What are two questions a nurse should ask when assessing the value of an intervention from a research perspective?1. Am I performing this intervention because someone told me to or because this intervention has always ben done? 2. What evidence exists that this is the most effective intervention for this problem?

The systematic, objective process of analyzing phenomenon of importance to nursing is the definition of...Nursing research

What aspects of nursing studies are included under the umbrella of "nursing research?"Studies concerning nursing practice, nursing education, and nursing administration.

What areas of study are under the umbrella of "nursing research?"Studies concerning nursing practice, nursing education, nursing administration and studies concerning nurses themselves.

Nursing research that involves clients or studies that have the potential for affecting the care of clients, including animal studies and studies on healthy participants is referred to as...Clinical nursing research

What is the major difference between nursing research and clinical nursing research?Nursing research involves an impact on a nurse, her environment, or practice. Nursing clinical research involves impact on a client/patient.

How is clinical nursing research different from the medical model of research?Clinical nursing research focuses heavily on prevention, symptom management and client behavior modification. The medical model is focused on treatment and testing.

What have been the four sources of nursing knowledge?Traditional knowledge (passed down), authoritative knowledge (looking to a doctor for answers, or experts in the condition), Trial and Error and Scientific research (the most reliable).

Data gathered by the sense organs is referred to as...Empirical data

What are the three main traditional characteristics of scientific research?It uses systematic, orderly and objective means of data collection.

Attempting to seek a solution for a person or persons in a given setting is the definition of...Problem solving

Seeking knowledge that can be generalized to people in many settings is the definition of...Scientific research

Determining the best method of teaching a patient how to use an insulin pump is an example of _____________.Problem solving

Determining the best approach to teach blind people how to use an insulin pump is an example of the the focus of _____________.Scientific research (very broad, whereas problem solving is very specific)

__________ research is concerned with generating new knowledge.Basic

___________ research is concerned with using knowledge to solve immediate problems.Applied

Basic research is also referred to as __________ research.Pure

What are the 4 major goals of basic research?To develop, test, and refine theories and generate new knowledge. "Knowledge for knowledge's sake."

Basic research often uses _______ as subjects.Laboratory animals

What is the major difference between basic and applied research when it comes to the application of the knowledge gained?Knowledge gained from basic research generally takes years to be put into practice. Knowledge gained from applied research is applied in the near future.

Nursing research most commonly occurs in the form of ______ research (applied or basic?).Applied

The distinction between applied and basic research can be unclear at times. The best indicator of the type of research being conducted is the amount of ___________ provided.Financial support. Basic research implies the researcher is provided support to work on a particular project without having to prove immediate usefulness.

Which type of nursing research is most likely to get funding? Applied or basic?Applied, although nurses still have to search for funding.

What organization has the most money available for research?The federal government

Where does the largest amount of government funding for nursing research come from?The National Institute for Nursing Research.

Aside from the government, where does nursing research funding come from? (3 responses)Private foundations, corporations, and professional organizations like the Sigma Theta Tau Honor Society for Nursing.

What are the 4 major goals of nursing research?1-promote evidence based nursing practice 2-ensure credibility of the nursing profession 3-provide accountability for nursing practice 4-document the cost effectiveness of nursing care

What is the major reason for conducting nursing research?To allow for the best care for clients/patients

___________ nursing means that nurses make decisions based on the best available evidence coupled with their own expertise and the health care preferences of the clientEvidence based nursing practice

How does nursing research ensure credibility for the nursing as a profession?One of the criterion of a profession is that it has it's own unique body of knowledge that is different and distinct from other disciplines. Nursing traditionally has borrowed knowledge from other disciplines. By developing a knowledge base specific to nursing, nursing can be more clearly identified as a profession and not a vocation.

What are the major responsibilities of a nurse to provide personal accountability?Have a sound rationale for interventions performed and keeping their knowledge base current by following research trends and outcomes.

What is the best resource for a nurse to remain current in his/her field?Research literature

What does "classic study" mean?That the body of research has been cited many times.

________ research is concerned with objectivity, tight supervision and control over the research situation and the ability to generalize findings.Quantitative (directly measurable research)

_________ research is concerned with the subjective meaning of an experience to an indvidual.Qualitative

An example of _________ research is research concerned with the level of pain a client is experiencing. (Qualitative or Quantitative)Quantitative

An example of _________ research is research concerned with the impact of living with chronic pain. (Qualitative or Quantitative)Qualitative

What is outcomes research?Research focused on measurable outcomes of interventions with certain patient populations.

What should a nurse prepared at a baccalaureate level be able to do with respect to nursing research? (7)-be able to read research critically -determine if research results are ready to be used in clinical practice -be able to identify clinical problems that require further investigation -be able to assist investigators in accessing clinical sites -should help select appropriate data collection methods -should be able to collect data -be able to implement research findings in practice

What are some of the roles a nurse can assume with relation to research projects? (7)1. Principal investigator 2. Member of a research team 3. Identifier of researchable problems 4. Evaluator of research findings 5. User of research findings 6. Patient/client advocate during studies 7. Subject/participant in studies

Nurses working _________ are great resources for identifying patient related researchable problems.Bedside

Research _________ focuses on the implementation of findings from specific research studies.Utilization

What is the major goal of research utilization?To ensure that the beneficial findings of research studies are put into practice.

How is research utilization and evidence-based nursing practice different?Research utilization pushes for beneficial research findings to be put into practice. EBNP involves searching for the best evidence to use, including research evidence.

How can a nurse serve as a patient advocate during a research study?-the nurse must explain the study to potential participants prior to the beginning of the study -the nurse should answer questions related to the study -the nurse may be available to participants once the study has begun to answer questions and provide support

What is the main purpose of a nurse in the role of patient advocate during a research study?To ensure that the ethical aspects of the study are upheld

What are the major questions a nurse should be able to answer regarding a clinical trial that they are involved (as an advocate) in?1-Why is the study being done? 2-Who is conducting the study? 3-Who is going to be in the study? 4-What kinds of tests and treatments are involved? 5-How long will the study last? 6-What are alternatives to participation?

The growth of nursing research seems to be directly related to the _________ of nurses.Educational level

___________ studied nursing care during the Crimean War. She recommended that nurses make and record observations systematically and called for research focused on nursing practice.Florence Nightingale (1850)

__________ reported a "school nurse experiment" that involved efforts organized by Lillian Wald to give free care to school children and visit the homes of children who were sick.Lavinia Dock (1902)

The ________ recommended advanced educational preparation for public health nurses and was instrumental in the establishment of early collegiate nursing schools including those at Yale, Vanderbilt, and Western Reserve.The Goldmark Report summarizing findings of the Committee for the Study of Nursing Education.

Ethel Johns and Blanche Pfefferkorn published one of the first studies that focused on ________.Nurses. The study looked at the activities nurses were involved in. (1928)

Edith S. Bryan was the first nurse to...Earn a doctoral degree (1927).

What did the study entitled "Nursing for the Future," published by Esther Lucille Brown call for?Nursing education to take place in university settings and for hospitals to hire enough permanent staff so nursing students wouldn't be required to staff those institutions. It also identified the need for nurse educators to be involved in research.

The document "Nursing for the Future" is more commonly known as...The Brown Report

In 1949, the Division of Nursing Resources was organized with what US governmental body?The U.S. Public Health Service

What did Esta H. McNett do?She demonstrated the usefulness of masks in preventing the spread of tuberculosis (1949).

The first issue of __________ was published in 1952.Nursing Research

In 1955, the _______________ was established with the goal of promoting high level wellness and the improvement of patient care. It provides funding for nursing research.The American Nurses Foundation

The Nursing Research Grants and Fellowship programs were established in 1955 by...The U.S. Public Health Service

The first unit directed primarily toward research in nursing practice was at the Department of Nursing at the ________________.Walter Reed Army Institute of Nursing Research (1957).

