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What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Ray D. BollmanStatistics Canada
L. Peter ApedailePeer Diagnostics
Alessandro AlasiaUniversity of Saskatchewan
and Statistics Canada
Presentation to the Annual Rural Policy Conference of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation on
“Rural-Urban Footprints: Implications for Governance”Tweed, Ontario, October 14 – 16, 2004
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance? as proposed by the World Bank:
“the regulation of power by means of institutions and traditions for taking
decisions in the public interest.”
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance? as proposed by the World Bank: Note some key concepts:
• regulation of power• “institutions” and “traditions”
• for taking decisions• in the “public” interest
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance? as proposed by the World Bank: Note some key concepts:
• regulation of power• via processes and networks
• for taking decisions• in the “public” interest
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
implication for rural
• rural was, and is, stronger on
• “institutions” and “traditions”
• rural may be relatively disadvantaged as governance moves towards
• processes and networks
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
implication for rural
• rural governance is important because we are in an era of simultaneous globalization and localization
• some important governance issues are moving “up” to world bodies (WTO, global corporations)
• some important governance issues are moving “down” to local bodies
• examples of such issues are “supply of skills” and “quality of the local environment”
“Skills” and “environment” are two community assets for which the demand is
increasing
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
implication for rural• rural governance is important because we are in an era of simultaneous globalization and localization
• some important governance issues are moving “up” to world bodies (WTO, global corporations)
• some important governance issues are moving “down” to local bodies
• examples of such issues are “supply of skills” and “quality of the local environment”
• thus “local governance” is more important than ever before
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?• processes and networks are important
• we are in a knowledge-based economy
• important “tacit” knowledge is transferred by interacting “at the elbow of the master”, it is not in books or on the Internet
• this is one driver of agglomeration economies
• this “within” community interaction is one important type of process and network that is sparse in the low density
rural milieu
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Our Cities Are What We Eat
Corner Post #329, Farm & Countryside Commentary by Elbert van DonkersgoedCanada’s debate about a new deal for our cities is focused on infrastructure, on the assumption that the billion dollar investment in Toronto’s subway system is representative of this new arrangement. Not everyone agrees.A number of voices, my own included through my involvement with the Toronto Food Policy Council, have sent a message to Toronto MP John Godfrey, Parliamentary Secretary for Cities and Mike Harcourt, Chair of our federal government’s new Advisory Committee for Cities – this message: improved urban life means better food solutions. Food plays an important role in the economy of Canada. Food choices account for some 20 percent of retail sales and of service jobs, ten percent of industrial jobs, 20 percent of car trips and traffic, 20 percent of chronic diseases, 25 percent of fossil fuel energy and air pollution, 40 percent of garbage, 80 percent of sewage.Food is about economics: it influences our health and productivity, and our culture. More than with any other of our biological needs, the choices we make around food affect the shape, style, pulse, smell, look, feel, health, economy, street life and infrastructure of our cities.There's an old saying: we are what we eat. It is equally obvious: a city is what it eats.Food habits determine the character of our cities:· Whether our main streets are fast-food strips or lined with spots that breathe local flavour and character. · Whether there's a Little Italy, Little India or Asian Village anchored by restaurants and groceries that nourish entrepreneurs and cultural cooking traditions · Whether the poor, elderly and physically disabled can access nearby grocers that sell fresh nutritious produce. · Whether backyards are splashed with the green hues of vines, squash and corn, or sport fence-to-fence grass. · Whether people treat food scraps as garbage or as valuable compost. · Whether highways are clogged with refrigerated 18-wheelers transferring produce across the continent or local farmers bringing in the day's harvest on pick-up trucks.· Whether our health systems are forced to deal with expensive diet related crises such as heart disease, diabetes, obesity, or cancer.· Whether low incomes families have a place at our bountiful table. · Whether the money spent on food stays in and near the city to create more jobs here, or leaves town overnight to create jobs there.· Whether shoppers drive to pick up convenience foods from box stores or walk to neighborhood outdoor markets for locally grown fresh and homemade products.
A new urban agenda for Canada cannot only be about public transport and infrastructure. Our cities are what we eat, as well as what we build.
Elbert van Donkersgoed P. Ag. (Hon.) is the Strategic Policy Advisor of the Christian Farmers Federation of Ontario, Canada.
20 percent of all census-farms are located within CMAs and CAs
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Forage seed
Tobacco
Wheat
Small grain (exc. wht. spec.)
Field pea and bean
Hog
Maple products
Cattle
Oilseed
Cattle and hog
Mixed crop
Other field crop
ALL CENSUS FARMS
Dairy
Mixed livestock
Fodder
Fur
Other
Potato
Grain corn
Goat
Cattle, hog and sheep
Sheep and lamb
Other animal speciality
Poultry and egg
Horse
Fruit and vegetable
Vegetable speciality
Fruit speciality
Greenhouse
Sod and nursery
Mushroom
Percent of census-farms located with CMAs and CAs
1996
1986
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Agriculture, 1986 and 1996.
