Antebellum Reform

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What hath God wrought?

In the mid 1800’s millions came from Europe in hope of a better life.

Some lived in cities…

Others migrated west…

Immigration: Why did they leave ?

• PUSH FACTORS• Population growth

(overcrowding)

• Crop failures

• Religious and political turmoil

Immigration: Why did they come?

• PULL FACTORS• Freedom of religion

and speech

• Economic opportunity

• Abundant land

Nineteenth century artists, writers and poets laid the foundation for American arts and literature

The American Way of Life:Literature and Art

• Hudson River School

• Influenced by a style of European art called romanticism – American artists began to focus on peaceful landscapes of forests, mountains and rivers.

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting

Every person could be “saved” through revivals.

The Second Great Awakening stimulated the establishment of many reform movements

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EvangelicalIt is a religious movement that de-emphasizes ritual and emphasizes the importance of the

individual, requiring him or her to meet certain active commitments, including:

1. The need for personal conversion (or being "born again”)2. A high regard for biblical authority3. An emphasis on teachings that proclaim the saving death and resurrection of the Son of God, Jesus Christ4. Living according to a literal interpretation of the Bible

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

The Mormons(The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day

Saints)

Joseph Smith (1805-1844)

1823 Golden Tablets

1830 Book of Mormon

1844 Murdered in Carthage, IL

Violence Against MormonsViolence Against Mormons

The Mormon “Trek”The Mormon “Trek”

The Transcendentalists

Transcend:to rise above…

society’s problems

The Transcendentalist AgendaThe Transcendentalist Agenda abolish slavery

provide well-being to the poor and the miserable.

education for all

improve quality of health care

anti-war

Following One’s Conscience

TRANSCENDENTALISM

A philosophy that taught that the spiritual world was more important than the physical one.

Thoreau taught about the importance of individual conscience, he urged people not to obey laws they considered unjust…

Civil Disobedience

• Can you think of any individuals who practiced civil disobedience to fight injustice?

Thoreau was not wrong…

There would be many problems in this newly industrialized and ever growing country…several reform movements worked to improve American education and society

reform movement: a group of people organized to improve what is bad or corrupt

What are today’s reform movements? Who are today’s reformers?

Today’s issues

What problems existed in the 1800’s?

American Society

Women’s Rights

Alcohol Abuse

Care ofthe

Mentally illEducation

Slavery

Who were the reformers?

What did they accomplish?The Temperance Movement

What is today’s temperance movement?

A campaign to stop the drinking of alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Annual Consumption of Alcohol

Education Reform

A woman’s place…

You owe a debt of gratitude to these two:

Care for the mentally ill

What do these two have in common?

Utopian Societies

Attempts to create communities free from social problems

Principles:

Gender equality

Education for all

Communal living

Healthy lifestyle

Transcendentalism and/or Religion

The Shakers

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Shaker Simplicity & Utility

Brook FarmWest Roxbury, MA

George Ripley (1802-1880)

George Ripley (1802-1880)

The Abolitionists

• …none so famous as the one Lincoln referred to as the “little lady who started this whole mess…”

Others in the movement…

Frederic Douglass

Amelia Bloomer

Susan B. Anthony & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

The Grimke Sisters

Sojourner Truth

Lucretia Mott

What do you notice about this group?

WHAT IF... 1. You could be beaten, severely, without any legal recourse. 2. You could not own property. 3. You had no right to your own inheritance. 4. You had no legal right to your children in the case of divorce 5. You could not own the copyright to your printed work 6. You could not get an education or choose a career. 7. If you did work, you could not keep your pay.

Ain’t I a Woman?

First things first…

The Birth of the Women’s Rights Movement

Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Now it’s your turn