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tdiamsdiamsdiams② hearts spadessrspadesheartsts

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heartsr② spadessrspadesheartst t rheartsheartsr

heartsr② hearts clubsdiamsr spadessrspadesheartsts r diamst shearts t rheartsheartsr heartsr②spadessrspadesheartst rspadesdiamsr s rspadesdiamsr ss rrheartsstrspadesheartst heartsrdiams sspadesrtclubsdiamsheartss tdiams clubs②s② spadessr t heartsr② diamsheartssspadesclubstdiamshearts hearts clubsdiamsrs diams clubsclubss rheartsheartshearts diamshearts t clubsdiamsheartss ❬❪ rheartsheartsr heartst heartss sclubsrr② P diamsr tdiamstdiamshearts ①② ①s rheartsheartshearts heartsrdiams hearts rrheartst sheartssdiamsr diamsr heartsr② spadessrspadesheartst spadessrs diamstdiamst hearts rrheartst t ss sheartst diams rssthearts rt rsstdiamsr tdiamsspadessr t rrheartst spades diamst rdiamsclubs rdiamsss t sheartst s s②stspades diams①trhearts spadessrspadesheartst diams heartsr② diamss heartsdiamst hearts heartsstrspadesheartsttdiamshearts diamsrs ①clubst hearts t srclubst tdiams rhearts t tsts hearts shearts heartsclubst diamsspadesspadesheartss hearts tdiamst tr rdiamsr rheartsheartsr heartsts tt tst rheartss r strt thearts tspades s rs t ts diams sclubs heartsdiamsrspadests hearts rhearts diamsr t

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diams diams spadessrspadesheartsts diams heartsr② hearts Pdiamsr trheartsst heartstdiams ttr②

hearts ts stdiamshearts ①clubsdiamsr diams heartsr② spadessr s diamss diamsr clubsdiamsr spadessr s tts ❲ trheartsst tdiams tdiams t hearts sr ttr② tspades tdiamsr②ttr② tt diamsspadess t ①② ①s s spades ❱ ttr② ②clubs② ②diams t tdiams ❱ rdiamsspades t ttr② hearts hearts t diams ❱ heartsrspadesclubst② hearts ttr② clubsrdiamsspadesss spades t ❱ s diamst 23976J 37V middot 18Ah middot 3600s r ttrs ② diamsthearts rclubs② hearts diamsr r ssheartsr② diamsr s s tr diamst clubss diams ❱ sdiamsdiamsheartsr diams st②clubs② heartsheartsdiamst diamsclubsrt diamshearts diamsr diamsts diamsr rhearts t ttr② tdiams ❱ hearts rtrspadesdiamsr t diamshearts② ② tdiams t② heartsdiams diams spades heartsr② s hearts ttr②s tdiams s hearts diamsheartssspades t spadesheartss tt hearts② spadessrspadesheartst ②diams s rclubsdiamsrtdiamshearts ②diamsr spadesdiams clubsdiamshearts s t② hearts stspadest diams heartsr② t ② t ttr②rtr② hearts ②diamsr clubsdiamsheartss clubsdiamsr s②stspadess

hearts ts stdiamshearts spades t diamsdiamshearts ssspadesclubstdiamsheartss ②diamsr ttr② s heartshearts s heartsdiamst hearts rr heartsspadesrdiamss tspadess ②diamsr ttr② s ② rttrs hearts hearts r clubsrdiams diamsr tspades hearts sdiams heartsr② heartsdiamst ss sdiamsrs diams heartsr② diamsr heartsr② spadessrspadesheartst tsthearts s t② hearts diamsrtspades t rheartst② t rheartst tspadesclubsrtrs hearts tr diamsr heartss diamshearts rr ❲ sdiams s diamsr diamss diamshearts diamssrtdiamsheartss rdiamsspades heartsspadesrdiamssrheartss diamshearts t rheartsheartsr ②clubs② ts ①② ①s clubsdiamsheartss r rheartsheartshearts t❲ t srhearts diams t srhearts diamshearts hearts hearts t srhearts rtheartssst t sspades diamsheartstdiamsheartss tst t t② r t ❲ hearts hearts② hearts t②r heartsr ② diams spadeshearts② diamsrs t P❯ diamsspadeshearts t heartstdiamsr heartss t② r t ❲t hearts spadesdiamsr ②diams s t r heartstdiamsr tt sspades tspades

diamsheartsrsdiamshearts diams diamss tdiams ①② ①s ttr② spades ssspadeshearts spades ttr②t ❱ spades①spadesspades diams 23976J = 37V middot 18Ah middot 3600s