1996 Classifications
Census Metropolitan Areas
Census Agglomerations
Non Census Metropolitan/Census Agglomeration AreasRural and Small Town areas
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Canada, 2001
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the Canadian average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker)
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", British Columbia, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
CMAs and larger CAs have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Alberta, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Saskatchewan, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Manitoba, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Ontario, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Quebec, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", New Brunswick, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Nova Scotia, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
Larger urban centres have a larger share of their workforce with a "health occupation", Newfoundland and Labrador, 2001
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the provincial average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Location quotient
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Water
Less than 25 percent
25 to 49 percent
50 to 74 percent
75 percent or over
No population
All sub-drainage
areas
Number of river sub-drainage basins25 38 19 69 13 164
*** as percent of total15 23 12 42 8 100
Total population20,363,665 7,493,100 1,688,039 181,889 0 29,726,693 *
*** as percent of total69 25 6 1 0 100
Census rural population2,336,205 2,528,796 982,089 171,306 0 6,018,396 *
*** as percent of total39 42 16 3 0 100
Total land area (square kilometres)1,168,332 2,054,138 946,547 4,664,361 988,107 9,821,486
*** as percent of total12 21 10 47 10 100
Source: Statistics Canada. Human Activity and the Environment, Annual Statistics 2003 (Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Cat. no. 16-201), Tables A1 and A7.
* missing population will have to be found
Percent of population in sub-drainage area that is 'census rural'
Sub-drainage areas by share of population in 2001 that is census rural.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• What is “interaction”?
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• What is “interaction”?
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Census urban
(centres of 1,000+)
Census rural
(outside centres of 1,000+)
LARGER URBAN CENTRESCensus Metropolitan Areas
Census Agglomerations
RURAL AND SMALL TOWN AREAS
Share of "census rural" population within CMA/CA labour markets has doubled within 25 years
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1976 - 2001. "Census rural" refers to the population outside settlements of 1,000 or more. A CMA comprises an urban core population of 100,000 or more, and a CA has an urban core population of 10,000 to 99,999 and both include the population in neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes into the urban core.
Percent of "census rural" population that lives within Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) and Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Share of population in rural and small town areas
continues to decline, Canada, 1971 to 2001
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 2001
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 - 2001.Rural and small town refers to the population outside Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) and Census Agglomerations (CAs).
Census urban Census rural All areas
All areas 23,908,100 6,098,985 30,007,085
. Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) 18,175,700 1,121,220 19,296,920
. Census Agglomerations (CAs) with census tracts 1,472,795 227,965 1,700,760
. Census Agglomerations (CAs) without census tracts 2,202,340 639,055 2,841,395All larger urban centres (LUCs) (i.e., CMAs and CAs) 21,850,835 1,988,240 23,839,075
Rural and small town (RST) areas (i.e., non-CMA/CA areas). Strong metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 400,020 1,124,555 1,524,575. Moderate metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 741,335 1,544,195 2,285,530. Weak metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 872,395 1,096,860 1,969,255. No metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 29,045 304,770 333,815. Territories RST 14,470 40,365 54,835All "rural and small town" areas 2,057,265 4,110,745 6,168,010Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
{and a summary version is available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/97F0024XIE2001016.htm}
A CMA comprises an urban core population of 100,000 or more plus the population in neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes into the urban core.
A CA comprises an urban core population of 10,000 to 99,999 and neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes in to the core.
Census agglomerations with census tracts have a population of 50,000 to 99,999 in the urban core.
Metropolitan influenced zones (MIZ) are assigned on the basis of the size of commuting to any CMA or CA.
Census urban refers to the population in settlements of 1,000 or more and census rural is the population outside settlements of 1,000 or more.
