12/09/2014 1 What can farmers do to protect against liver fluke? Dr F. M. Lovatt BVScPhD DSHP DipECSRHM MRCVS Flock Health Ltd Liver Fluke Over a wet summer. . . Numbers of snails Numbers of fluke within the snails …leading to levels of disease in autumn & winter Flock Health Ltd Acute Fluke - sheep Bleeding & anaemia Sudden death within 6 weeks of sheep eating fluke systs Acute liver damage Huge numbers of immature fluke travel through the liver NB No fluke eggs in faeces as no adult fluke yet Usually in autumn after a wet summer Flock Health Ltd Chronic fluke Sub-mandibular oedema (bottle jaw or poke) Ill-thrift Weight loss Dry open fleece Anaemia NB Fluke eggs can be detected in the faeces ADULT FLUKES in the bile duct suck blood Flock Health Ltd Usually in the adult flock in late spring though increasingly seen out of season Costs of liver fluke in adult sheep Poor body condition Poor fertility Poor milk supply Reduced scanning % Fewer lambs on the ground Increased ewe deaths Increased involuntary culling Increased lamb mortality Reduced lamb growth rates Flock Health Ltd Fluke Risk throughout the year September October November December January February March April May June July August Build up of snails & fluke numbers in environment over the summer Autumn Winter Spring Summer Risk of acute fluke in sheep Risk of chronic fluke in sheep & cattle – ongoing until treatment Flock Health Ltd
Transcript
12/09/2014
1
What can farmers do to protect
against liver fluke?
Dr F. M. Lovatt BVSc PhD DSHP DipECSRHM MRCVS
Flock Health Ltd
Liver Fluke
Over a wet summer. . .
Numbers of snails
Numbers of fluke within the snails
…leading to
levels of disease in
autumn & winter
Flock Health Ltd
Acute Fluke - sheep
Bleeding & anaemia
Sudden death within 6
weeks of sheep eating
fluke systs
Acute liver damage Huge numbers of immature fluke travel through the liver
NB No fluke eggs in faeces as no adult fluke yet
Usually in autumn after a wet summer
Flock Health Ltd
Chronic fluke
Sub-mandibular oedema
(bottle jaw or poke)
Ill-thrift
Weight loss
Dry open fleece
Anaemia
NB Fluke eggs can be detected in the faeces
ADULT FLUKES in the bile duct suck blood
Flock Health Ltd
Usually in the adult flock in late spring
though increasingly seen out of season
Costs of liver fluke in adult sheep
Poor body condition
Poor fertility
Poor milk supply
Reduced scanning %
Fewer lambs on the ground
Increased ewe deaths
Increased involuntary culling
Increased lamb mortality
Reduced lamb growth rates
Flock Health Ltd
Fluke Risk throughout the year
September October November December January February March April May June July August
Build up of snails
& fluke numbers
in environment
over the
summer
Autumn Winter Spring Summer
Risk of acute
fluke in sheep
Risk of chronic
fluke in sheep &
cattle – ongoing
until treatment
Flock Health Ltd
12/09/2014
2
FLUKE TOP TIPS
USE YOUR
VET
USE
ABBATOIR
RETURNS
CHECK
LIVERS OF
ALL FALLEN
STOCKKNOW
YOUR FLUKE STATUS
TAKE
APPROPRIATE
SAMPLES
Flock Health Ltd
POST MORTEMS
Abattoir Feedback
Monitor fallen stock
NB confusion with Cysticercus tenuicollis
Suggested Timings of Fluke Diagnostics
September October November December January February March April May June July August
Check ewe & cow faeces for
fluke eggs (esp at turn out to
allow adulticide treatment for
pasture protection )
Biochemistry to check
sheep liver enzymes &
indicate acute disease
Autumn Winter Spring Summer
Serology on
lambs to check
timing of
metacercarial
challenge
Throughout the year: Bulk milk serology
Post mortems of all fallen stock
Abattoir returns
Check efficacy of flukicides with copro-antigen test
Serology on
lambs to check
timing of
metacercarial
challenge
Flock Health Ltd
FLUKE TOP TIPS
USE YOUR
VET
Protect
your
pastures
USE
ABBATOIR
RETURNS
CHECK
LIVERS OF
ALL FALLEN
STOCK
KNOW
YOUR FLUKE STATUS
TAKE
APPROPRIATE
SAMPLES
DON’T
RELY ON
DRUGS
Flock Health Ltd
Protect
your
stock
Pasture protectionPrevent sheep or cattle shedding
fluke eggs on the pasture
Farm protection Quarantine protocols
Keep stock away from snails at risk
timesStock protection
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES
OF FLUKE CONTROL?
