What do you sense?

S E N S A T I O N

O u r s e n s e s h a v e p i c k e d u p a m e s s a g e f r o m t h ee n v i r o n m e n t – v e r y s i m p l y “ T a k i n g i t a l l i n ”

P E R C E P T I O N

I n t e r p r e t i n g w h a t w e s e n s e – M a k i n g s e n s eo u t o f s e n s a t i o n s

Book Definition:

The stimulation of sensory receptors and the transmission of sensory information into the central nervous system

Book Definition:

The process by which sensations are organized into an inner representation of the world

1. Past Experiences• “Star spangled _______________”

2. Moods, _______________, and Values• Having a bad day and “things” seem to snowball

3. ______________• If you’re hungry, you think about…

4. What the ______________ believes• We have a tendency to, “go along with the

crowd.”

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9940824

'Lucifer Effect' Asks Why Good People Go Bad

http://www.zimbardo.com/

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rmwSC5fS40w

http://abcnews.go.com/Video/playerIndex?id=2769000

THE SCIENCE OF EVILHow can ordinary people perform unthinkable acts?ABC News - Primetime

McDonald’s Case - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UFXeXK3szOk

Absolute ____________________ for HumansReading: Ernst Weber – Classic Experiments in Psychology

SENSE STIMULUS RECEPTORS THRESHOLD

Vision Electromagnetic Energy

_______________ & _______________in the retina

A candle flame viewed from a distance of about 30 miles on a dark night

Hearing Sound Waves Hair cells of the inner ear

The ticking of a watch from about 20 feet away in a quiet room

_______________ _______________ substances in the air

Receptor cells in the nose

About one drop of perfume diffused throughout a small house

Taste _______________ substances in saliva

Taste buds on the tongue

About 1 teaspoon of sugar dissolved in 2 gallons of water

Touch Pressure on the skin Nerve endings in the skin

The wing of a fly falling on a cheek from a distance of about 0.4 inches

SENSETYPE OF

DISCRIMINATION

_______________ CONSTANT

(_______________ FRACTION)

VISION Brightness of light 1/60

HEARING Pitch (frequency) of a tone

1/333

Loudness of a tone /TASTE Difference in saltiness 1/5

SMELL Amount of rubber smell

1/10

TOUCH Pressure on the skin surface

1/7

Deep pressure 1/77

Difference in lifted weights /

Where are the following?

Blind spotIrisPupilLensCorneaOptic NerveRetina

FIGURE 4.3 In the human eye, light travelsthrough the pupil to the lens and is then reflected onto the retina. The optic nerve sends the visual information to the brain.

Stare at the next slide for 30 seconds.

VISUAL PROBLEMSColor Blindness

TrichromatTrichromat – normal color vision

Color BlindColor Blind – sensitive to only black & white

DichromatDichromat – only sensitive to certain colors – partially color blind

Plate 1

Plate 1

• Both normal and those with all color vision deficiencies should read the number 12.

Pages 85-88

Sound

• _______________ - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.

• _______________ – having to do with hearing

Compression and Expansion

• _______________ – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz.

• _______________ – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.

Pitch

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

Is Loudness the same as Amplitude?

• _______________ – height• The higher the amplitude of

a wave, the louder the sound.

• _______________ – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5044711

Wishing for a Silent Night in Toyland by Michele Norris 

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QJlMGsQQeCA

ARTICLE: The Sounds Around UsJanuary 18, 2006

http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html

PLEASE VISIT THE FOLLOWING WEBSITE: PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE

http://bcs.worthpublishers.com/gray/content/psychsim5/launcher.html

COMPLETE THE INTERACTIVE ACTIVITY FOR PSYCHOLOGY’S TIMELINE. As you progress through the activity, place your cursor over the words in blue for further information. When placing the information “in position” on the timelines, be as precise with the placement of the names/descriptions/etc.(tags) as possible, otherwise the info. will “bounce back.” The “tags” fit in precisely to the right positions.

All Stressed Out EEG and Sleep Stages

Hunger and the Fat Rat

Operant Conditioning

Auditory System Expressing Emotion Iconic Memory Psychology's Timeline

Cognitive Development

Get Smart Mind-Reading Monkeys

Social Decision Making

Computer Therapist Helplessly Hoping My Head Is Spinning Visual Illusions

Descriptive Statistics Hemispheric Specialization

Mystery Client Your Mind on Drugs

PSYCHSIM5 – WORTH PUBLISHERS

How Does Sound Move Through the Ear?

VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!

Page 87

CONDUCTION DEAFNESS

SENSORY-NEURAL DEAFNESS

STIMULATION DEAFNESS

ARTICLE: Loss of Hearing Can Be Frustrating!

February 14, 2001

Deafness

• Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves

• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid

• Hearing aids • Normal hearing may

return.

Deafness

• Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.

• Damage to the auditory nerve.

• Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.

Deafness

• Exposure to very loud sounds

• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss.

• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged

The nose knows! Maybe without you

knowing!

Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.