Larger urban centres (LUCs) (i.e., CMAs and CAs)
Total population by "Statistical Area Classification" and Census Urban / Rural classification, Canada, 2001
In each MIZ zone, over one-half of the population lives in 'census rural' areas; and in smaller CAs, 22 percent live in 'census rural' areas
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Per
cen
t o
f to
tal
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
eac
h "
Sta
tist
ical
Are
a C
lass
ific
atio
n"
gro
up
Census urban
Census rural
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
In each MIZ zone (outside the Territories), over 60 percent of the population was living in the same residence in 1996 and 2001, Canada
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Per
cen
t o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n (
5 ye
ars
and
old
er)
livin
g a
t th
e sa
me
add
ress
in 1
996
and
200
1
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
The census rural population is more likely to stay at the same address, within each type of zone, Canada, 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Per
cen
t o
f th
e p
op
ula
tio
n (
5 ye
ars
and
old
er) li
vin
g a
t th
e sa
me
add
ress
in
1996
an
d 2
001
Census urban Census rural
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres
Rural and small town areas
Government transfer income is 23 percent of total income in the No MIZ zone, Canada
0
5
10
15
20
25
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRSTP
erce
nt
of
tota
l in
com
e fr
om
go
vern
men
t tr
ansf
ers,
200
0
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
Government transfer income is 23 percent of total income in the rural areas of the No MIZ zone, Canada
0
5
10
15
20
25
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Per
cen
t o
f to
tal i
nco
me
fro
m g
ove
rnm
ent
tran
sfer
s, 2
000
Census urban Census rural
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
CMAs report the highest share of their population be living below the Low Income Cut-off, Canada
0
4
8
12
16
20
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRSTP
erce
nt
of
po
pu
lati
on
in
pri
vate
ho
use
ho
lds
wit
h i
nco
me
bel
ow
th
e L
ow
In
com
e C
ut-
off
, 20
00
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
LICO is not
assign-ed for house-
holds in the Terri-
tories
Census rural areas in each type of zone has a lower share of its population living below the Low Income Cut-off, Canada
0
4
8
12
16
20
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Per
cen
t o
f to
tal i
nco
me
fro
m g
ove
rnm
ent
tran
sfer
s, 2
000
Census urban Census rural
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
LICO is not
assign-ed for house-
holds in the Terri-
tories
Table 1. Number of Census Subdivisions by Population Size, Canada, 2001
Number Percent Number PercentNo inhabitants 416 7 0 0
1 to 49 359 6 7,893 050 to 99 233 4 17,066 0
100 to 199 377 7 56,193 0200 to 299 319 6 79,609 0300 to 399 379 7 132,414 0400 to 499 308 6 137,684 0500 to 749 601 11 368,483 1750 to 999 422 8 364,691 1
1,000 to 2,499 980 18 1,535,309 52,500 to 4,999 479 9 1,700,611 65,000 to 9,999 327 6 2,303,986 8
10,000 to 24,999 240 4 3,629,891 1225,000 to 49,999 68 1 2,383,484 850,000 to 99,999 51 1 3,606,808 12
100,000 to 499,999 33 1 6,064,762 20500,000 and over 8 0 7,618,210 25
All census subdivisions 5,600 100 30,007,094 100A census subdivision is, generally, is an incorporated town or municipality.
For the exact definition, see Statistics Canada. (2002) 2001 Census Dictionary
(Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 92-378) (www.statcan.ca/english/census2001/dict/index.htm)
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001.
Census subdivisions PopulationPopulation size of census subdivision
Table 2. Number of Census Subdivisions by Statistical Area Classification, Canada, 2001
Number Percent Number Percent
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) 471 8 19,296,926 64Census Agglomerations (CAs) with census tracts 93 2 1,700,766 6Census Agglomerations (CAs) without census tracts 431 8 2,841,394 9Subtotal: Larger urban centres (CMAs and CAs) 995 18 23,839,086 79
Strong metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 566 10 1,524,579 5Moderate metropoltain influenced zone (MIZ) 1,388 25 2,285,538 8Weak metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 1,016 18 1,969,211 7No metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 1,538 27 333,847 1Territories RST 97 2 54,833 0Subtotal: Rural and small town areas (non-CMA/CA) 4,605 82 6,168,008 21
Total: All census subdivisions 5,600 100 30,007,094 100A census subdivision is, generally, an incorporated town or municipality.
For the exact definition, see Statistics Canada. (2002) 2001 Census Dictionary
(Ottawa: Statistics Canada, Catalogue No. 92-378) (www.statcan.ca/english/census2001/dict/index.htm)
A CMA comprises an urban core population of 100,000 or more plus the population in neighbouring municipalities where
50 percent or more of the workforce commutes into the urban core. A CA comprises an urban core population of 10,000 to 99,999
and neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes into the core.
Census agglomerations with census tracts have a population of 50,000 to 99,999 in the urban core.
Metropolitan influenced zones (MIZ) are assigned on the basis of the size of commuting to any CMA or CA.
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001.
Census subdivisions PopulationStatistical area classification (SAC)
Table 3a. Number of census subdivisions by "Statistical area classification" and population size, Canada, 2001
Statistical area classification (SAC) 0 to 199 200 to 999 1,000 to 9,99910,000 and
overAll census
sub-divisions
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) 44 54 171 202 471Census Aggomerations (CAs) with census tracts 8 12 42 31 93Census Aggomerations (CAs) without census tracts 96 82 153 100 431Subtotal: Larger urban centres (CMAs and CAs) 148 148 366 333 995
Strong metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 34 230 270 32 566Moderate metropoltain influenced zone (MIZ) 75 723 568 22 1,388Weak metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 41 462 500 13 1,016No metropolitan influenced zone (MIZ) 1,046 427 65 0 1,538Territories RST 41 39 17 0 97Subtotal: Rural and small town areas (non-CMA/CA) 1,237 1,881 1,420 67 4,605
Total: All census subdivisions 1,385 2,029 1,786 400 5,600
*** number of census subdivisions ***
Population size class of census subdivision
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Canada, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Newfoundland, 1966 to 2001
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.
CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Change, Prince Edward Island, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Nova Scotia, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.
CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, New Brunswick, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Quebec, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Ontario, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.
CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Manitoba, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
ns
tan
t b
ou
nd
ari
es
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Saskatchewan, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
nst
ant
bo
un
dar
ies Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, Alberta, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
ns
tan
t b
ou
nd
ari
es Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
The State of Rural Canada:
From Strength to Strength
Questions / Discussion
Population Growth, British Columbia, 1966 to 2001
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
1966 to 1971 1971 to 1976 1976 to 1981 1981 to 1986 1986 to 1991 1991 to 1996 1996 to 2001
Pe
rce
nt
ch
an
ge
in
po
pu
lati
on
wit
hin
co
ns
tan
t b
ou
nd
ari
es
Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs)
Census Agglomerations (CAs)
Rural and Small Town (RST) areas
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 2001.CMAs have an urban core of 100,000 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.CAs have an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999 persons plus neighbouring municipalities where 50 percent or more of the workforce commutes to the urban core.RST areas are outside the commuting zones of CMAs and CAs.
Strong growth in metro areas and rural areas strongly influenced by metro areas, Canada, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ Territories
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in Newfoundland, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in weaker MIZ in Prince Edward Island, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in weaker MIZ in Nova Scotia, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in most RST areas in New Brunswick, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in weaker MIZ in Quebec, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population growth in No MIZ zones in Ontario, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Per
cen
t ch
ang
e
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population growth in strong MIZ zones in Manitoba, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in weaker MIZ zones in Saskatchewan, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Population decline in all zones in Alberta, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Strong population growth in British Columbia metro areas, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
Strong growth in metro areas and rural areas strongly influenced by metro areas, Canada, 1996 to 2001
-18
-15
-12
-9
-6
-3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
CensusMetropolitan
Areas
CensusAgglomerations
Rural and SmallTown areas
Strong MIZ Moderate MIZ Weak MIZ No MIZ Territories
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1996 - 2001. MIZ refers to Metropolitan Influenced Zone.
Rural and small town areas
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• What is “interaction”?
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in
an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
Paper to the Annual Rural Policy Conference of the CANADIAN RURAL
REVITALISATION FOUNDATION, Alfred, Ontario, October, 2000.
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
“A local development emphasis necessarily weakened regional development as communities prepared to determine their own futures by successfully competing against other, which were often neighbouring areas.” (p. 3)
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
“A local development emphasis necessarily weakened regional development as communities prepared to determine their own futures by successfully competing against other, often neighbouring, areas.” (p. 3)
“Statistics Canada’s place-of-work place-of-residence data . . . indicated a close relationship between the urban and rural municipalities in the region.” (p.3)
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
“A local development emphasis necessarily weakened regional development as communities prepared to determine their own futures by successfully competing against other, often neighbouring, areas.” (p. 3)
“Statistics Canada’s place-of-work place-of-residence data . . . indicated a close relationship between the urban and rural municipalities in the region.” (p.3)
“Social cohesion is further strengthened by the Town of Russell providing regional health, education and cultural services to all residents.” (p. 3)
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
“1. Only commercial property tax would be shared.
2. There would be no change in municipal boundaries.
3. Municipalities would retain all current taxing powers.
4. No new taxing authority would be created.
5. No existing fiscal resources would be involved.” (p. 5)
“Coping Skills in the New Rural Economy:
Inter-municipal Tax-sharing in an Agriculturally Dependent Region --
A Case Study of the Russell, Manitoba Region”
Richard Rounds, Brandon University
“three tax-sharing scenarios:
• population based model
• labour market participation model
• fiscal capacity model” (p.5)
The relationship of a rural community to a larger urban centre is important.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• What is “interaction”?
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Are commuting patterns a good
measure of “rural-urban” interaction?
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
Old rural sociology textbooks suggest that the “reach” of a community can be indicated by whether the wagon tracks leaving a farm yard generally turned to your community or to the neighbouring community.
Another measure of the “reach” of a city is to observe the communities for which houses are listed for sale – or you could look at the name of the newspaper on the deliver box at the end of the lane.
Thus, there are alternatives to using “commuting patterns” to define the influence of a city.
Are commuting patterns a good
measure of “rural-urban” interaction?
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Rural and Small Town Canada gains population from net migration for all age groups from 25 to 69 years of age
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
15-19years
20-24years
25-29years
30-34years
35-39years
40-44years
45-49years
50-54years
55-59years
60-64years
65-69years
70-74years
75-79years
80yearsandover
Ave
rag
e fi
ve-y
ear
rate
of
net
mig
rati
on
, 197
1 to
199
1 (p
erce
nt)
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 1991.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families, land issues
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Since 1981, each urban person is consuming more land
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
1971 1981 1991 1996Source: Statistics Canada. Environment Accounts and Statistics Division.