Flock Health Ltd
Life cyclePasture
protectionStock
protection
Photo: Moredun
12/09/2014
3
Stock protection -
Fencing off snail habitats
Bottom
Photo –
James Crilly
University of
Edinburgh
Field A Silage Field
No sheep this year
Field BEwes & lambs from
May to August
Field CEwes February to April
Ewes & single lambs May to July
Field DRe-seed with
drains repaired
Water trough
It is mid September
All the sheep were fluke–dosed last January
The cows & calves will be housed in mid November
Lambs should be fat within the next 6 weeks
Summer rainfall was above average1. Which fields
have snails?
2. Which fields
have most
metacercaria?
3. Which fields
are high risk
for fluke?
4. Which fields
are low risk for
fluke?
Idea by Heather Stevenson, SAC
It is mid September
All the sheep were fluke–dosed last January
The cows & calves will be housed in mid November
Lambs should be fat within the next 6 weeks
Summer rainfall was above average
Ewes?
Cows & calves?
Fat lambs?
Sheep bought in
from wet area?
WHERE DO I PUT?
1. What would
reduce the risk on
this farm?
2. What happens
in a dry year?
3. What happens
in a wet year?
4. How can we
plan going
forward?
FLUKE TOP TIPS
USE YOUR
VET
KNOW
WHICH
DRUGS TO
USE &
WHENUSE
ABBATOIR
RETURNS
CHECK
LIVERS OF
ALL FALLEN
STOCK
KNOW
YOUR FLUKE STATUS
TAKE
APPROPRIATE
SAMPLES
DON’T
RELY ON
DRUGS
HAVE A
ROBUST QUARANTINE
POLICY
Kill
immaturesin autumn & winter
Kill
adults in Spring
Flock Health Ltd
Protect
your
pastures
Protect
your
stock
12/09/2014
4
Fluke Risk throughout the year
September October November December January February March April May June July August
Build up of snails
& fluke numbers
in environment
over the
summer
Autumn Winter Spring Summer
Risk of acute
fluke in sheep
Risk of chronic
fluke in sheep &
cattle – ongoing
until treatment
Flock Health Ltd
What products to use?Trade names Active ingredient Meat
withdrawal
Activity
Tribex, Fasinex,
Combinex, Triclacert,
Triclafas or TriclamoxTriclabendazole 27-56 days
Kills all immature stages
and adult fluke
Flukiver, Supaverm,
Closiver, Closamectin
or Mebadown
Closantel 28-65 days
Kills late stage immature
and adult flukeTrodax Nitroxynil 49 days
Albacert, Albenil,
Albensure, Albex,
Endospec, Ovispec,
Tramazole or Valbazen
Albendazole 4-8 days
Kills adult fluke only
Levafas Diamond Oxyclozanide 5 days
Allverm or Rycoben Ricobendazole 3 days
Sheep treatment timings
September October November December January February March April May June July August
Treatment
effective against
immatures
Treatment with
adulticide for
pasture protection
Treatment
effective against
immatures
Further treatment
if used closantel
or nitroxynil or if
high risk
Further treatment
if continued high
risk
Autumn Winter Spring Summer
Flock Health Ltd
Pasture protectionPrevent sheep or cattle shedding
fluke eggs on the pasture
Farm protection Quarantine protocols
Keep stock away from snails at risk
timesStock protection
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES
OF FLUKE CONTROL?
Flock Health Ltd
Control of lameness
in Sheep
Dr Fiona Lovatt
BVSc PhD DSHP DipECSRHM MRCVS
Flock Health Ltd
What are the costs?
Flock Health Ltd
12/09/2014
5
The Five Point Plan1. Avoid spread of
infection (in gateways,
at gatherings)
2. Cull out persistent
offenders
3. Quarantine
bought-in sheep
4. Vaccinate to protect
against footrot
5. Treat individuals
quickly and effectively
Flock Health Ltd
Avoid• Avoid spread (at handling & gathering)
• Bacteria spread in wet muddy soiled areas
• Improve drainage
• Think about gateways &
troughs etc
• Separate (& treat) lame or lesioned sheep at, for example, Housing, Turnout, Weaning
• Footbath clean group - if good facilities
• Prevents spread of footrot, scald, CODD
Flock Health Ltd
Footbath to manage scald
epidemics
� Good facilities
� Clean feet before footbathing
� Stand on hard surface after footbathing
� Follow the instructions of the products used -
• 10% zinc sulphate for at least 2 minutes
• 3% (no stronger!) formalin as a walk-through
• Use - for lambs with scald or
to control spread after handling
NB foot-bathing is NOT EFFECTIVE to treat footrot
Flock Health Ltd
Comparison of Footbaths
CODD – Erythromycin, Lincocin or
Tylan Soluble
at 1g/litre
Flock Health Ltd
Cull
Lame ewes spread infection to the rest of the flock
Keep a record of lame sheep – ear tag, spray mark
Cull• Sheep treated for footrot more than once
• Sheep with badly misshapen feet, including replacement lambs
Do not breed from• Lambs from ewes / rams repeatedly lame with footrot
BE TOUGH –
3 strikes and she is out…….
