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What do we know?
Language structures:Present simple: Do you think water is food
What do you think of slimming diets?Passive: The value is expressed in kilocalories.
Twelve of these are manufactured by the body itself …Superlatives: Water is the most abundant molecule in our bodies.Time expressions: Every day, once a week / month, a few times a week / month, etc.Infinitive of purpose: To maintain the activity of all our cells, … our bodies need energy.Use of gerund after prepositions: Basal metabolic rate is measured after resting …
DO NOW (INPAIRS):1.NAME FOODS THAT SUPPLY US ENERGY2.WHAT IS A CALORIE?
FACT OR FICTION3. Athletes need more protein in their diets than other people do
4. The only salt that a food contains is the salt that you have added to it
5. An apple a day keep the doctor away
6. Is a vegetarian diet healthier?
7. Any more?
Food Pyramid
What are nutrients?• Essential substances that your body
needs in order to grow and stay healthy
What is a Nutrient?
Nutrients
• Some provide energy. • All help build cells and
tissues, regulate bodily processes such as breathing.
• No single food supplies all the nutrients the body needs to function.
Nutrients in the Human Diet
• Macronutrients– Water– Amino Acids and Proteins– Lipids– Carbohydrates
• Micronutrients– Vitamins– Minerals
Six categories of nutrients:
Healthy Diets Require:
• Water
• Carbs, Proteins, Lipids, Amino Acids
• Vitamins:
- water-soluble (thiamine, riboflavin, folic acid)
- fat-soluble (Vitamin A, D, E, K)
• Minerals (Fe, Ca, P, Na, K)
Water• Solvent in which the chemistry of life occurs
– cell chemistry occurs in an aqueous medium– water carries essential nutrients to cells– water carries metabolic wastes away from cells– hydrolysis & dehydration reaction– stabilizes body temp
Sugars
Which simple sugars are found in the different types of food shown in the photo?
What types of food contain complex sugars?
Carbohydrates• Most of them are sweet.They provide us
energy and they are at: bread, rice, cereals, potatoes, …
• There are 2 types:
• - simple carbs: glucose and fructose, easy to be digested and absorbed
• - complex carbs: starch, made up of glucose, and cellulose or fibre, useful to prevent constipation and keeping low levels of collesterol
There are some people that can not absorb gluten, a protein
contained just on wheat, they are called celiac and they must eat corn flour products instead of
wheat
Lipids
What are the different groups of lipids?
Are some lipids more healthy than others? Why or why not?
Lipids• Triglycerides (Fats)
– energy storage molecules– protect and cushion delicate body organs– source of the raw materials for the
construction of phospholipids– unsaturated versus saturated fats
Lipids• Saturated Fats
– Solid at RT– Milk, cheese, meat– Not good for you– Bounds C-C
• Unsaturated Fats– Liquid at RT– double bounds C=C– Canola, olive, peanut oil– Better choice
Lipids• Steroids (e.g., cholesterol)
– precursor molecules for steroid hormones, vitamin D, bile salts
– fundamental component of plasma membranes (influence membrane fluidity)
– HDL-cholesterol versus LDL-cholesterol– We have to eat some lipids but not too
much and mainly non saturated fats (olive or vegetable fats)
Proteins
• Enzymes • Structural proteins (shape and
form of cells and tissues)• Hormones• Immunoglobulins (antibodies)
Essential Amino Acids we MUST eat them:• Tryptophan• Methionine• Valine• Threonine
• Phenylalanine• Leucine• Isoleucine• Lysine
• Histidine(infants)
Are vegetarian diets complete and
balanced?:they can be, but vegetarians have to eat milk, cheese, nuts and other seeds. Eggs or fish can be good for
babies and young people too
Vitamins• Organic compounds needed by
the body in small, but essential amounts
• Cannot be synthesized by the body in sufficient amounts
• Function in a variety of ways in metabolic reactions
• Thirteen known vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
vsWater-Insoluble
Vitamins
Water-Soluble Vitamins
Pantothenic acid
Biotin
B12 (cyanocobalamin)
Folic acid
C (ascorbic acid)
B1 (thiamin)
B2 (riboflavin)
Niacin
B6 (pyridoxine)
Water-Insoluble Vitamins
A (retinol)DEK
Minerals
• Essential inorganic elements• Involved in a variety of
metabolic processes• Major minerals versus trace
minerals
Major MineralsCalcium
PhosphorusMagnesiumSodiumPotassiumChlorine
Trace Minerals
IronIodineFluorideZincCopper
Manganese
Cobalt
Selenium
Chromium
Osmosis
Describe how the three illustrations show the process of osmosis.
How is osmosis related to nutrition?
• An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients.
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
Malnourishment
Giraffe eats bone to get phosphorus nutrient
• Impaired cognitive development
• Won’t attain full height
• More susceptible to disease and infection
Malnourishment
Energy needsWe obtain energy from nutrients, through metabolism:
1gr fat = 9 kcals
1gr carb = 3.75 kcal (aprox 4)
1gr protein = 4 kcal
Thedaily basal metabolic rate is the energy required to maintain us in rest and good temperature. It can be calculated (page22). Try to do yours:
- Men: 66.5+(13.7xkg + 5xcm) – 6.7x age
- Women: 55+ (9.5xkg) + (4.8xcm) – 4.7xage
To this we have to add energy for physical activity
Try to find: mediterranean, celiac, high-fibre, low calories and vegetarian diets:
Food preservation helps to keep fresh food a long time without decomposition. Try to find the
followings (pp 28-29): cooling (freezing, refrigeration), heating (sterilisation,
pasteurisation, UHT), drying, vacuum packing, irradiation, fermentation, smoking, preservatives
(sugar, salt, vinager, species )
Compare these food labels and find out which one gives more information. Dou
you watch your food labels?
Watch your label and answer: Does it contain?:
Product and Company names
Quantity:weight or volume
Nutritional information:detailed amount of kcal, carbs, fats, fiber, proteins,
vits. … and % recommendedHow to store and how to use it (if necessary)
Best-before date and Expiry date