2/3 of urban sprawl is now due to more urban land per capita;1/3 of urban sprawl is now due to population increase
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1971 to 1981 1981 to 1991 1991 to 1996
Population increase
Increase in per capita land consumption
Source: Statistics Canada. Environment Accounts and Statistics Division.
Factor "causing" urban sprawl:
Five provinces have over one-quarter of their total land base under urbanising pressure
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Manitoba
Newfoundland
Quebec
Saskatchewan
CANADA (10 provinces)
Alberta
Ontario
Nova Scotia
British Columbia
New Brunswick
Prince Edward Island
Percent of provincial land under urbanising pressure (percent of total provincial land within CMAs, CAs and Strong MIZ areas)
Larger urban centres Strong MIZ
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population,1996.Larger urban centres are Census Metropolitan Areas (CMAs) and Census Agglomerations (CAs). A CMA has an urban core of 100,000 or more population and includes the surrounding municipalities where 50 percent or more commute to the urban core. A CA is similarly defined with an urban core of 10,000 to 99,999. Strong Metropolitan Influenced Zones (MIZ) have 30-49 percent commuting to any CMA or CA.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families, land use issues
• What is “interaction”?
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Rural and Small Town Canada gains population from net migration for all age groups from 25 to 69 years of age
-14.00
-12.00
-10.00
-8.00
-6.00
-4.00
-2.00
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
15-19years
20-24years
25-29years
30-34years
35-39years
40-44years
45-49years
50-54years
55-59years
60-64years
65-69years
70-74years
75-79years
80yearsandover
Ave
rag
e fi
ve-y
ear
rate
of
net
mig
rati
on
, 197
1 to
199
1 (p
erce
nt)
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 1971 to 1991.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Predominantly rural regions have more than double the tourism intensity of predominantly urban regions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Predominantlyurban regions
Intermediateregions
All predominantlyrural regions
Rural metro-adjacent regions
Rural non-metro-adjacent regions
Rural northernregions
Tourism intensity: Tourists per resident
Source: Statisitics Canada, Canadian Travel Survey, 2002 and Census of Population , 2001.Note: A tourist is an individual who travels more than 80 kilometres, for business or for leisure.The percent with a destination "not stated' for the total tourist population was 3 percent.
Predominantly rural regions
From Strength to Strength
Outline• from demographic strength
• from resource sector strength
• from & to manufacturing strength
• to Aboriginal identity strength• to rural amenity strength
• to community cohesion strength
In NO MIZ areas (outside the Territories), 37 percent of the population has an Aboriginal identity, Canada, 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
In the rural areas of NO MIZ zones (outside the Territories), 38 percent of the population has an Aboriginal identity, Canada, 2001
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
All areas CMAs CAs (50 to99K)
CAs (10 to49K)
Strong MIZ ModerateMIZ
Weak MIZ No MIZ TerritoriesRST
Census urban Census rural
Source: Statistics Canada. Census of Population, 2001 {available at www.statcan.ca/english/IPS/Data/95F0495XCB2001012.htm}.The location quotient is the share of the workforce with a health occupation, relative to the Canadian average share with a health occupation, based on location of residence of worker)
Larger urban centres Rural and small town areas
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• flows of ideas / knowledge• this is important as we move from a resource / material economy to a
knowledge / weightless economy
• the price of transporting goods is declining – this is “globalization” – thus, the rural-urban flow of goods is increasing
Output price of the railroad transport industry has fallen, relatively, since the 1960s
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987
Imp
licit
pri
ce o
f o
utp
ut
of
the
railr
oad
tra
nsp
ort
aio
n s
ecto
r, r
elat
ive
to
the
GD
P im
plic
it p
rice
ind
ex (
1986
= 1
00)
Source: Statistics Canada, GDP Implicit Price Index.
