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By Charlotte Jones, Paige Hastings, Luke Hawker &
Melisa Muharrem
PIPA Protect Intellectual Property
Act
SOPAStop Online Piracy Act
Legislation in the US
House of
Representatives
Targets Copyright
Laws
Harsh penalties
Supported by..
Major Movie Studios
TV networks
Book PublishersISP‟s
Against..
Why is it wanted?
Professor Clay Shirky,
“The 20th century was a great time to be a media company”
“scarcity”
“Technologies moved on, as technologies do.”
“we also like to produce, and we like to share”
According to the effects theory:
The Media ----- The Message ------ The Masses
2011:
The Media
The Masses
The Internet
„regain the control‟
Why do America want to
regulate? Chicago School of Regulation
1.Law
2. Social Norms
3. Market
4. Architecture
Architecture – We now how the ability to
download, file share, interact, copy.
Market – We are accustomed to not paying
for content anymore, especially the younger
generation.
Social Norms – It has become socially
acceptable to download, file share, interact,
copy.
Law – Now the American government
wants to step in now the other forms of
regulation have not worked.
What does this
constitute for
Personal Freedom?
Imperialism
Neo-imperialism
„Dominance of some nations over others by means of unequal
conditions of economic exchange.‟
Cultural imperialism
„Countries imposed their cultural values on other nations.‟
“I‟d like to teach the world to sing, in perfect harmony / I‟d like to buy
you all a coke, to keep it company.”
Herbert Schiller
„society is brought into the modern world…
…attracted, pressured, forced, and sometimes bribed…
…the values and structures of the dominant center‟
„developing towards the liberal free.‟
Liberal account of History
„The people in control are an enemy of
media freedom.‟
„The internet is a communication medium…‟
„…In chosen time, on a global scale. The internet is above all else, a cultural creation.‟
Sir Tim Berners-lee.
Hippy Counter culture
1960‟s
Technological Determinist
…the younger generation now expect content for free…
…This innovation in technology has completely altered the way we
live our lives…
...innovation in technology drives social change…
…It has also changed the way many of the media industries do
things…
Normalisation
„This change has normalised illegal
downloading and sharing‟
Lee Siegel “I despise Wikipedia, I loath
Wikipedia, I‟m appalled by Wikipedia. I use
it throughout the day.”
These legislations will not change our „real world‟ freedom.
The Online Disinhibition effect
Anonymity
London Riots
You wouldn‟t steel from a shop
„…online as people feel it‟s a virtual and therefore an unreal
world.‟
Cultural Hierarchies
Pierre Bourdieu
„Culture provides the very grounds for human communication and interaction;
it is also a source of domination.‟
„All symbolic systems‟ „help establish and maintain social hierarchies.‟ „Culture
also mediates practices by connecting individuals and groups to
institutionalized hierarchies.‟
Raymond Williams
„In a market driven system control of new technology will
be dominated by large media conglomerates.‟
„cultural capital, hierarchies, and distinction‟
Cookies
Limit our free choice
Channeling
Fair..?
How?
Remove any links that direct to
websites that contain illegal content.
Maybe the Internet is just to vast to control.
„We should police the Internet, but many high tech crime
officers believe this is impossible”
“When we shut down one website, two more pop up.”
Balance the practical
with the
Ideological…
Bibliography
Burton, Graeme, Media and Society (England, Open University Press, 2005).
Galeota, Julia, „Cultural Imperialism: An American Tradition‟, (2004),
http://www.thehumanist.org/humanist/articles/essay3mayjune04.pdf; [accessed 19
January 2012].
Higgins, John, Raymond Williams – Literature, Marxism and cultural materialism (London,
Routledge, 1999).
Kaszor, Daniel, „Why is Wikipedia offline and what is SOPA?‟, (17 January 2012),
http://news.nationalpost.com/2012/01/17/why-is-there-going-to-be-a-wikipedia-blackout-
and-what-is-sopa/; [accessed 25 January 2012].
Leaning, Marcus, „Introduction to the module – Media Histories‟, Media in the 21st Century,
16 January 2012.
Manning, Paul, „Introducing Media Studies‟, Key Concepts, 26 September 2011.
Manning, Paul, „New Media and the Crisis or Regulation‟, Key Concepts, 21 November 2011.
Naughton, John, „Who‟s right and wrong in the great war to protect freedom on the internet?‟,
The Observer, 22 January, 2012.
Shirky, Clay, „Why SOPA is a bad idea‟, (January 2012),
http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/defend_our_freedom_to_share_or_why_sopa_is_a_bad_ide
a.html; [accessed 19 January 2012].
Surler, John, „The Online Disinhibition Effect‟, CyberPsychology & Behavior, Volume 7,
Number 3 (2004).
Swartz, David, Culture and Power: The Sociology of Pierre Bourdieu (America, University of
Chicago Press, 1998).
Virtual Revolution, Program Two – Enemy of the State, Dr Aleks Krotoski, BBC (2010).
Bibliography