In 1972, the American Nurses Association (ANA) established ______________.The Department of Nursing Research

In 1986, the National Center for Nursing Research (NCNR) was established within what governmental organization?The Nation Institutes of Health

What are the priorities for research identified by the ANA Cabinet on Nursing Research?1. Promote health, well-being, and the ability to care for oneself among all ages, social and cultural groups. 2. Minimize or prevent behaviorally or environmentally induced health problems that compromise the quality of life and reduce productivity 3. Minimize the negative effects of new health technologies on the adaptive abilities of individuals and families experiencing acute or chronic health problems

What were the research priorities identified for clients with Alzheimer's disease? (2)Research on the management of physical problems like incontinence, falls, sleep disturbances, falls, etc. and management of disruptive behaviors like wandering and agitation

What were priorities for research identified by the National Association of Orthopaedic Nurses? (3)Preventing confusion in the elderly post hip fracture, determining the most effective safety measures to use with clients in a confused state, and differentiating pain responses according to diagnosis, age and pain management interventions.

What was discovered when examining literature to determine the priorities for Mental Health Nursing?No specific mental health nursing agenda was found. Priorities fell into 6 broad categories including: Support, holism, mental health nursing practice, quality care outcomes, mental health etiology and mental health delivery systems.

What was the suggestion of Pullen, Tuck and Wallace related to their findings related to the priorities in Mental Health Nursing?Mental Health Nursing experts and organizations had to identify clear research priorities and propose a national/international mental health research agenda. (They had no clearly identifiable priorities, unlike many other nursing disciplines)

What were the research priorities for Emergency Nurses?Interventions for pain managment, effects of staff shortages and overcrowding in emergency departments and their impact on clients.

What were the top research priorities of Oncology nurses?Quality of life, participation in decision making r/t treatments in advanced disease, patient/family education, participation in decision r/t treatment, and pain management.

_________ studies involve repeating a study with all the essential elements of an original study maintained.Replication studies

How has the lack of replication studies hindered nursing research?The lack of replication studies hinders the development of a cumulative body of knowledge which would allow for generalization of knowledge.

The ___________ was officially established within the National Institutes of Health on June 10, 1993.National Institute of Nursing Research

Which organization did the National Institute of Nursing Research replace?The National Center for Nursing Research

What does the "Decade of Behavior: 2000-2010" focus on?Research and public policy initiatives to improve health, education, and safety.

What were the top five research areas identified by the NINR to Congress for 2005?1. Patient safety on hospital units related to RN staffing 2. Impact of nurse practitioner run programs for inner-city black men with hypertension 3. early and acute signs of heart attack in men compared with women 4. the role of nursing in transitions from hospital to home for elders with heart failure 5. Outcomes associated with hospice care and advanced directives

What were some of the health care research initiatives of 2006 of the NINR? (3)Preventing/intervening in HIV/AIDS Health promotion r/t parenting capacity End of Life/Palliative Care with emphasis on rural and frontier populations

The most important goal for conducting nursing research is the promotion of...Evidence based nursing practice

Many nursing research studies have been conducted on what population?Nurses themselves (nurse education primarily)

Hypotheses are more likely to be tested in quantitative or qualitative research?Quantitative

HypothesisWhat are the 18 steps of the research process?1. Identify the problem 2. Determine the purpose of the study 3. Review the literature 4. Develop a theoretical/conceptual framework 5. Identify the study assumptions 6. Acknowledge the limitations of the study 7. Formulate the hypothesis or research question 8. Define study variable/terms 9. Select the research design 10. Identify the population 11. Select the sample 12. Conduct a pilot study 13. Collect the data 14. Organize data for analysis 15. Analyze the data 16. Interpret

What is the first and most important step, in the research process?Identify the problem to be researched

Which step of the research process is often the most difficult and time consuming?Identifying and clarifying the problem to be researched. It often begins with a broad area of interest and is then drilled down to a more specific, one sentence statement of the problem.

How can study problems become indentified?Personal experiences, literature sources, previous research, or through testing of theories.

The problem of a study is best stated as a ___________.Question

What should a problem statement specify?The population and variables that are being studied.

A ___________ is a characteristic or attribute that differs among the persons, objects, events, etc. that are being studied.Variable

Blood type is an example of a personal __________.Variable

Is there a correlation between body image and self-esteem levels in women who have experienced mastectomies? is an example of a __________ statement.Problem

What is the difference between a problem statement and a purpose statement?A problem statement identifies what is being studied, a purpose statement identifies why a study is being performed.

To develop a better understanding of the difficulties experienced by a woman after the loss of a body part that is closely associated with their feminine identity is an example of a _______ statement.Purpose

How does a purpose statement that is clearly presented and justified aid the researcher?The researcher is much more likely to receive funding for the project and will be much more likely to obtain subjects for the study.

Research should be built on _____________.Previous knowledge

What should be done prior to performing a quantitative study?Determine what knowledge already exists for the study topic by reviewing literature sources.

In what ways does review of literature prior to a quantitative study assist the researcher?Determines what knowledge already exists, can help develop a theoretical or conceptual framework for the study, and can help a researcher plan study methods (including instruments or tools that can assist in measuring study variables).

How long should a researcher perform a literature review for a potential research study?Review of the literature should be performed from prior to the study all the way to the point of data collection.

The theoretical or conceptual framework of a study helps select and define the study ________. It also directs the development of the study ________.Defines Variables. Develops the hypothesis (and allows for interpretation of the results)

What type of research may not require a theoretical framework?A study that is strictly descriptive in nature

___________ are beliefs that are held to be true but have not been necessarily proven.Assumptions

How do study assumptions impact a research project?They influence the questions asked, data that is gathered and the way the data is interpreted.

What are the three general types of assumptions?Universal assumptions Assumptions based on theory/research findings Assumptions that are necessary to carry out a study

________ assumptions are those that are held to be true by the majority of human beings.Universal

All people need love is an example of a/an _________ assumption.Universal

Assuming a man is the father of the child in a study that is measuring levels of bonding between a father and their child is an example of a/an ___________ assumption.Assumption necessary to carry out a study

Uncontrolled diabetes is a threat to the physical well-being of a client is an example of a _________ assumption.Universal

In a study to determine the most effective means to teach diabetic patients how to operate an insulin pump, the information that an insulin pump is the most effective means of delivering medication to a diabetic patient is an example of a __________ assumption.Assumption based on research

In a study to determine the most effective means to teach diabetic patients how to operate an insulin pump, the assumption that the patients want to learn the information and are able to learn the information is an example of _________ assumption.Commensense & necessary to the study assumption

____________ are uncontrolled variables that may affect a study's results and limit the generalizability of the findings.Limitations

___________ variables are variables over which the researcher either has no control or chooses not to exercise control over.Extraneous

In experimental studies, uncontrolled variables are referred to as...threats to internal and external validity

A researcher's expectations about the results of a study are expressed as ____________.A hypothesis

A _________ predicts the relationship between two or more variables.hypothesis

How is a problem statement and a hypothesis different?A problem statement asks a question and includes the population and variables. A hypothesis has a theoretical answer to the question and includes the population, variables and a proposed relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

The ________ variable is the "cause."Independent

The ________ variable is the "effect."Dependent

The variable that does the influencing is the ________ variable.Independent

The variable that is influenced is the _______ variable.Dependent

What does it mean when a person says that a hypothesis must be testable or verifiable empirically?That it must be capable of being tested in the real world and by observations gathered through the senses

What is a directional research hypothesis?A hypothesis that contains the direction for the researcher's expectations of the study results.

The higher a child's self esteem is, the higher their body image will be... is an example of a _________ hypothesis.Directional research hypothesis

A ________ hypothesis predicts no relationship between two or more variables.Null

Which type of hypothesis is the most commonly used in nursing research?A directional research hypothesis

What types of studies require a hypothesis?Experimental, comparative and correlational.

What types of studies may or may not have a hypothesis?Qualitative or descriptive studies

How are studies with no research hypothesis guided?By research questions that are further elaborations of the original problem statement.