Output price of the truck transport industry has fallen, relatively, since the late 1970s
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987
Imp
licit
pri
ce o
f o
utp
ut
of
the
tru
ck t
ran
spo
rtai
on
sec
tor,
rel
ativ
e to
th
e G
DP
imp
licit
pri
ce in
dex
(19
86 =
100
)
Source: Statistics Canada, GDP Implicit Price Index.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• flows of ideas / knowledge• this is important as we move from a resource / material economy to a
knowledge / weightless economy
• the price of transporting goods is declining – this is “globalization” – thus, the rural-urban flow of goods is increasing
• the price of transporting people is not declining – thus, any increase in the rural-urban flow of people is not a price effect
Transportation price, relative to the overall CPI, increased throughout the 1990s (1992 = 100)
y = 0.0002x + 0.9758
R2 = 0.3725
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Jan
1949
May
1950
Sep
1951
Jan
1953
May
1954
Sep
1955
Jan
1957
May
1958
Sep
1959
Jan
1961
May
1962
Sep
1963
Jan
1965
May
1966
Sep
1967
Jan
1969
May
1970
Sep
1971
Jan
1973
May
1974
Sep
1975
Jan
1977
May
1978
Sep
1979
Jan
1981
May
1982
Sep
1983
Jan
1985
May
1986
Sep
1987
Jan
1989
May
1990
Sep
1991
Jan
1993
May
1994
Sep
1995
Jan
1997
May
1998
Sep
1999
Jan
2001
May
2002
Sep
2003
Tra
nsp
ort
atio
n p
rice
rel
ativ
e to
th
e o
vera
ll C
PI
(19
92 =
100
)
Transportation price relative to the overall CPI(1992 = 100)Linear (Transportation price relative to theoverall CPI (1992 = 100))
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
Price of air transportation has been increasing, relatively, since the early 1980s (1992 = 100)
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
Jan
1949
Dec
1950
No
v195
2
Oct
1954
Sep
1956
Au
g19
58
Jul1
960
Jun
1962
May
1964
Ap
r196
6
Mar
1968
Feb
1970
Jan
1972
Dec
1973
No
v197
5
Oct
1977
Sep
1979
Au
g19
81
Jul1
983
Jun
1985
May
1987
Ap
r198
9
Mar
1991
Feb
1993
Jan
1995
Dec
1996
No
v199
8
Oct
2000
Sep
2002
Au
g20
04
Air
tra
nsp
ort
atio
n p
rice
rel
ativ
e to
th
e o
vera
ll C
PI
(19
92 =
100
)
Air transportation price relative to the overall CPI(1992 = 100)
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
The price to purchase a vehicle has been declining, generally, over time, relative to the overall CPI (1992 = 100)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Jan
1949
Dec
1950
No
v195
2
Oct
1954
Sep
1956
Au
g19
58
Jul1
960
Jun
1962
May
1964
Ap
r196
6
Mar
1968
Feb
1970
Jan
1972
Dec
1973
No
v197
5
Oct
1977
Sep
1979
Au
g19
81
Jul1
983
Jun
1985
May
1987
Ap
r198
9
Mar
1991
Feb
1993
Jan
1995
Dec
1996
No
v199
8
Oct
2000
Sep
2002
Au
g20
04
Veh
icle
pu
rch
ase
pri
ce r
elat
ive
to t
he
ove
rall
CP
I (
1992
= 1
00)
Vehicle purchase price, relative to the overall CPI(1992 = 100)
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
Gasoline prices -- up in the early 1980s, then a decline to the late 1990s and generally up in the 2000s,
relative to the overall CPI (1992 = 100)
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
Jan
1949
No
v195
Sep
195
Jul1
954
May
195
Mar
195
Jan
1960
No
v196
Sep
196
Jul1
965
May
196
Mar
196
Jan
1971
No
v197
Sep
197
Jul1
976
May
197
Mar
198
Jan
1982
No
v198
Sep
198
Jul1
987
May
198
Mar
199
Jan
1993
No
v199
Sep
199
Jul1
998
May
200
Mar
200
Jan
2004
Gas
olin
e p
rice
rel
ativ
e to
th
e o
vera
ll C
PI
(19
92 =
100
)
Gasoline price relative to the overall CPI(1992 = 100)
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• flows of ideas / knowledge• this is important as we move from a resource / material economy to a
knowledge / weightless economy
• the price of transporting goods is declining – this is “globalization” – thus, the rural-urban flow of goods is increasing
• the price of transporting people is not declining – thus, any increase in the rural-urban flow of people is not a price effect
• the price of communications is declining – thus, the rural-urban flow of information is increasing
Output price of the telecommunications sector has fallen, relatively, since the 1960s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
1961 1963 1965 1967 1969 1971 1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987
Imp
licit
pri
ce o
f o
utp
ut
of
the
tele
com
mu
nic
atio
n s
ecto
r, r
elat
ive
to t
he
GD
P im
plic
it p
rice
ind
ex (
1986
= 1
00)
Source: Statistics Canada, GDP Implicit Price Index.