Flock Health Ltd
Quarantine
Necessary to avoid CODD & virulent foot rot
• Buy in from known source (ideally visit farm!)
• Reject lame sheep
• Enquire about vendors vaccination status & lameness policy
• Quarantine returning / new sheep for > 21days
• Inspect all feet and footbath / treat on arrival
• During quarantine treat promptly if become lame
• Discuss vaccination with vet
• Only add to flock once sure healthy
Flock Health Ltd
12/09/2014
6
Treat quickly
Topical antibiotic
Spray, allow to dry & respray
Don’t turn onto wet grass directly or footbath post treatment
Injectable antibiotic
Essential for footrot & CODD
Check withdrawal times – especially in lambs
Catch lame animals asap – even mild cases
Focus on a minimum of 1/3 flock each day
Catch, Inspect, Diagnose
Treat appropriately
Mark and record
Flock Health Ltd
Vaccination against Footrot
Multivalent vaccine containing all UK strains of Foot rot.
Discuss strategic use and timings with your vet
Very useful as part of a package.
Two doses (4 wks to 6 months apart OK) and then a single dose each year just before the risk period for that farm.
NB 1. Can cause swelling & colouring of wool at injection
site – care with show sheep!
2. Due to the same carrier system Cydectin 1% should not
be given to sheep previously vaccinated with Footvax
Flock Health Ltd
What does 10% lameness with foot-rot
cost a flock?
If there was no lameness treatment or control
undertaken (!)
Using the Reading University Footrot Model (found at http://www.fhpmodels.reading.ac.uk)
(Assumptions: cull ewe=£60; fat lamb=£70; store lamb=£40; collection of fallen sheep=£12)
Costs per ewe in flock due to
loss of production
£14.53
Cost per ewe in flock due to
treatment/control measures
0
Total cost per ewe in flock £14.53
Flock Health Ltd
What does 10% lameness with foot-rot
cost a flock?
If the farmer foot-baths in formalin once a
fortnight:
Using the Reading University Footrot Model (found at http://www.fhpmodels.reading.ac.uk)
(Assumptions: cull ewe=£60; fat lamb=£70; store lamb=£40; collection of fallen sheep=£12;
Formalin costs £1 per litre and it takes 1 hours to footbath a flock of 100 sheep)
Costs per ewe in flock due to
loss of production
£11.87
Cost per ewe in flock due to
treatment/control measures
£2.89
Total cost per ewe in flock £14.80
Flock Health Ltd
What does 10% lameness with foot-rot
cost a flock?
If the farmer vaccinates against foot-rot twice a
year:
Using the Reading University Footrot Model (found at http://www.fhpmodels.reading.ac.uk)
(Assumptions: cull ewe=£60; fat lamb=£70; store lamb=£40; collection of fallen sheep=£12;
Vaccine costs=£0.80 per dose; it takes 4 hours to vaccinate 100 ewes)
Costs per ewe in flock due to
loss of production
£6.50
Cost per ewe in flock due to
treatment/control measures
£2.20
Total cost per ewe in flock £8.70
Flock Health Ltd
What does 10% lameness with foot-rot
cost a flock?
If the farmer promptly catches & treats lame ewes with
antibiotic & vaccinates twice a year:
Using the Reading University Footrot Model (found at http://www.fhpmodels.reading.ac.uk)
(Assumptions: cull ewe=£60; fat lamb=£70; store lamb=£40; collection of fallen sheep=£12;
Vaccine costs=£0.80 per dose; Antibiotic costs=£1.30 per ewe; it takes half an hour to catch a
lame ewe)
Costs per ewe in flock due to
loss of production
£2.60
Cost per ewe in flock due to
treatment/control measures
£2.70
Total cost per ewe in flock £5.30
Flock Health Ltd
12/09/2014
7
What does 3% lameness with foot-rot
cost a flock?
If the farmer promptly catches & treats lame ewes with
antibiotic & vaccinates twice a year:
Using the Reading University Footrot Model (found at http://www.fhpmodels.reading.ac.uk)
(Assumptions: cull ewe=£60; fat lamb=£70; store lamb=£40; collection of fallen sheep=£12;
Vaccine costs=£0.80 per dose; Antibiotic costs=£1.30 per ewe; it takes half an hour to catch a
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