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WHAT ARE THECAUSES & CONSEQUENCESOF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS?
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EXTERNAL
INTERNAL
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INTERNAL
• Because of few rules
• Accordingly needs& desires
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Intrinsic motivation
Need for achievement
Political behavior
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SELF DETERMINATION THEORY
Theoretical link between intrinsic motivation and participation in political behavior
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• goal-directed behavior
• positive effect on security
• needs for assure
INTRINSIC MOTIVATION
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• attain a high standard for the purpose of excel one’s self
• High need for achievement • need of fulfillment of request success
NEED FOR ACHIEVEMENT
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EXTERNAL REASONS
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AMBIGUITY
COMPLEXITY
COMPETITION OVER SCARCE
RESOURCES
POLITICAL
BEHAVIORS
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AMBIGUITY
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AMBIGUITY
UNCERTAINTY
GOAL
REWARD SYSTEM
OUTCOMES
PROCEDURES
Uncertainty is everywhere!
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AMBIGUITY
• Reward system
• Cognitive dissonance
REWARD DISSONANCE
COGNITIVE
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COMPLEXITY
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COMPLEXITY
• Even most ethical ones can
easily betray in complex
and hard situations.
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AMBIGUITY
• Sometimes even managers
do not know how to evaluate employees.
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COMPETITIONOVER SCARCE RESOURCES
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COMPETITION
OVER
SCARCE RESOURCES
• FINITE TIME
• FINITE RESOURCES
• FINITE REWARDS
• FINITE OPPORTUNITIES
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• WIN-AT-ALL-COSTS!
OUTCOMES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS
Individual and Organizational
Outcomes
Internal and External Impacts
Internal
and
External
Causes
OUTCOMES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS
External Causes
Internal Causes
Impacts of Internal Causes:• Exchange of Favors• Reprisals• Obstructionism• Symbolic Protest
Impacts of External Causes:• Whistle – blowing• Lawsuits• Leaking info
OUTCOMES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS
•Expand resources by going outside of organization and attempting to involve outsiders.
•Make top management realized and fulfilled employees’ demand.
Whistle – blowing
&
Leaking Info
•Social set-ups that can be resolved through peaceful discussions and mutual understanding.
Lawsuits
&
Indirect Voice
•Standing against top management by lower level of organizations•L
imited participation in policy-making process,
Obstructionism
Exchange of Favors, Reprisals & Symbolic
Protest
• Utilize resources within the organization
• When comparatively greater positional power
Source: Latif, Abdul, Zain Ul Abideen, and Muhammad Suhail Nazar. “Individual Political Behaviors in Organizational Relationship.” Journal of Politics and Law. Canada: Canadian Centre of Science and Education. March, 2011.
OUTCOMES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS
Positive Impacts of Political Behaviors vs. Negative Impacts of Political Behaviors
Flattery to Achieve Individual Goals & Calumniating Others for Individual Benefits
Less Loyalty of Employees &Not Sharing Information and Abilities
Employee Withdrawals & Absenteeism & Loss of Workforce
Less Organizational Efficiency &Less Organizational Performance
More Attention on Tasks &More Individual Efficiency
More Motivation &Higher Performance
Source: Adams, Garry, and Dareen C. Treadway, and Lee P. Stepina. “The Role of Disposition in Politics Perception Formulation: The Predictive Capacity of Negative and Positive Affectivity, Equity Sensitivity, and Self-Efficacy.” Journal of Managerial Issues. 2008.
OUTCOMES OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS
- Objective applications,
- Written and certain rules,
- Rational and equitable criteria to evaluate,
- Available communication channels,
- Encourage employees to participate,
- Precautions against backbreaking towards others,
- Psychological supports,
- Awareness of the reality.
WHAT CAN BE DONE TO OVERCOME NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF POLITICAL BEHAVIORS?
Source: Demirel, Yavuz, and Zeliha Seçkin. “Investigating Organizational Political Behaviors: The Case of the Health Sector in Kyrgyzstan”. USAK, 2009.
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APPLIED RESEARCH ABOUT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
• Research was done by Güler İslamoğlu and Deniz Börü – Marmara University
• Aim: Finding most important political behaviors
• Sample Size: 350 people– - Different organizations in İstanbul– - Just applied to voluntaries– - Ages between 23-52– - Approximately 10 years working experience
• Method: Survey
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• Definition was given: Political behavior is• -Not consistent with organization’s norms• -Serving to individual benefits• -Contrary to organization’s goals
• Then, asked;– - 5 important political behaviors
APPLIED RESEARCH ABOUT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
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Top 5 answers:
1-Making concessions and dissembling- Saying something behind one’s back
- Speak well of boss
2-Ingratiating oneself with somebody- Close relationship with top management
3-Forming a coalition- Getting support of others to promote
APPLIED RESEARCH ABOUT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
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APPLIED RESEARCH ABOUT POLITICAL BEHAVIOR
4-Looking after one’s benefits- If you do it for me, I can do more for you.
5-Making up to top management-Attending all the social activities that is arranged by top management
- Wearing according to top manager’s liking