Why is it important to define study variables and research terms?So their meaning is clear to the researcher and the people reviewing the research.

How are variables usually defined?Utilizing dictionary definitions, theoretical definitions or operational definitions.

What is an operational definition of a variable?It indicates how a variable will be observed or measured. For example, using an MMPI to measure mental stability of research participants would be an operational variable.

What does use of an operational definition of a variable allow for?The replication of the study using the same tools

Aside from variables and research terms, what else should be clearly defined in a research study?The population used in the study. For example, if the study was on women who had masectomies, the population could be further defined as women between the ages of 25-35 who has had a masectomy in the past year at U of L hospital.

The research _______ is the plan for how the study will be conducted.Design

The research _______ is concerned with how the data of a study will be collected and the means used to obtain the data.Research design

What are some examples of research designs?-Qualitative vs. Quantitative -Experiemental vs. True experimental, Quasi-experimental or Pre-experimental -Nonexperimental designs like survey studies, correlational studies, comparative studies and methodological studies

What is the major difference between experimental and non-experimental research designs?Experimental designs allow a researcher to manipulate a variable, decide who does/doesn't get an intervention, allow some control for extraneous variables, and allows for an active role. In a non-experimental design an investigator collects data without any variable manipulation.

Which type of research design, experimental or non-experimental, allows for a researcher to discuss cause and effect relationships?Experimental

Why have many nursing investigations been of the nonexperimental type?Because it is difficult to conduct experimental research on people due to ethical reasons.

The ___________ is a complete set of individuals/objects that possess a common attribute of interest to the researcher.Population

What must a researcher specify with regard to populations of interest in a study?The broad population of interest as well as the actual population available for the study.

The _______ population is made up of the group of people or objects that a researcher wants to generalize findings to. Also referred to as the universe.Target population (broad)

The ________ population is the group that is available for study by a researcher.Accessible (actual)

T/F The term population refers only to people and not to inanimate objects or animals.False. Population can refer to a "population" of charts being studied, or a population of blood pressure readings.

What is the purpose of identifying a population in a research study?It makes clear the group of people who can have the results of the study applied to them

What is a sample?A subgroup of the population to be studied. It is chosen to represent the population of interest so generalizations can be made.

__________ samples are those chosen by a random selection process in which each member of the population has an equal chance of being in the sample.Probability

What is the major drawback to a nonprobability selection method for sampling?The researcher has less confidence that the population selected is truly representative of the one to be studied. Bias risks are great.

A ______ study is a miniature trial version of a planned study.Pilot

Why is a pilot study sometimes referred to as a Primary Prevention?A pilot study can prevent a researcher from performing a larger study that is an expensive disaster.

What are some reasons for conducting a pilot study?Allows for examination of issues related to the research design, sample size, data collection procedures, and data analysis appraoches. It can also be used to test new data collection instruments or ones that have been changed. Finally, it essentially identifies any "bugs" that need to be worked out.

The pieces of information or facts collected during a research project is referred to as...Data

What step in the research process measures the variables of interest?The data collection step

What questions should be answered during the data collection phase of a research project?What data will be collected? How will the data be collected? Who will collect the data? Where will the data be collected? When will the data be collected?

What determines the choice of methods to collect data for a research project?The hypothesis or research question, the study deisgn, and the available knowledge about the topic

What plans should be in place prior to collecting data?How the data is going to be organized and tabulated and how it is to be evaluated. With that includes how to handle missing data, interview transcription, etc.

A _________ should be consulted in the early phase of the research process as well as the analysis phase to determine the most effective way to organize data.Statistician

How can a statistician help a researcher with a study?They can help determine what data are needed for a study and what statistical procedures will be appropriate to analyze the data.

Which step of the research process may be the most important for nursing?Communicating the findings of a study

What is a poster session?A method for disseminating research results that involves an attractively designed poster that describes the area of research, the problem statement and hypothesis and the findings.

A researcher acting as a consultant in a health care setting for nurses interested in implementing the interventions identified in their study is an example of what step of research?Utilizing the findings

T/F In quantitative research, there may be some shifting back and forth between the research steps.True

In _________ research, the individual's perspective is very important.Qualitative

In _________ research, the focus is on a group or population of interest rather than on an individual.Quantitative

Interest in qualitative research in nursing has grown in the US since the _______.Last decades of the 20th century (the 1990's).

How do quantitative and qualitative research differ?Quantitative: manipulation and control of phenomenon, verification of results, empirical data gathered through the senses. Qualitative: gaining of insight and understanding about an individual's perception of events. Interested in common emergent themes.

What are common methods for collecting data for qualitative research?Interviews and participant observations.

__________ research uses an inductive approach.Qualitative

_________ research uses a deductive approach.Quantitative

In which type of research study is there an acceptance of multiple truths?Qualitative

In which type of research study is there more likely to be a large sample size?Quantitative

In which type of research study is "explanation" a common characteristic?Quantitative

In which type of research study is "discovery" a characteristic?Qualitative

Which type of research study is most likely to have a smaller sample size?Qualitative

What are the 9 steps of qualitative research?1. Identify the phenomenon to be studied 2. Select the research design 3. Review the literature 4. Select the sample 5. Gain entry to the research site 6. Protect the rights of the participants 7. Collect the data 8. Analyze the data 9. COmmunicate the study results

T/F? In qualitative research, the phenomenon of study may stay very broad until the researcher enters the field setting.True

What are characteristics of problem statements of qualitative studies?They can be broad and indicate the general nature of the phenomenon to be studied and the group/community that will be studied.

When do qualitative researchers review literature related to their topic of interest, and why?They typically review the literature at the end of the study to avoid bias . The review at the end allows researchers to identify how their research fits into the existing body of knowledge.

What is generally the sample size of a qualitative study?10-12 participants

________ means that a researcher in a qualitative study is hearing a repetition of themes as additional participants are interviewed. No new information is being obtained.Saturation

What must a qualitative researcher do prior to approaching people for a study?They must obtain permission from the IRB of the organization they are working for and to receive funding they must have proof of IRB approval.

Where does a qualitative researcher typically approach people to participate in their research?At their place of employment or where they live

What are "key informants?"They are people who are key people in the area of interest that may be able to help the researcher get in touch with other desired participants. (Note: key informants is a term used with the ethnographic design of qualitative research)

In which type of research, qualitative or quantitative, can ethical issues be more important?Qualitative because the researcher interacts very closely with the participants.

T/F? Anonymity is a strong consideration when performing qualitative research.False. The researcher knows the identity (and interacts closely with) the participants. Confidentiality is very important.

In what ways can a qualitative researcher protect confidentiality of research participants?The researcher may have to omit demographic information like age, educational level and occupation from the research report.

What is the most common data collection method for qualitative researchers?Interviews

___________ are a method of data collection that involve face to face encounters or telephone calls.Interviews

___________ involves the direct observation and recording of information and require that the researcher become part of the setting in which the subject of interest is involved.Participant observation

Aside from interviews and participant observations, what are other common methods of data collection utilized by qualitative researchers?Open-ended questionnaires, life histories, diaries, personal collections of letters and photographs, and official documents

What type of qualitative research design allows for data collection until saturation is achieved?Grounded theory methodology

A _________ consists of a small group of individuals meeting together and being asked questions by a moderator about a certain topic or topics.Focus group

What is the advantage of a focus group?It is a time-saver compared to conducting individual interviews.

What are disadvantages to focus groups?There may not be equal participation from all the members and/or some people may be reluctant to express their views to others.

What are the "cornerstones" of a successful focus group?Well defined purpose, carefully planned environment, and well-trained personnel

Repeatability of scientific observations and sources that could influence stability and consistency of those observations is a qualitative research definition of...Reliability

Findings of a qualitative study that reflect reality and has data that is accurately interpreted is said to be...Valid

Why are qualitative studies generally not replicated?Because knowledge of the findings of one study could bias the results of the other study

How does qualitative research gain reliability and validity?Data is collected over a longer period and until no new information is identified. Multiple sources of data are frequently used. The large amounts of data over a significant length of time lends to credibility.