Price of telephone services fell, relatively, from the start of the 1960s to the end of the 1980s
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Jan
1949
Sep
1950
May
1952
Jan
1954
Sep
1955
May
1957
Jan
1959
Sep
1960
May
1962
Jan
1964
Sep
1965
May
1967
Jan
1969
Sep
1970
May
1972
Jan
1974
Sep
1975
May
1977
Jan
1979
Sep
1980
May
1982
Jan
1984
Sep
1985
May
1987
Jan
1989
Sep
1990
May
1992
Jan
1994
Sep
1995
May
1997
Jan
1999
Sep
2000
May
2002
Jan
2004
Tel
eph
on
e se
rvic
es p
rice
rel
ativ
e to
th
e o
vera
ll C
PI
(19
92 =
100
)
Telephone services price relative to the overallCPI (1992 = 100)
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
Price of telephone services have been falling, relatively, since early 1998
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
Jan
1990
Jul1
990
Jan
1991
Jul1
991
Jan
1992
Jul1
992
Jan
1993
Jul1
993
Jan
1994
Jul1
994
Jan
1995
Jul1
995
Jan
1996
Jul1
996
Jan
1997
Jul1
997
Jan
1998
Jul1
998
Jan
1999
Jul1
999
Jan
2000
Jul2
000
Jan
2001
Jul2
001
Jan
2002
Jul2
002
Jan
2003
Jul2
003
Jan
2004
Jul2
004
Tel
eph
on
e se
rvic
es p
rice
rel
ativ
e to
th
e o
vera
ll C
PI
(19
92 =
100
)
Telephone services price relative to the overallCPI (1992 = 100)
Source: Statistics Canada, Consumer Price Index, CANSIM database.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• flows of ideas / knowledge• this is important as we move from a resource / material economy to a
knowledge / weightless economy
• the price of transporting goods is declining – this is “globalization” – thus, the rural-urban flow of goods is increasing
• the price of transporting people is not declining – thus, any increase in the rural-urban flow of people is not a price effect
• the price of communications is declining – thus, the rural-urban flow of information is increasing
• but is the price of rural communications declining more or less than the price of urban communications?
Two digital divides
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Census MetropolitanAreas
CensusAgglomerations
Small towns Rural areas
Per
cen
t o
f in
div
idu
als
(18
year
s an
d o
ver)
1st digital divide: Percent of total populationthat is NOT interested in using the Internet
2nd digital divide: If interested in using theInternet, percent who say that "access tocomputer or Internet" is the greatest barrier.
Source: Statistics Canada. General Social Survey, 2000.
Rural and small town areasLarger urban centres
Two digital divides
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
Census MetropolitanAreas
CensusAgglomerations
Small towns Rural areas
Per
cen
t o
f in
div
idu
als
(18
year
s an
d o
ver)
1st digital divide: Percent of total populationthat is NOT interested in using the Internet
2nd digital divide: If interested in using theInternet, percent who say that "access tocomputer or Internet" is the greatest barrier.
Source: Statistics Canada. General Social Survey, 2000.
Rural and small town areasLarger urban centres
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• flows of ideas / knowledge• this is important as we move from a resource / material economy to a
knowledge / weightless economy
• the price of transporting goods is declining – this is “globalization” – thus, the rural-urban flow of goods is increasing
• the price of transporting people is not declining – thus, any increase in the rural-urban flow of people is not a price effect
• the price of communications is declining – thus, the rural-urban flow of information is increasing
• but is the price of rural communications declining more or less than the price of urban communications?
• and what about the flow of ideas / knowledge?
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is “interaction”?
“An interdependency between individual decisions which is not mediated by markets”
• involves any unpriced interaction
• externalities, spillovers, role models
• “tacit” knowledge
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
• Interactions or networks that allow the transfer of “tacit” knowledge are an important component of agglomeration economies.• Adam Smith, in 1776, observed that land rents were lower and wage costs were lower in northern Scotland but all entrepreneurs wanted to start up in central London. • The reason, then and now, is agglomeration economies.• A high density of skilled workers facilitates the transfer of “tacit” knowledge. • This is training that you cannot buy – it is truly an “interaction”.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
• The price of telecommunication across distance is falling
• but the price of communications within and between metro areas has fallen more• who has Broadband?
• Now that the price of telecommunications is not a major cost, the advantages of the agglomeration economy for the transfer of “tacit” knowledge is relatively more important
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
• Are agglomeration economies the only thing?
• Sometimes we hear that metro economies are the drivers of economic growth
• If metro economies are always the drivers of economic growth, then it should not matter which metro economy you are “interacting” with.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Rank Agglomeration CountryPopulation
in 1996 (millions)
1 Tokyo Japan 27.22 Mexico City Mexico 16.93 São Paulo Brazil 16.84 New York United States of America 16.45 Bombay India 15.76 Shanghai China 13.77 Los Angeles United States of America 12.68 Calcutta India 12.19 Buenos Aires Argentina 11.9
10 Seoul Republic of Korea 11.811 Beijing China 11.4
. . . . . . . .45 Baghdad Iraq 4.446 Toronto Canada 4.447 Kinshasa Dem. Rep. of the Congo 4.4
. . . . . . . . 72 Qingdao China 3.473 Montreal Canada 3.374 Berlin Germany 3.3
. . . . . . . . 159 Baku Azerbaijan 1.9160 Vancouver Canada 1.9161 Lanzhou China 1.8
. . . . . . . . 325 Shiraz Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 1326 Ottawa Canada 1327 Shantou China 1
Source: United Nations.