Sense of Smell - http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H_WFlTtPZmE

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4059387Americans Win Nobel for Research on Smell

Seven Basic Odors1. Camphoraceous

Smell depends on shape of odor molecules Example of a camphoraceous odor is

mothballs

2. Etheral Example is cleaning products

3. Floral Examples are flowers

4. Minty Example is gum

5. Musky Example is men’s cologne

6. Pungent Example is vinegar

7. Putrid Example is rotten eggs

ARTICLE: "A Secret Sense in the Human Nose"

ARTICLE: "A Woman's Nose Belongs to Daddy":

The Science of Sex Appeal unsexy scents

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_y8NTaPNQY

http://www.youtube.com/ (time 2:04)

ARTICLE: “Smells aren’t Good or Bad, They’re Learned”

ARTICLE: Just browsing at the mall? That’s what you think. (Sept. 2006)

ARTICLE: Taste and Smell – How does food seem tasteless when you have a cold?

ScentAir website: http://www.scentair.com/index_flash.html

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=6577600

“Marketing Campaign Targets Noses at Bus Stops”

http://marketplace.publicradio.org/shows/2006/10/25/PM200610255.html

Dr. Alan Hirsch: Talking About the Science of Smellhttp://www.scienceofsmell.com/

_______________ are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds

Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called ____________ _______________

TASTE QUALITIESTASTE QUALITIES

(Get on the Busss!)(Get on the Busss!)

•BB________________

•UU________________

•SS________________

•SS________________

•SS________________

FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…•T___________

•O________

•T_________

•T_________(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416Study: Tastes Form in Infancy

Touch and Pressure• Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of

skin is touched.• There are at least ____ basic types of touch receptors in your skin.• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.

SKIN SENSES*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*

• Touch

• Pressure

• Warmth

• Cold

• Pain

Pages 89-92

TOUCH & PRESSURE

Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks (page 91)

1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations

2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face

___________________– to assess sensitivity to pressure –The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions

TEMPERATURE

Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously

PAIN

* The more pain receptors located in a particular area of our skin, the more sensitive that area is. (figure 4.9 on page 91)

*Originates at the point of contact* - message is sent from the point of contact to the spinal cord to the thalamus in the brain. Then it is projected to the cerebral cortex where the person registers the location and severity of the pain.

*Release of various chemicals – prostaglandins, bradykinin, P*

* Aspirin & Ibuprofen work by curbing production of prostaglandinshttp://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=7654964

______________– pain messengers can’t get through

_______________ – Bodies natural pain killers

Endorphins are inhibitory neurotransmitters. They lock into receptor sites for chemicals that transmit pain messages to the brain. Once the endorphin “key” is in the “lock,” pain-causing chemicals cannot transmit their messages. There are a number of endorphins.

Endorphins also play a role in regulating respiration, hunger memory, sexual behavior, blood pressure, mood, and body temperature.

_______________ – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins

______________ – bogus treatment

______________ – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

______________ __________– The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity

______________ _____________– the focus of conscious awareness on a particular stimulus

______________ _____________– failing to see visible objects when our attention is directed elsewhere

http://viscog.beckman.illinois.edu/grafs/demos/15.html

1. Perceptual Organization

Closure page 93 figure 4.10

Figure-ground page 93 figure 4.11

Proximity page 93-94 figure 4.12 (A)

Similarity page 94 figure 4.12 (B)

Continuity page 94 figure 4.12 (C)

Common fate page 94

VISUAL PERCEPTION

2. Perception of Movement

Stroboscopic Motion* page 95

3. Depth Perception

Monocular Cues:

Perspective background image

Interposition or Overlapping page 96 figure 4.13

Shadowing page 96 figure 4.14

Texture Gradient page 96

Motion parallax page 96

Binocular Cues:

Retinal Disparity* page 96picture - page 97

Convergence page 96

4. Perceptual Constancies

Size page 97

Shape page 99 figure 4.16

Color page 98 figure 4.15

Brightness page 98-99

5. Visual Illusions – when principles of perceptual organization lead to misrepresentations of reality. (page 99)

Height/Width illusion

Interrupted extent

Illusion of contour

Equivocal illusion

Illusion of depth

Illusion of contrast

Non-classified illusion

BINOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

RETINAL DISPARITY & CONVERGENCE

MONOCULAR CUES FOR DEPTH

CLEARNESS

TEXTURE GRADIENT

PERSPECTIVE

OVERLAPPING or INTERPOSITION

Shadowing

Optical IllusionsWhen principles of

Perceptional organization lead to

misrepresentations of

reality

Height-Width

Interrupted Extent

Equivocal

Depth

ContrastContour Non Classified

TYPES OF OPTICAL ILLUSIONS 1. HEIGHT-WIDTH ILLUSION

An upright line segment appears longer than a nearby equal horizontal line

2. ILLUSIONS OF INTERRUPTED EXTENT The distance between the portions of an interrupted line or figure appears to shrink

3. ILLUSION OF CONTOUR

An open or empty figure appears to have greater area or capacity than an equal closed or filled figure

4. EQUIVOCAL ILLUSION

The drawing of a three-dimensional object appears to have two or more interpretations

5. ILLUSIONS OF DEPTH

Lines or figures are distorted as the result of a point, line, or figure appearing to be behind or in front of another

6. ILLUSIONS OF CONTRAST

Surrounding lines or figures cause other lines or figures to appear have distorted dimensions or shapes

7. ILLUSION NON-CLASSIFIED

An optical illusion that does not fall into the above categories

ARTICLE: Seeing Life in Colors: Cross wired Senses

A synesthetes alphabet

ARTICLE: Seeing—and hearing and tasting—redSOURCE: Monitor on Psychology

Volume 39, No. 3 March 2008

http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www/carol.html