When does data analysis in a qualitative study begin?As soon as data collection begins.

___________ involves creating categories of data and developing rules for coding data into those categories.Content analysis

Grounded theory was developed from what discipline?Sociology

Ethnography was developed from what discipline?Anthropology

Phenomenological research is based on what discipline?Psychology

Grounded theory, ethnography and phenomenological research are qualitative research designs that have specific techniques for ___________.Content analysis

_________ is the basic analysis tool of qualitative researchers.Coding

What is QDAS?Software called Qualitative Data Analysis Software that can store and edit data, retrieve segments of text, and assemble data according to themes or categories.

What software programs are available to qualitative researchers to analyze data? (6)QDAS ATLAS.ti Ethnograph Hyperresearch N6 NVivo

What is the major benefit to combining qualitative and quantitative research methods?It increases the researcher's ability to rule out rival explanations for phenomena.

What is triangulation?When qualitative and quantitative research methods are used simultaneously.

T/F? Qualitative research historically has been the perferred research method of nurses.False, quantitative research has been the preferred method

A predicted relationship between two or more variables...Hypothesis

Hypothesis should always be written ________ a study and never _________ after the study results are examined.Before the study and never changed once the results are examined.

What are the purposes of a hypothesis?-They lend objectivity to scietific investigations by pinpointing a specific part of a theory to be tested. -Theoretical positions can be tested in the real world -can support or fail, but always lends to scientific knowledge -guides research design and statistical analysis tools -provide's a reader with the researcher's expectations about the study before it begins

What are the three characteristics of a True Experiment?1) Manipulation of the experimental variable (IDV) 2) A minimum of one experimental and one comparison group 3) Random assignment of subjects

ROX stands for...R-Randomization O-Observation X-treatment/intervention

RO1XO2>E means... RO1 O2A randomized study with a pretest/preobservation (O1) and intervention/treatment (X), a post-test/postobservation (O2) experimental design.

Where can the source or rationale for a hypothesis come from?Personal experience, previous research studies, literature, or from other theories.

What are the general classifications of hypotheses?Simple, Complex, Research hypothesis or Null Hypothesis. Research hyotheses can be furthered classified into nondirectional or directional hypotheses.

A ________ hypothesis involves the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable.Simple

The variable considered the "cause..."Independent

The variable considered the "effect...."Dependent

The variable considered the "reason a phenomenon occurs..."Independent variable

The variable considered, "the phenomenon"Dependent

How are independent and dependent variables identified in nonexperimental studies?By examining the directional influence of one variable on another, or by which variable occurred first

A _______ hypothesis involves the study of two or more independent variables, two or more dependent variables or both within the same studyComplex

What is the first step, and possibly one of the most important requirements of the research process?Be able to delineate the study area clearly and state the research problem concisely (drill down to a narrow problem from a broad one)

What are the four most common sources for generating a research problem?Personal experiences, literature sources, existing theories, and previous research.

When basing research off of an existing theory, generally ________ is tested.only a part of the theory, not the entire thing

The testing of an existing theory is referred to as inductive or deductive research?Deductive

What are the disadvantages to using personal experiences as a foundation for research?-leads to a number of small, unrelated studies -limited generalizability of results

The lack of _________ studies in nursing has hindered the development of an extensive nursing knowledge base.Replication

How are the problem of a study and the purpose of the study different?The problem = what will be studied The purpose = why it will be studied

What factors should be considered when determining the appropriateness of a topic for scientific examination?Ethical issues, significance of study for nursing, personal motivation of the researcher, qualifications of the researcher, and feasibility of the study

With respect to ethical issues, what does a researcher need to know in order to ensure their study meets ethical guidelines?They need to know/be familiar with the ethical guidelines established by the federal government, professional organizations, and within the specific institutions where the research will be conducted.

What factors should be assessed to determine the feasibility of a study?Time required to evaluate, costs, equipment and supplied needed, administrative support needed, peer support, and availability of subjects

Why should a researcher allow for more time to conduct a study than they think is actually needed?Unexpected delays frequently occur, it's best to plan for them

What are the criteria for a problem statement? (4)-it must be written in an interrogative sentence form (a question) -it must include the population -it must include the variables -it must be empirically testable

T/F Problem statements in literature are never written in declarative form, it is always in interrogative form to express a 'demand for an answer.'False, many times it is written in a declarative form in literature, but it is recommended that it be in interrogative form.

How can a researcher write a problem statement so that a consumer can read it, understand it and respond to it?By writing it as a complete, grammatically correct sentence, even if it has to be very long.

The 'population' of a problem statement must be _________.Narrowed/delimited. 'Nurses' is too broad, NICU nurses is delimited

A ________ study is one that has only one variable to be studied.Univariate

'What source of school stress is most identified by nursing school students' is an example of a problem statement for a __________ study. (Univariate, Bivariate or Multvariate?)Univariate

Univariate studies are frequently the _______ of a research process.The first/beginning step

When two variables are researched in a study, it is said to be a ________ study.Bivariate

'Is there a correlation between the number of stressors in school and the nursing student's rate of failure?' is an example of a problem statement of a ____________ study (Univariate, Bivariate or Multivariate?)Bivariate (usually an independent variable-number of stressors, and dependent variable-failure rate)

A study that involves more than two variables is called a __________ study.Multivariate

In a multivariate study, frequently the ________ between variables is the interest of the study.Interaction

What is the matter with this research problem, 'Should women over the age of 40 have children?'It is not an empirically testable problem. Ethical or values issues don't make good research questions because they aren't measurable.

What is the matter with this problem statement? 'What is the effect of in-room humidifiers on patients with nasal cannula delivered oxygen therapy?'The problem statement shouldn't use the words 'cause' or 'effect.'

Correlational statement or Comparative statement? Is there a difference between gender and self esteem? Correlational

Correlational statement or Comparative Statement? Is there difference in self esteem in people in the population who have blue eyes and those who do not have blue eyes?Comparative

Descriptive Study Comparative Statement or Experimental Study Comparative Statement? Is there a difference in educational reading levels in students who have high anxiety levels before an exam and those who don't have high anxiety levels before an exam?Descriptive

Descriptive Study Comparative Statement or Experimental Study Comparative Statement? Is there a difference in educational reading levels for students who were taught relaxation techniques prior to the exam compared to those who were not taught relaxation techniques before the exam?Experimental

Where should the prediction of the outcome of a study be written?In the hypothesis

What are the guidelines for critiquing a problem statement? (7)1. Is the problem/purpose statement clear? 2. Is the problem statement written in a single interrogatory or declarative sentence? 3. Are the study variables and the population included in the problem statement? 4. Does the problem statement indicate that empirical data could be gathered r/t the topic of interest? 5. Does the problem statement indicate that the study would be ethical? 6. Is the feasibility of the study apparent when reading the problem statement? 7. Is the significan

What are the purposes of conducting a literature review prior to planning your own research study?-to determine what is already known about the topic -helps the researcher to decide whether to relicate a study or study a different aspect of the problem -help locate a framework in which the study will be interpreted -helps plan the study methodology

Why is it beneficial for a researcher to consult with a librarian during the literature review stage?The librarian helps ensure the most relevant research is located

A ________ source is a description of a research study written by the original investigator(s).Primary source

A ________ source is a summary or description of a research study written by someone other than the study investigator(s).Secondary

Why is it important not to rely solely on the information retrieved from secondary sources when performing a literature review?Secondary sources may misinterpret information or leave out important information that is valuable to the reader

Where are primary sources most likely to be published?Journal articles

________ contain reference materials on periodicals and some books.Indexes

___________ contain brief summaries on articles.Abstracts

________ are library resources that provide assistance in obtaining journal articles and other resources pertinent to a topic of interest.Indexes

_______ provides the purpose, methods and major findings of studies.Abstracts

What does CINAHL stand for?Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature

What professions are covered by CINAHL?Nursing, dental hygiene, medical records, nutrition, dieticians, OT, PT, physician's assistant, and respiratory therapy.

