and daimyos still central

XShogunKs court at Edo held

control o+er +assalsX 3aanese ket close eye onEuroean inno+ations through theutchX$y contrast1 Chinese scholar4gentry dismissed Euroeantechnology as work o" barbarians

X 3aanese better understoodthe threat that loomed


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