diamsst hearts diamssδ spadest srhearts diams❲

δ spadest srhearts diamshearts❲

δ spadesheartsr ② s❲

diams ❲tts ❲ ❲ ❲ s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s

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s s ttr② stspadests r st stspadests hearts clubshearts diamshearts diamsheartst①t s diams hearts ttr② hearts clubsdiamshearts clubsrsheartst heartsr② diamsheartssspadesclubstdiamshearts hearts clubsdiamsr ❲ diamsr t rst diams t clubsclubsr s tdiamss r t t spadessrspadesheartsts ❨diams spades② s ts ts hearts tdiams diamsheartsrt rdiamsspades trclubsdiamsrt s tdiams ①② ①s ttr②

srspadesheartst clubsrdiamsss

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diamsheartsrsdiamshearts diams ❲tts ❲ tdiams ①② ①s ttr② spades heartsr diamsheartstheartsdiamss diams heartsts sheartsrdiams ②diams heartsr qt rheartsheartshearts t t diams clubss t hearts diams heartst t ttr②rheartss diamst ssspadeshearts spades ttr② t ❱ spades①spadesspades diams 23976J = 37V middot18Ahmiddot3600s

diamsst hearts ❲ttsdiamst tspadest srhearts diams❲

diamst tspadest srhearts diamshearts❲

diamst tspadesheartsr ② s❲

diams ❲tts ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲

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hearts heartst② t st clubsrdiamsrspadeshearts diamsrtspades spadesclubsspadesheartsttdiamshearts heartstrspadess diams clubsdiamsr

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Adult MNIST Mush Pen PGSQL Spam Wave

Dataset

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NB

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diamsr rheartsheartss diams t diamsrtspades spadesclubsspadesheartsttdiamsheartss heartsr② s rtrspadeshearts ② ssheartshearts rhearts tdiams diamsrtspades spadesclubsspadesheartsttdiamshearts diamsr tst t shearts t st heartsr② hearts shearts t spadesdiamsst rheartsheartssdiamsr tst r thearts sspadesspades hearts ② t heartsspadesr diams tsts sdiamss tt ❩rdiams ②s ss t st spadesdiamsheartst diams heartsr② diamsdiams② iuml ②s hearts r r sdiamsspades tdiamsheartss hearts t rheartsheartss diams diamsrtspades spadesclubsspadesheartsttdiamshearts diamshearts tst thearts rdiamssstdiamshearts hearts sclubst diamsrr diams r rheartsheartss diamsr tdiamshearts spadestdiams diamsrrtdiamsheartsdiams 093

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Dataset

En

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y (

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Energy Used Performing Cross Validation on Algorithms

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1000

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IBk J48 LogReg MLP NB RF SMO ZeroR

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10

15

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Dataset

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IBk

MLP

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Power Use Training and Testing Algorithms with 50minusSplit

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Power Use Performing Cross Validation on Algorithms

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ttclubs②spadesdiamssheartstrtdiamsclubsdiamsheartsstdiamsspadesrsr②heartstttrttr②trclubsrdiamsdiamssrheartssclubsdiamsrstspades stss ②

❨hearts ❨ ❩hearts s st② hearts②ss diams ssrs hearts t①t tdiamsr③tdiamsheartshearts Prdiamsheartss diams t t heartshearts heartstrheartstdiamshearts diamsheartsrhearts diamshearts srhearts diamsclubsspadesheartst hearts heartsdiamsrspadesdiamshearts rtr clubsclubs

Introduction
Prior work
Machine learners and configuration
Methodology and measurements
Energy profiling results
Causes of energy differences
Evaluating machine learning choices on mobile devices
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 2: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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tsts s

diams ❲tts ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲ ❲

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diams diams

tst❯srspades

②stspadesspades

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❲tspades

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tstdiamshearts

diamsheartsspadess

diams

diamst

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P clubsspades ❲

❱

hearts②ss

rts tdiams t②

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 3: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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hearts ②s

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Prdiamsr diamsr

tsts s

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 4: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 5: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 6: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

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Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 8: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

Prdiamsr diamsr

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Conclusions

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tsts s

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Conclusions

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 12: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 13: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 14: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 15: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 16: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 18: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 19: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 20: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 21: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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②stspadesspades

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P clubsspades ❲

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 22: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 23: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

Page 24: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

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Page 26: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 27: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 28: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 29: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 30: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 31: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 32: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 33: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 34: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 35: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 36: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 37: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 38: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 39: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

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Page 40: What can Android mobile app developers do about the energy ...softwareprocess.es/pubs/mcintosh2018EMSE-MLEnergy.pdfBut the popularity of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets

Introduction
Prior work
Threats to validity
Conclusions

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