What is NSI?A nursing studies index created by Yale. It provides an annotated guide to English-language reports of studies, histories, biographical materials concerning nursing.

Index created by Yale. It provides an annotated guide to English-language reports of studies, histories, biographical materials concerning nursing....NSI (Nursing Studies Index)

Index that covers all nursing and allied health literature...CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)

Index that covers all biomeicine, including nursing and some allied health fields. It is a good resource for articles written before 1950...Index Medicus...discontinued but previously the most used index. Still available in libraries.

If you wanted to access Index Medicus, it is available through the online resource __________.Medline

What are some resources for journal abstracts?Nursing Research, Psychological Abstracts, Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) & Master Abstracts International (MAI).

Nursing Abstracts contains studies significant to nursing from 1960-1978. To find the author and subject guide for articles published the previous year, you would look in the ________ issue.November/December issue of each year

The DAI has three sections to help aid a researcher in locating abstracts pertinent to them. The three sections are: A: Humanities and Social Sciences B: Sciences and Engineering C: Non-North American material

Since 1980, abstracts in the DAI have been traditionally approximately _______ words.350

_______ contains author-written 150-word abstracts of master's theses. Only a smal percentage of U.S. master theses appear in this index.Master Abstracts International (MAI)

A listing of books held by libraries throughout the world may be otained through...The Online Computer Library Center (OCLC)

What is WorldCat?The OCLC database that contains books

What are some advantages of CD-ROM databases?-They provide user-friendly assistance that allows user to conduct a search wihout the assistance of a librarian -can store 275,000 pages of text

What are the disadvantages of CD-ROM databases?They are obsolute as soon as they are produced and they are often split over several discs. Mot databases available on CD-ROM can be accessed online

What online databases have been identified as the most relevant to nursing research?Medline, Embase, Biosis, DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS ONLINE, ETOH, and SCI EXPANDED-SSCI

Subject headings of the CINAHL database correspond to the structure of __________ used by the National Library of Medicine.Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

What are the major differences between CINAHL and CINAHL Plus with Full Text databases?CINAHL-: articles are available for 16.00-20.00, available online, and from commercial vendors, records date back to 1982 CINAHL Plus: only available through libraries, has Evidence Based Care Sheets, records date back to 1937

What does MEDLINE stand for?Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online

This online database provides access to journals in the life sciences, with a concentration on biomedicine. It includes information from nursing, pharmacy, veterinary medicine and dentristry.MEDLINE

How is OLDMEDLINE different from MEDLINE?It contains older articles from 1950-1965

How is MEDLINE Plus different from MEDLINE?It is for consumer health information and has 'easy to read' material in English and Spanish

...this is an international network of individuals and institutions that prepare, maintain, and disseminate systematic reviews of the effects of health care, the effectiveness of treatments, and performs meta-analysis.Cochrane Collaboration

This database corresponds o two print sourcs: Current Index to Journals in Education (CJIE) and Resources in Education (RIE)...ERIC ...the world's largest database of Education Information

...database produced by ProQuest Information and Learning. Degree-granting institutions submit copies of dissertations and these to Universoty Microfilms International (UMI). DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS ONLINE (DAI)

Where can you go online to see the table of contents for the most current issues of 50 nursing journals?www.nursingcenter.com

What does RRA mean?Record References Accurately (get page numbers, volume numbers, etc. for all references)

What information should you collect from articles you find pertinent to your research?Problem of study, hypothesis, methodology, type of sample, findings and conclusions

How can you determine whether a source is a primary or secondary one when looking at the reference list at the end of a journal article?If it is mostly journal citations, they are probably primary citations. If it is mostly book chapters and literature reviews on certain topics, they are probably secondary

What would you expect to see in the references list of research based on another theory or conceptual framework?The name of the theorist

What are the 12 Guidelines for Critiquing a Literature Review?1. Is the literature review comprehensive? 2. Is the literature review concise? 3. Does the review flow logically from the purpose(s) of the study? 4. Are all sources relevant to the study topic? 5. Are surces critically appraised? 6. Are both classic and current sources utilized? 7. Are paraphrases or direct quotes used more often (should be mostly paraphrasing) 8. Are both supporting and opposing theory and research presented? 9. Are most of the references from primary sources

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_______ studies are conducted when little is known about the phenomenon of interest.Exploratory

In _______ studies, hypotheses are generally not appropriate, a flexible approach (rather than structured) is used, and qualitative and quantitative data is of interest. The study itself is not considered qualitative.Exploratory

Why are exploratory studies considered quantitative?The data collected (although in some part qualitative)is intended to be categorized, grouped and eventually generalized to other patients

In _____ studies, phenomena are described or the relationship between variables is examined.Descriptive

What is the major difference between exploratory and descriptive studies?Exploratory studies are done when little is known about a phenomenon. Desciptive studies are done when enough information is available to identify variables that may have a relationship

_______ studies are done to search for causal explanations and are very rigorous. Enough knowledge exists that the invstigator is able to exercise some degree of control over the variables and and research conditions.Explanatory

How do explanatory studies differ from descriptive and exploratory studies?Descriptive/exploratory describe phenomena and examine relationships among phenomena Explanatory provides explanations for the relationships between phenomena

Quantitative esearch studies are divided into _______ and ________ designs.Exprimental and non-experimental

Experimental research designs are ultimately concerned with __________ relationships.Cause and effect

All ________ studies involve manipulation or control of the independent variable and measurement of the dependent variable.Experimental

_______ variables are those variables an experimentor is unable to control or chooses not to control that may influence the results of the study.Extraneous

Confounding and intervening are terms used synonymously with ______ variables.Extraneous

Extraneous variables are referred to as ___________, and they are acknowledged in the discussion section of a research report.Study limitations

_______ validity of an experimental design refers to the degree with which the investigator can attribute the changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable.Internal

What are threats to internal validity?Factors aside from the independent variable that influences the dependent variable.

_______ vaidity concerns the degree with which the study results can be generalized to other people and other settings.External

When a researcher attempts to control for internal validity, ________ is usually decreased.External validity

What are the 6 main threats to internal validity?Selection bias, history that influences the dependent variable (like 9-11), maturation, testing, instrumentation change, and mortality.

Selection bias is most likely when subjects are not...Randomly assigned to experimental and control groups

________ occurs when study results attributed to the experimental treatment or manipulation of the independent variable are, in actuality, due to the differences of the subjects prior to manipulation of the independent variable.Selection bias

______ is an internal validity threat that occurs when some event besides the experimental treatment occurs during the course of the study which influences the dependent variable.History

How is history, as a threat to internal validity, controlled for?Inclusion of at least on simultaneous control or comparison group in the study and randomization of the participants

How is the threat to internal validity, maturation, controlled for? By use of a comparison group

_______ is a term to describe the influence of pretesting or knowledge of baseline data has on posttest scores in an experimental study. Testing

_________ is a term used to describe the difference between a pretest and posttest measurements of a study that is due to changes in the accuracy of the assessment tool or judging ratings, rather than as a result of the experimental treatment. Instrumentation Change

How is the threat to validity, instrumentation change, controlled for?Training sessions for judges and trial runs to check for fatigue factors, as well as calibrating instrumentation.

__________ occurs when the dropout rate is different for the control group than it is for the experimental group. Mortality

What research design can prevent mortality?None, participants can never be forced to remain in a study.

How is Mortality different from Attrition?Attrition refers to participant drop-out, mortality refers to a dropout rate that is different from a control group than the experimental group.

How can the threat to internal validity, mortality, be controlled for?The researcher can try to establish a relationhsip with study participants and help them recognize the importance of their participation in the study.

What are the three identified threats to external validity?Hawthorne effect, experimenter effect and the reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect.

