WHAP Chapter 10

8/8/2019 WHAP Chapter 10

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CHAPTER 10 PART 1

Christian Europe Emerges 600-1200


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The Byzantine Empire, 600-1200

An Empire Beleaguered

Name for the easternRoman Empire

Established Christianity as

their official religion


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Having a single ruler with supreme legal and

religious authority prevented the breakup ofthe empire into petty principalities, but aseries of territorial losses took its toll on the

empire.


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Between 634 and 650, Arab armies destroyed

the Sasanid Empire and captured ByzantineEgypt, Syria, and Tunisia

Islam posed a religious as well as a politicalchallenge


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By the end of the 12th century, two-thirds of

the Christians in these former Byzantineterritories had adopted Islam.


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By the end of the 12th century, two-thirds of

the Christians in these former Byzantineterritories had adopted Islam.

Eventually the empire succumbed to Muslimconquest in 1453


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In the mid-9th century the patriarchs of

Constantinople challenged the territorialjurisdiction of the popes of Rome and some ofthe practices of the Latin Church

These arguments worsened over time and in1054 culminated in a formal schism between theLatin Church and the Orthodox Church.


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Society and Urban Life

Imperial authority and urban prosperity in the

eastern provinces initially shelteredByzantium from many of the economic andpopulation losses seen by western Europe.


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Plague of Justinian

6th century outbreak of the bubonic plague At its peak it may have killed approximately 5,000

people a day

Urban elite class shrank


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Role of women changed after the 7th century

Increasingly found themselves confined to the home. Only socialized with men in their family

However, from 1028-1056 women ruled the

Byzantine Empire alongside their husbands.


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Byzantine emperors continued to set prices,

organize grain shipments to the capital, andmonopolize trade

BecauseByzantiums Roman inheritanceremained so much more intact than western

Europes, few people recognized the slowdeterioration.


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Cultural Achievements

Hagia Sophia


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CHAPTER 10 PART 2

Early Medieval Europe600-1000


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A Time of Insecurity

By the 5th century

The Roman Empire broke down

Europe was politically fragmented Germanic kings ruled a number of different

kingdoms throughout western Europe


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Western Europe continued to be invaded by MuslimArabs as they pushed into France and are finallystopped by Charles Martel, Charlemagnes

grandfather.

The Carolingians united various Frankish kingdoms

into a larger empire.


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CarolingianEmpire at itsheight, underCharlemagne

The empire was

split byCharlemagnesgrandsons andnever unitedagain


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A new threat to western Europe appeared in 793when the Vikings attacked and plundered amonastery on the English coast.

This was the first of hundreds of raids in England, Franceand Spain


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A new threat to western Europe appeared in 793when the Vikings attacked and plundered amonastery on the English coast.

This was the first of hundreds of raids in England, Franceand Spain

Pursued raiding and trading interests and also builtkingdoms in the lands they conquered.

Normandy, Iceland, Greenland


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A Self-Sufficient Economy

The new Germanic political power was accompaniedby an economic transformation New rulers cared little for the urban-based civilization of

the Romans Most cities lost population

Roman roads fell into disuse and disrepair

Bartering goods and services replaced the use of coins

Without the domination of Rome and its GreatTradition, regional elites became more self-sufficient and local small traditions flourished.


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Medieval diet

In the north it was based on beer, lard or butter, and bread.

In the south, it was based on wheat, wine, and olive oil.


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Manors Self-sufficient farming estates that became the primary

centers of agricultural production

Developed from the need for self-sufficiency and self-defense

The lord of the

manor had almostunlimited powerover its workers

the serfs


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Early Medieval Society in

the West Feudalism

A class of nobles emerged and developed into mountedknights

Landholding and the obligation to provide military servicebecame almost inseparable


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the West The need for military security was expensive

Stirrups, bigger horses, armor and weapons forknights

Since land was the basis of wealth, a knight neededfinancial support from land revenues

Fief grant of land in return for a pledge to providemilitary service

Vassals noble followers of alord


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the West By the 10th century, fiefs were hereditary

Kings were weak because they depended on

their vassals They could hold fiefs from more than one lord

Noblewomen became involved in the politics offeudalism through marriage

Women could own land Nonnoble women worked alongside the men


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CHAPTER 9 PART 3

TheWestern Church


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The Structure of Christian Faith

Christians in eastern Europe followed thereligious guidance of the patriarch of

Constantinople appointed by the Byzantine

emperor

The pope in western Europe commanded

similar authority


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The Structure of Christian Faith

The church hierarchy tried to deal withchallenges to unity by calling councils of

bishops to discuss and settle questions of

doctrine Lingering polytheism

Lax enforcement of prohibitions against marriageof clergy

Nepotism

Simony


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Politics and the Church

In politically fragmented western Europe, the

pope needed allies

The relationship between kings and popes

was tense because both thought of

themselves as ultimate authorities


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Popes wanted to combine their

religious power with political

power by forging alliances withkings

Popes chose to crown a king asHoly Roman Emperor

It proved to be no more than a loosecoalition of princes with littleinfluence


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The law of the church gave the pope exclusive

legal jurisdiction over all clergy and church

property wherever located

Secular rulers argued that they should have

the power to appoint bishops who held landin fief.

Investiture controversy


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Monasticism

The most important form of monasticism in westernEurope involved groups of monks or nuns living togetherin organized communities

Served as refuges for widows and other vulnerablewomen, centers of literacy and learning, inns,

orphanages and managed their own estates of

agricultural land

It was difficult for the Catholic hierarchy to exerciseoversight over the monasteries.


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CHAPTER 9

Part 4Western Europe Revives, 1000-1200


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The Role of Technology

Between 1000 and 1200 western Europe

slowly emerged from nearly seven centuries

of subsistence economy Resurgence of trade

Enabled kings to strengthen their control

Population nearly doubles


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The Role of Technology

What caused this revival?

New technologies

Appearance ofself-governing cities


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Cities and the Rebirth of

Trade Independent and self-governing cities begin

to emerge

Relied on manufacturing and trade for theirincome

Legal independence so that their laws could favormanufacturing and trade

Why was it in the best interest of the lords to allowthis?


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Cities and the Rebirth of

Trade More frequent use of coins showed the

increased in economic activity

High-value gold and silver coins begin to beminted in Europe


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CHAPTER 9

Part 5The Crusades, 1095-1204


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What are the Crusades?

Series of religiously inspired

Christian military campaigns

against the Muslims in the

eastern Mediterranean thatdominated the politics of

Europe from 1095 to 1204


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What are the Crusades?

Revival of western Europe

coincided with and

contributed to the Crusades


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What caused the Crusades?

Ambitious rulers seeking new lands to conquer

Italian merchants wanted to increase trade in theeastern Mediterranean and acquire new trading postsin Muslim territory

Church-sanctioned warfare


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Why was Jerusalem the focus

of the Crusades? Tradition of pilgrimages

Muslim control of Christianreligious sites

Byzantine Empires request

for help against theMuslims


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Impact of the Crusades

Crusades were more important for the Europeanworld than they were for the Muslim world

Why?

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WHAP Chapter 10

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