Rank of metropolitan centres
Rank Agglomeration CountryPopulation
in 1996 (millions)
1 Tokyo Japan 27.22 Mexico City Mexico 16.93 São Paulo Brazil 16.84 New York United States of America 16.45 Bombay India 15.76 Shanghai China 13.77 Los Angeles United States of America 12.68 Calcutta India 12.19 Buenos Aires Argentina 11.9
10 Seoul Republic of Korea 11.811 Beijing China 11.4
. . . . . . . .45 Baghdad Iraq 4.446 Toronto Canada 4.447 Kinshasa Dem. Rep. of the Congo 4.4
. . . . . . . . 72 Qingdao China 3.473 Montreal Canada 3.374 Berlin Germany 3.3
. . . . . . . . 159 Baku Azerbaijan 1.9160 Vancouver Canada 1.9161 Lanzhou China 1.8
. . . . . . . . 325 Shiraz Iran (Islamic Rep. of) 1326 Ottawa Canada 1327 Shantou China 1
Source: United Nations.
Rank of metropolitan centres
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
• Are agglomeration economies the only thing?
• Sometimes we hear that metro economies are the drivers of economic growth
• If metro economies are always the drivers of economic growth, then it should not matter which metro economy you are “interacting” with.
• In Canada, rural areas “adjacent to metro” have higher incomes and growing populations.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
• Are agglomeration economies the only thing?
• Sometimes we hear that metro economies are the drivers of economic growth
• If metro economies are always the drivers of economic growth, then it should not matter which metro economy you are “interacting” with.
• In Canada, rural areas “adjacent to metro” have higher incomes and growing populations.
However, “adjacency” does not pre-ordain “higher incomes” or “growing populations.”
“Non-adjacency” does not pre-ordain “lower incomes” nor “declining populations.”
There is always some place that is succeeding that does not conform to the statistical average.
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
Predominantly rural regions are less intensive in "professional" occupations (even after standardization for industry structure)
and this differential increased slightly in the 1990s
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Predominantly urbanregions
Intermediate regions Rural metro-adjacentregions
Rural non-metro-adjacent regions
Rural northernregions
Skill Specialization Quotient(intensity of "professional" occupations
standardized for industrial structure) 1991 1996 2001
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1991 to 2001. Predominantly rural regions
Predominantly rural regions are more intensive in "unskilled" occupations (even after standardization for industry structure)
and this differential increased slightly in the 1990s
0.00
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
Predominantly urbanregions
Intermediate regions Rural metro-adjacentregions
Rural non-metro-adjacent regions
Rural northernregions
Skill Specialization Quotient(intensity of "unskilledl" occupationsstandardized for industrial structure)
1991 1996 2001
Source: Statistics Canada, Census of Population, 1991 to 2001. Predominantly rural regions
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• A bit more on governance• recall our definition of governance
• regulation of power• via processes and networks• for taking decisions• in the “public” interest
• recall our definition of “interaction” “An interdependency between individual decisions which is
not mediated by markets”• involves any unpriced interaction
• “tacit” knowledge appears strategic in the new economy
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• A bit more on governance• recall our definition of governance
• regulation of power• via processes and networks• for taking decisions• in the “public” interest
• recall our definition of “interaction” “An interdependency between individual decisions which is not mediated
by markets”• involves any unpriced interaction• “tacit” knowledge appears strategic in the new economy
• Thus, what governance “processes and networks” might we imagine for the transfer of “tacit” knowledge to stimulate rural economies in the 2000s
Hence the search for clusters that can achieve
some of these agglomeration economies,
including the transfer of “tacit” knowledge
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline
• What is governance?
• Rural – urban linkages
• flows of goods and services and garbage !
• flows of people commuters, tourists, retirees, young families
• flows of ideas / knowledge
• What is “interaction”?
• A bit more on governance
• Concluding comments
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Outline• Concluding comments
• Distance matters.
• Close proximity and agglomeration do facilitate the diffusion and accumulation of new ideas.
• The accumulation of ideas does not confront decreasing returns.
• Implications for governance
• These interactions lead to agglomerations and thus favour urban areas
• Rural metro-adjacent will benefit, relative to other rural areas
• Rural non-metro-adjacent areas will be the most challenged to develop “networks and processes” to stimulate development in the 2000s
What does Rural – Urban Interaction Look Like?
Ray D. BollmanStatistics Canada
L. Peter ApedailePeer Diagnostics
Alessandro AlasiaUniversity of Saskatchewan
and Statistics Canada
Presentation to the Annual Rural Policy Conference of the Canadian Rural Revitalization Foundation on
“Rural-Urban Footprints: Implications for Governance”Tweed, Ontario, October 14 – 16, 2004
Questions / Discussion