The ________ effect occurs when study participants respond in a certain manner because they are aware they are being observed.Hawthorne effect

The _________ effect can be a threat to both internal and external validity.Hawthorne effect & reactive effects of the pretest

How can the Hawthorne effect be controlled for?By using a double-blind experiment design.

In a ________ study, neither the researcher or the participants are aware of which group (experimental or control) the participants are assigned to.Double blind study

The _______ effect occurs when researcher characteristics or behaviors influence subject behaviors. Facial expressions, clothing, body build, etc. are all things identified as possible of influencing participants.Experimenter effect

The _________ effect describes when the characteristics of an interviewer (like gender, dress, jewelry worn, etc.) has an effect on the respondent's answers in nonexperiemental studies.Rosenthal effect

What is the major difference between the experimental effect and the Rosenthal effect?Experimenter effect occurs in experimental studies. The Rosenthal effect occurs in nonexperimental study designs.

__________ is a threat to external validity that occurs when subjects have been sensitized to a treatment through taking the pretest.Reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect

During an experiment on weight loss, the researcher weighs all the participants and tells them their starting weight. At the end of the study, the researcher determines each of the participants lost weight. What is the threat to external validity in this situation?Reactive effects of the pretest/measurement effect, knowledge of the pretest results may impact the posttest results.

How is the internal validity threat, Testing, different from the external validity threat, Reactive effects of the pretest?Testing occurs if the pretest or baseline knowledge is the cause of the results on the posttest, whereas Reactive effect is the catalyst for bringing out the results found on the posttest.

How can a researcher know for sure if a pretest threat has occurred?They probably can't

In research notation, R =Random assignment of subjects to groups

In research notation, O=Observation measurement of the dependent variable

In research notation, X=Experimental treatment or intervention

__________ is a procedure that ensures that each subject has an equal chance of being assigned or placed in any of the groups in an experimental study.Random assignment

How is random assignment typically done?It is typically computer generated

What are the three broad categories of experimental design?True experimental Quasi-experimental Pre-experimental

In the following research notation, what indicates the independent variable and what indicates the independent variable? RO1XO2 RO1 O2The dependent variable is O1/O2 (what is measured before and after the treatment) The independent variable is X

The type of experiemental design that allows a researcher the most control over the research situation...True Experiment

Only with ______ experimental design can causality be inferred with any degree of confidence.True experimental

What are the three criteria for true experimental design?-The researcher manuipulates the experimental variables -At least one experimental and one comparison group are included in the study -Subjects are randomly assigned to either the experimental or the comparison group

_________ means the independent/experimental variable is controlled by the researcher.Manipulate

A _______ group indicates a group in an experimental study that does not receive the experimental treatment.Control group

A ______ group is any group in an experimental study that either receives no treatment or a treatment that is not thought to be as effective as the experimental treatment.Comparison

What are identified as the three types of True Experimental design?-Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design -Posttest only Control Group design -Solomon four group design

Which type of true experimental design is the most the frequently used?Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design

In research notation, the following represents what type of true experimental design? RO1XO2 RO1 O2Pretest (O1) Posttest (O2) Control Group (RO1 O2) design

What is the advantage to using a pretest-posttest control group design?It controls for all threats to internal validity

What is the disadvantage to using a pretest-posttest control group experimental design?The external threat, reactive effects of the pretest, will always be present

What type of true experiment is indicated by the research notation below? RXO1 R O1Posttest only control group design R (randomized) X (treatment/intervention) O1 (observation/posttest) R O1 (control group)

The _________ true experiment design is considered a superior design because it is easier to carry out and has greater generalizability of results.Post-test only control group design

Random assignment is used to ensure _______ of the groups involved in an experiment.Equality of the groups

The use of a large sample size ensures _________ of an experiment.effectiveness of the random assignment

There are four groups in the Solomon Four Group Design (hence the name). Describe the four groups...Group 1: One Experimental group and one control group that both get pretested Group 2: Experimental group 1 and experimental group 2, both get treatment Group 3: Control group 1 and control group 2 receive no/current treatment Group 4: All participants (4 groups) get posttested

Explain the following scientific notation: RO1XO2 RO1 O2 RXO2 RO2Solomon four group design Line one-Experimental group, pretested/posttested: Randomized (R), Pretest (O1), Treatment (X), Posttest (O2) Line two-control group, pretested/posttested: Randomized (R), Pretest (O1), Posttest (O2) Line three-Experimental group, no pretest: Randomized (R), Treatment (X), Posttest (O2) Line four-control group, no pretest: Randomized (R), Posttest (O2)

The ________ is considered to be the most prestigious experimental design.Solomon four group design

What are the advantages of the Solomon four group design?It controls for internal and external validity threats; reactive effects of the pretest is controlled for by pretesting a control/experimental group and having a control/experimental group that isn't pretested. Changes can be strongly associated with the experimental treatment.

What are the disadvantages of the Solomon Four Group Design?Requires a large sample and statistical analysis is complicated.

How many Nursing studies have been performed using the Solomon Four Group design in the past ten years?One

______ experimental designs are those in which there is either no comparison group or subjects are not randomly assigned. Quasi-experimental design

What are the advantages of the Quasi-Experimental design?The experiments are typically conducted in a naturally occurring groups, allowing for more real world approximation.

Nonequivalent control group design and time series experimental designs are types of ________ designs.Quasi-Experimental

What is the difference between a pretest-posttest control group design and a nonequivalent control group design?In the nonequivalent control group design, there is no randomization of subjects

Explain the following research notation: O1XO2 O1 O2A nonequivalent research design, Experimental group: Pretest (O1), Intervention (X), Posttest (O2) Control group: Pretest (O1) Posttest (O2)

What are the threats to internal validity when using a quasi-experimental research design?History, Testing, Maturation, and Instrumentation Change and Selection Bias

What is the biggest threat to internal validity from a quasi-experimental research design?Selection Bias-the groups used may not have been similar at the beginning of the study

How can selection bias be controlled for in a quasi-experimental study?By testing statistically for differences in the groups (like education levels, ages, etc.)

What type of design is indicated by the following notation? O1O2O3XO4O5O6Time series design

What are the greatest internal threats when using a time series research design?History or testing

What type of experimental designs are considered how 'not to do' research?One-shot case studies and One-group pretest-posttest designs (both are pre-experimental designs)

What type of study is indicated by the following notation? XOOne shot case study

In a ________, a single group is exposed to an experimental treatment and observed after the treatment.One-Shot Case Study

A ________ design provides a comparison between a group of subjects before and after the experimental treatment.One-group Pretest-Posttest Design

What type of research is indicated in the following notation? O1XO2One group pretest-posttest design

What are the threats to internal validity when using a one-shot case study research method?History, Maturation, and Selection Bias

Which type of research design is considered the weakest, and why?The One Shot Case Study, because it has no controls for threats to internal validity

What are the disadvantages of using a one-group pretest-posttest design?The threats to internal validity: history, maturation, testing and instrumentation change

Why are all nonexperimental designs descriptive studies?-there is no manipulation or control of variables -the researcher can only describe the phenomenon as it exists

What are the four most common types of nonexperimental research designs?Survey, correlational, comparative and methodological

______ studies are investigations in which self-report data are collected from samples with the purpose of describing populations on some variable or variables of interest.Survey Studies

What are the two most common public opinion polls in the US?The Gallup Poll and the Harris Polls

The ability to generalize sample results from a nonexperimental design to the population of interest lies in _____________.The Sampling Technique

_______ and _______ are very important in survey research.Probability sampling techniques and adequate sample sizes

What are the most common data collection methods used in survey research?Questionnaires and Interviews

What types of surveys can be used in survey research?Cross-sectional surveys and Longitudinal Surveys

In a ________ survey, subjects are studied at one point in time.Cross-sectional survey

_________ surveys follow subjects over an extended period of time.Longitudinal surveys

What are the advantages of survey research?-ability to provide accurate information on populations -a large amount of data can be obtained relatively quickly -involves a minimal cost

What are the disadvantages of survey research?-the type of data obtained (self-report responses may be unreliable because people may provide socially acceptable, not necessarily accurate, responses)

In ________ studies, a researcher examines the strength of relationships between variables by determining how changes in one variable are associated with changes in another variable.Correlational research

What is a correlational coefficient?The magnitude and direction of the relationship between two variables

A correlation of -1.00 means...A perfect negative correlational relationship, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other decreases

A correlation of 1.00 means...A perfect positive correlation, as the value of one variable increases, the value of the other variable increases

Pearson's r and Spearman rho refer to...Correlational coefficients

T/F The identification of an independent and a dependent variable may not be appropriate in some correlational studies.True, although, typically they are identified

In correlational research, the independent variable is the variable that...Comes first in chronological order and influences the other variable. It is NOT manipulated by the researcher

_________ studies examine the differences between intact groups on some dependent variable of interest.Comparative

What is the major difference between comparative studies and experimental studies?In comparative studies, there is no manipulation of the independent variable...it is usually some inherent characteristic like educational level, medical condition, etc.

