What are structures?• An organism’s An organism’s structurestructure is the way it is put is the way it is put

together—how its parts are arranged to form a together—how its parts are arranged to form a wholewhole..

• An organism’s An organism’s external structureexternal structure is what is on the is what is on the outside of its body.outside of its body.

• An organism’s An organism’s internal structureinternal structure is the way parts is the way parts are arranged inside the body.are arranged inside the body.

What are functions?What are functions?• An organism’sAn organism’s functions functions are the processes are the processes

that allow it to survive and reproduce.that allow it to survive and reproduce.• Digestion is an example of a function in Digestion is an example of a function in

animals. Digestion lets animals break down animals. Digestion lets animals break down foods into molecules that can be absorbed foods into molecules that can be absorbed into the body.into the body.

• Photosynthesis is an example of a function in Photosynthesis is an example of a function in plants. Photosynthesis lets plants use the plants. Photosynthesis lets plants use the energy from sunlight to make food.energy from sunlight to make food.

What are adaptations?What are adaptations? Both the external and internal structures of Both the external and internal structures of

organisms have adaptations that enable them to organisms have adaptations that enable them to perform specific functions. perform specific functions. An An adaptationadaptation is a is a physical characteristic or behavior that allows physical characteristic or behavior that allows an organism to survive and reproduce in its an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.environment.

Reasons for adaptationsReasons for adaptations To suit their habitatTo suit their habitat For protectionFor protection For attackingFor attacking For feedingFor feeding For movement For movement

The external features of an organism determine how well the organism survives in its environment. These features can vary among individuals in a population.A.Coloration and Protective ResemblanceB.Mimicry

Type of External Type of External StructuresStructures

Coloration Coloration and and protective protective resemblanceresemblance allow allow an animal to blend an animal to blend into its environment.  into its environment. 

Another word for this Another word for this might be camouflage.  might be camouflage.  Their camouflage Their camouflage makes it hard for makes it hard for enemies to single out enemies to single out individuals.  individuals.  

Types of External Types of External AdaptationsAdaptations

MimicryMimicry allows allows one animal to look, one animal to look, sound, or act like sound, or act like another animal to fool another animal to fool predators into predators into thinking it is thinking it is poisonous or poisonous or dangerous.  dangerous.  

Behavioral adaptationsBehavioral adaptations Behavioral adaptationsBehavioral adaptations

include activities that help include activities that help an animal survive.an animal survive.   

Behavioural adaptations Behavioural adaptations can be learned or can be learned or instinctive. instinctive. (a behaviour (a behaviour an animal is born with) .an animal is born with) .

An opossum plays dead.An opossum plays dead.

Type of Behavioral Type of Behavioral AdaptationAdaptation

A. MigrationA. Migration: This is a behavioral adaptation that : This is a behavioral adaptation that involves an animal or group of animals moving from involves an animal or group of animals moving from one region to another and then back again. one region to another and then back again. 

Animals migrate for different reasons. Animals migrate for different reasons.  better climate better climate better food better food safe place to live safe place to live safe place to raise young safe place to raise young go back to the place they were born. go back to the place they were born.

Type of Behavioural Type of Behavioural AdaptationAdaptation

B. Nocturnal – Animals that are B. Nocturnal – Animals that are active during the night time hours. active during the night time hours. Usually desert animals are nocturnal Usually desert animals are nocturnal to escape the heat during the day.to escape the heat during the day.

C. Burrowing – animals that dig C. Burrowing – animals that dig holes or tunnels to escape predators holes or tunnels to escape predators or extreme temperatures.or extreme temperatures.

Other Other BehavioralBehavioral adaptations: adaptations:•Penguins stand close together on the ice. This behavior Penguins stand close together on the ice. This behavior helps them to stay warm in their cold environment. helps them to stay warm in their cold environment. •Squirrels store bits of food in many underground locations. Squirrels store bits of food in many underground locations. This behavior ensures that the animal will have enough This behavior ensures that the animal will have enough food to survive the winter.food to survive the winter.•A spider will spin a new web to replace one that is A spider will spin a new web to replace one that is damaged or that has worn out.damaged or that has worn out.

•D. Hibernation is a state of greatly reduced body activity that occurs during the winter when food is scarce.

Internal/Physiological Internal/Physiological AdaptationsAdaptations

Internal Adaptations/PhysiologyInternal Adaptations/Physiology is the way that an organism’s parts is the way that an organism’s parts and processes function together. and processes function together. Variations in physiology can help Variations in physiology can help some organisms survive better in some organisms survive better in their environment than others.their environment than others.

How are gills adapted How are gills adapted for function?for function?

• When you put all the gill When you put all the gill filaments together, they have a filaments together, they have a huge surface area. The larger huge surface area. The larger the surface area, the more gas the surface area, the more gas can pass into and out of the can pass into and out of the fish’s bloodfish’s blood..

• Gills are organs that remove oxygen from water. Gills have threadlike gill filaments that contain tiny, thin-walled blood vessels called capillaries. The thin structure of capillary walls is an adaptation that makes it easy for gases to move into—and out of—the fish’s blood.

How are bird bones How are bird bones adapted adapted

for function?for function?• The bones of birds are filled with air spaces and therefore The bones of birds are filled with air spaces and therefore

are almost hollow. Because this structure makes bones are almost hollow. Because this structure makes bones lightweight, it is an adaptation that helps birds fly.lightweight, it is an adaptation that helps birds fly.

Struts run across the bone, making the bone strong.

How are xylem and phloem How are xylem and phloem an adaptation for plants?an adaptation for plants?

• Most land plants have Most land plants have vascular tissuevascular tissue, , a system of tubelike structures that a system of tubelike structures that transport materials within a plant. transport materials within a plant. There are two main types of vascular There are two main types of vascular tissue—xylem and phloem.tissue—xylem and phloem.

• Xylem transports water from the roots Xylem transports water from the roots upward through the plant. Phloem upward through the plant. Phloem transports food from the leaves transports food from the leaves through the plant.through the plant.

• The cells of xylem and phloem are The cells of xylem and phloem are long and hollowlong and hollow. The cells are arranged end-to-end to . The cells are arranged end-to-end to form tubes. This tubelike structure is an adaptation that form tubes. This tubelike structure is an adaptation that helps xylem and phloem transport materials.helps xylem and phloem transport materials.