Comparative studies can be classified as ________ or ________ studies.Retrospective or Prospective

In _______ studies, the dependent variable is identified in the present, and an attempt is made to determine the independent variable that occurred in the past.Retrospective studies

In _______ studies, the independent variable or presumed cause is identified at the present time, and then subjects are followed in the future to observe the dependent variable.Prospective

Retrospective studies are frequently called ________ studies.Ex post facto studies (data collected after the fact-how the previous impacts the present)

Which type of correlational research, prospective or retrospective, may use an experimental approach? Prospective

Which type of correlational research, prospective or retrospective, can never use an experimental design?Retrospective

Which is less common, prospective or retrospective studies?Prospective

_________ studies are concerned with development, testing, and evaluation of research instruments and methods.Methodological studies

In ________ studies, data are analyzed that were gathered in a previous study.Secondary Analysis

What are the benefits of secondary analysis studies?The study is efficient, economical

________ studies are conducted in special environments created by a researcher. The researcher attempts to control the environment as much as problem.Laboratory studies

________ studies are conducted in 'real life' situations, not allowing for much control.Field Studies

________ studies are considered laboratory studies.Simulation

What are the 7 guidelines for Critiquing Quantitative Research designs?1. Is the design clearly identified in the research report? 2. Is the design appropriate to test the study hypothesis(es) or answer the research questions? 3. If the study used an experimental design, was the most appropriate design used? 4. If the study used an experimental design, what means were used to control for threats to internal validity? External validity? 5. Does the research design allow the researcher to draw a cause-and-effect relationship between the variables? 6. If t

What is the MAJOR consideration when critiquing a research design?-the ability of the study design to test the hypothesis/research question

What are six qualitative research designs?Phenomonological, ethnographic, grounded theory, historical, case study and action research

_______ studies examine human experiences through the descriptions provided by the people involved.Phenomenological

________ research attempts to escribe the meaning experiences hold for each subject and is used to study areas of research on which there isn't a lot of information.Phenomenological

Experiences that are used for phenomenological studies are called ________ experences.Lived

Data is collected for phenomenological research primarily through...Interviews (although, the participant may write out their experience and how they interpret/perceive it)

What is bracketing and what type of research is it used for?A researcher identifies what they expect to discover and deliberately set it aside. By doing this, it is possible for the researcher see the experience from the eyes of the person relating it. It is used in Phenomenological research.

In phenomenological studies, what is the goal?To identify themes and patterns in the data

In phenomenological studies, when is data collected vs. when it is assessed?They are done simultaneously (unlike all experimental research)

_______ studies involve the collection and analysis of data about cultural groups.Ethnographic

In ________ research, the researcher often lives with the population of interest and becomes a part of their culture.Ethnographic

What is a key informant, and in what type of research are they used?A key informant is an individual knowledgeable about a culture of interest. They are used in ethnographic studies.

How is data generally gathered for Ethnographic research?Participant observation and interviews

What is the end purpose of an ethnographic study?The development of cultural theories

What discipline gave genesis to ethnography?Anthropology

How is the use of ethnographic research beneficial to nursing?Nurse researchers can view nursing and health care in the context in which it occurs

What discipline gave rise to Grounded theory?Sociology

In ________ studies, data is collected and analyzed, then a theory is generated based on the analysis.Grounded theory

The _________ method uses both an inductive and deductive approach to theory generation.Grounded theory

What type of sampling is used for Grounded theory and why?Purposeful sampling...the researcher wants a diverse population to locate people who can shed new light on a phenomenon.

How is data collected in a grounded theory study?Through participant observation and interviews. The data is recorded through handwritten notes and tape recordings

_________ is the term used for contantly comparing new data collected against data already in hand. Pertinent concepts are assigned codes which ae constantly reviewed as more data is acquired.Constant Comparison

Which type of qualitative study uses constant comparison?Grounded theory

What is a gerund and what type of study frequenty utilizes them for analyzing data?A gerund is an -ing word (like calming, reconciling,etc.). They are often used for codes in Grounded theory research (to categorize responses)

When does a researcher, using the Grounded theory approach, consult the available literature regarding their topic of interest?After data has been gathered. analyzed, coded and relationships between concepts has been identified.

What is the presumption of the grounded theory approach?That all social life operates within fundamental patterns called basic social processes

Basic social processes are a construct of what type of research?Gounded theory

Which type of research is more concerned with generating theory than providing a hypothesis, and generates a self-correcting theory?Grounded theory

What type of nursing research is being used to help define the professional role of nurses?Historical

________ studies concern the identification, location, evaluation, and synthesis of data from the past and relating those findings to the present and future?Historical

A stethoscope from 1892 would be considered ________ of nursing.An artifact

What are the methods of data collection for historical studies?Using documents, artifacts, relics and oral reports

With respect to historical research, a primary source is...A source (verbal, written, etc.) that provides firsthand information or direct evidence.

With respect to historical research, a secondary source is...Secondhand information or source, like a letter from Florence Nightingale's sister relating things Florence had told her about nursing in the Crimean War

Oral histories, written records, diaries, pictoral sources and physical evidence are considered _________ sources in historical research.Primary

What are the two types of evaluation all historical research should be submitted to?External and Internal criticism

_______ criticism is concerned with the authenticity of data collected for historical research.External

_______ criticism is concerned with the accuracy of data collected during historical research.Internal

When evaluating historical research, which type of evaluation should be conducted first?External (is the source authentic?)

Which type of evaluation for historical research is the most difficult, external or internal?Internal, you have to determine the bias or accuracy of information contained in a source

_______ are in depth examinations of people or groups of people.Case studies

Case studies have their historical roots in what discipline?Sociology, and has been used often in anthropology, medicine and law

T/F Case studies can be qualitative or quantitative, depending on purpose and design.True

_________ is a researcher who has used qualitative case studies to research how a nurse moves from novice to expert.Patricia Benner

What data collection methods are used for case studies?Questionnaires, interviews, observation, or subject's written accounts

_________ involves the examination of communication messages.Content analysis

Content analysis is used in what type of qualitative research design?Case studies

What are some drawbacks to the case study design?-They are time consuming and costly -subject dropout occurs and must be planned for

________ research is a type of qualitative research that employs interventions to improve practice and then studies the effects.Action research

In _______ research, there is no goal to generalize findings and the implementation of an intervention is part of the research process.Action research

Qualitative case studies are used to ...Generate hypotheses

___________ research is a special kind of research that is a form of community based action where there is a collaboration of study participants and the researcher throughout all steps of the research process.Participatory Action Research (PAR)

In Participatory Action Research (PAR), what activities are the subjects of the study involved in?-Determining the problem -Deciding what research method to use -Analyzing the data -Determining how the results will be used

What are the 11 criteria for evaluating qualitative designs?1. Does the phenomenon lend itself to study by qualitative methods or would a quantitative method been more appropriate? 2. Does the study focus on the nature of the human experience? 3. Is the specific qualitative approach named and described? 4. Will the study have significance for nursing? 5. Does the researcher clearly dscribe how participants were selected? 6. How was the sample size determined? 7. Is the data collection process and recording process fully presented? 8. Is it

What type of researcher? Margaret MeadAnthropologist/Ethnography

What type of researcher? Teresa ChristyHistorical

What type of research? Glaser and StraussGrounded theory (sociologists)

What type of research? Kurt LewinAction research (he also conributed to change theory)

LeadershipA professional nursing image is equally dependent on what three factors?The ability to effective lead, manage and follow actions.

The use of individual traits and personal power to interact constructively with patients experiencing complex clinical problems for which there are no standardized solutions and to guide interdisciplinary healthcare providers in strategy development to solve these problems...Leadership

What are characteristics of effective leaders?They communicate direction, use principles to guide a process and project an air of self-assuredness.

What are the five factors identified that influence leadership development?Personal life factors, self-confidence, influence of significant people, progression of experiences and success, and innate leader qualities and tendencies.

_________ refers to persons holding top positions of authority like Nursing Director or Chief Nursing Officer.Management

___________ is defined as the work of any individual who guides others through a series of routines, procedure, or predefined practice guidelines.Management

How does management and leadership differ with respect to behaviors and activities?Management activities occur with less ambiguity, the outcomes are generally known and the sequence of actions to achieve outcomes is prescribed.

____________ is a set of actions taken by an individual that contribute to problem-solving, task attainment, and evaluation using healthy and assertive behaviors that support those that are leading.Followership

T/F? Followership is considered a passive process.False, it is considered a set of behaviors that demonstrate collaboration, influence and action with the leader.

Having social skills, interpersonal competence, psychological maturity and emotional awareness that facilitates harmony is referred to as...Emotional intelligence.

The ability to step outside and see oneself in the context of what is happening while recognizing one's own feelings associated with the event is referred to as...Self-awareness

Naming, claiming, and taming feelings such as fear, anxiety, anger and sadness and taking action to manage those emotions in a healthy manner including avoiding passive-agressive responses and victim responses is referred to as...Managing emotions (a level of Emotional Intelligence)

Valuing differences in perspective and showing sensitivity to the experiences of others in a way that demonstrates the ability to reveal another's perspective on a situation is referred to as...Being empathetic (Emotional intelligence domain)

What characteristics of an emotionally intelligent nurse garner credibility?They possess awareness of patient, family, organizational needs, have an ability to collaborate, show insight to others and commit to self growth.

What important functions do theories have for the nursing profession (3)?-Can help address important questions for which answers are needed -They add to evidenced based care and management practices -they direct and sharpen the ability to predict or guide clinical and organizational problem-solving and outcomes

What was the major trigger for the development of leadership, motivation, and management theories?The influx of people to areas with industries aimed at mass production (Industrial revolution). Efficient production was the impetus

What disciplines were the first to study leadership theories?Sociologists and psychologists.

Motivational theories were developed primarily by ____________.Psychologists

__________ theories were attempts to explain how nonmanagement employees sustained behaviors to accomplish goals or how leaders and/or environmental factors influenced worker productivity.Motivational

_________ theory encompasses how work is organized, planned, changed, and how production quotas are determined.Management

Who has contributed to the development of Management theories?Managers, psychologists, sociologists, and anthropologists.

The Great Man theory is another name for _______ theories.Trait

________ theories assert that leaders have certain physical and emotional characteristics that are crucial to inspire others to achieve a common goal.Trait

Group and Exchange theories are the same thing as ______ theory.Style

The Managerial Grid Instrument is useful to measure __________.Style

_________ theories focus on what leaders do in relational and contextual terms. Essentially, how they interact to influence positive outcomes.Style

_______ theories assert that leadership effectiveness depends on the task, their interpersonal skills and the favorableness of the work situation.Situational-Contingency

The Contingency Model, Normative Decision Making Model and the Path Goal theory are all forms of the __________ theories.Situational-Contingency theories

What three factors are critical in the Situational-Contingency theories?-degree of trust and respect between leaders and followers -clarity of goals and complexity of task -power of the leader to reward behavior and exert influence

What two contingent variables did Path-Goal theory add to the Situational-Contingency theory?In addition to the already identified variables of degree and trust and respect between the leaders and followers, clarity of goals/complexity of the task and whether the leader was able to reward workers and exert influence, the Path-Goal theory adds the personal characteristics of the followers and the environmental demands as additional contingencies.

What gave rise to transformational theories?Globalization and other factors towards the end of the millenium caused organizations to have to fundamentally reestablish themselves.

___________ leadership refers to a process whereby the leader attends to the needs and motives of followers so that the interaction raises each to high levels of motivation and morality. Leader serves as a role model.Transformational

What theorist developed a hierarchy of motivation based on human needs?Maslow

The concept that safety and security needs will override an employee's creativity and inventiveness is an example of the _____________ theory.Hierarchy of Needs

Trait, Style, Situational-Contingency and Transformational theories are all examples of __________ theories.Leadership

Trait, Style, Situational-Contingency and Transformational theories are all examples of __________ theories.Leadership

Hierarchy of Needs, Two-Factor, Expectancy and OB Modification theories are all examples of __________ theories.Motivational

Hygiene and motivating factors promote job enrichment by creating satisfaction is the crux of the ________ theory.Two-Factor

Working conditions, salary, status, and security are examples of hygiene or motivator factors?Hygiene (Two Factor Theory)

Achievement, recognition, and work satisfaction are examples of hygiene or motivator factors?Motivator (Two factor theory)

Individuals' perceived needs influence their behavior. Motivated behavior is increased if a person perceives a positive relationship between good performance and outcomes/rewards is the tenets of the ____________ theory.Expectancy

This theory is an operant approach to organizational behavior and follows an ABC model...OB Modification Theory (Organizational Behavior)

What is the ABC Model?The OB Modification theory uses the ABC Performance Analysis Model. A= antecedent analysis of clear expectations and baseline data collection. B=behavioral analysis and determination. C=consequence analysis, including reinforcement strategies.

A leader who uses positive reinforcement to motivate followers to repeat (+) behaviors in the workplace and motivates the staff to avoid negative situations that cause discomfort, he is exercising the concepts of the _________ theory.OB Modification

Theorist? Trait TheoryStogdill

Theorist? Style TheoryShartle, Stogdill, & Likert

Theorist? Contingency ModelFiedler (Situational-Contingency theory)

Theorist? Normative Decision Making ModelVroom and Yetton (Situational Contingency Theory)

Theorist? Path-Goal TheoryHouse and Mitchell (Situational Contingency theory)

Theorist? Trasformational theoryBass, Bennus, Nanus, Tichy, Devanna

Theorist? Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow

Theorist? Two-FactorHerzberg

Theorist? Expectancy TheoryVroom

Theorist? OB Modification theoryLuthans (builds on Skinner's work)

Complexity theory is arising from what disciplines?Physical sciences and social sciences

__________ science promotes the idea that the world is full of systems that interact and adapt through relationships.Complexity

In _________ theory, decision making is distributed among all people involved in an organization without regard to a hierarchy and decisions make sense within the framework of interactions.Complexity

According to complexity theory, what does leaderhip require?An engaged interaction with an event and the people in it

WHat are the 5 ways complexity science encourages individuials to lead, manage and follow?It encourages development of networks, encourages nonhierarchial, "bottom-up" interaction among workers, wncourages leadership tag development, focuses on emergence and systematic thinking.

A _________ is any related group with common involvementin an area of focus or concern.Network

______ is the term for the philosophic, patient-centered, and values driven characteristics that gives an organization its personality.Tag

"Attractors" is another name for _______.Tags

What is an example of an organizational tag?One facility's practice may be similar to another's, but the emphasis on caring (the tag) drives performance as opposed to cost effectiveness (another tag).

_________ is the term for how individuals in position