What What have we have we learn learn ed ed from 50 from 50 - - year large scale field study year large scale field study on the biodiversity in an on the biodiversity in an agricultural landscape? agricultural landscape? Krzysztof Kujawa, Jerzy Karg Krzysztof Kujawa, Jerzy Karg Institute for Agricultural and Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań of Sciences, Poznań 1
Transcript
What What have wehave we learn learneded from 50 from 50--year year large scale field study on the biodiversity large scale field study on the biodiversity
in an agricultural landscape?in an agricultural landscape?
Krzysztof Kujawa, Jerzy KargKrzysztof Kujawa, Jerzy Karg
Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Institute for Agricultural and Forest Environment, Polish Academy of Sciences, PoznańPolish Academy of Sciences, Poznań
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General view of the study areaDezydery Chlapowski Landscape Park
Small fields Wooded patches Shelterbelts
Fot. J. Karg
Field Station in Turew
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Main study area:
the Dezydery Chłapowski Landscape Park
Photo K. Kujawa
• Gen. Dezydery Chłapowski• Origin: 1810-1820• For crop protection and wood
• Gen. Dezydery Chłapowski• Origin: 1810-1820• For crop protection and wood
• Mid-field tree lines: why so many ?
• Mid-field tree lines: why so many ?
Photo K. Kozłowski
Unique feature of the area: large variety of windbreaks, tree lines, hedgerows and other small wooded patches
Photo K. Kujawa
Study on biodiversity carried out by IAFE Study on biodiversity carried out by IAFE near Turewnear Turew
Effect of habitat and landscape structure Effect of habitat and landscape structure
Long-term changes – 50 yearsLong-term changes – 50 years
Effect of prey-predator relationships (insects, Red Fox vs birds)Effect of prey-predator relationships (insects, Red Fox vs birds)
• Sampling plots and long routes across a variety of habitats
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Key results:Key results:
1. High biological diversity 1. High biological diversity
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Number of species in Turew area and Poland
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Macrofungi Lepidoptera Vascular plants
Spiders Bees
PolandTurew area0.05% of Poland
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100
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Breeding birds
Butterflies Mammals Dragonflies Amphibians
PolandTurew area
Number of species in Turew area and Poland
0.05% of Poland
Vascular plants
• No. of species – 828 spp. (54% of regional list)
• 85 spp. of special care,
• 1 sp. from II Annex of HD,
• 2 spp. from Red Data Book,
• 44 spp. protected by law
Vascular plants
• No. of species – 828 spp. (54% of regional list)
• 85 spp. of special care,
• 1 sp. from II Annex of HD,
• 2 spp. from Red Data Book,
• 44 spp. protected by law
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Common CorncockleAgrostemma githagoPhoto K. Kujawa
B o ry T u ch o l ski e
P o le ski S ło wiń skiŚ wię to krzyskiW ig i e rski
T a trza ń ski
O j co wski W ie l ko p o l skiP ie n iń ski
B a b io g ó rskiB ie szcza d zki
B ia ł o wie ski
T u re w
0 10000 20000 30000
Area (ha)
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No
. o
f sp
ecie
sNumber of macrofungi species in Turew area and in Polish national parks in relation to their area
Crowned EarthstarGeastrum coronatum
Photo K. Kujawa
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2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Area (km2 )
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No
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eci
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r = 0 .61 ; p = 0 .06
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Number of breeding bird species in Polish farmlands in relation to study area size (no. of years is given)
Turew
Red-backed ShrikeLanius collurio
Photo K. Kujawa
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Key results:Key results:
2. Key factor for preserving biodiversity:2. Key factor for preserving biodiversity:
habitat and landscape diversity habitat and landscape diversity
40 aquatic communites (180 spp.)
82 terrestrial communites (648 spp.)
• 122 plant communities, • 54 endangered regionally• 39 indicators of habitat from II Annex of Habitat Directive
Daisyleaf grape-fernBotrychium matricariifoliumPhoto K. Kujawa
Photo K. Kozłowski
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Forest Parks Tree belts Tree clump Tree alley OthersHabitat category
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mb
er
of s
ites
Number of sites of 16 species protected by law (Poland – ca. 100 spp. ) in various habitats of agricultural landscape near Turew
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Photo K. Kujawa
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Diversity (H’) of spider assemblages in various crop fields and two landscape types
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Relationships between share of small wooded islands and bird density in Polish farmland
Turew
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Key results:Key results:
3. Potential for biological control related to 3. Potential for biological control related to habitat and landscape diversityhabitat and landscape diversity
2020
SpidersSpiders
Fot. K. Kujawa
Effect of distance from shelterbelt on species numbers of plant-dwelling spiders in crop fields (3-years study)
?Photo K. Kujawa
Effect of landscape type on share of types of spiders webs in sugar beet plantations (3-years studies)
InsectsInsects
Fot. K. Kujawa
Effect of tree belt on density of insect larvae infected by parasitic insects (Ichneumonidae and Chalcidoidea)
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Trophic structure of insect assemblages wintering in crop fields and shelterbelts
4. In contrary to our previous conlusions, 4. In contrary to our previous conlusions, high and constant landscape diversity high and constant landscape diversity seems to be seems to be not sufficient for preserving not sufficient for preserving biodiversitybiodiversity when intensity of farming when intensity of farming practices is above some thresholdpractices is above some threshold
R² = 0.82
R² = 0.24
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1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008
HeterogenicUniform
Long term trends in diversity (number of families ) of epigeic insectsin cereals in heterogenic and uniform landscapes
Long-term changes – insects
H > UH > U H = UH = U H < U !!H < U !!
Long-term changes – birds
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1964-66 1991-1994 1999-2000 2001-2002 2005-2006
Long-term changes in number of breeding bird species in wooded patches in agricultural landscape near Turew in 1964-2006
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Long-term changes – birds
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1964-66 1991-94 1999 2000 2001 2002 2005 2006
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sity
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rs/h
a)
Wood spp.Farmland spp.Total
Long-term changes in bird density in wooded patchesin agricultural landscape near Turew
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Key results:Key results:
(by the way ...)(by the way ...)
5. A conservation paradox? 5. A conservation paradox? One of most abundant tree species in One of most abundant tree species in the Turew area is Black Locust, listed in the Turew area is Black Locust, listed in 100 worst invasive species in Europe 100 worst invasive species in Europe
Black Locust in Turew areaBlack Locust in Turew area
Insect taxonomical richness in „native” and Black Locust tree belts Insect taxonomical richness in „native” and Black Locust tree belts
Phot. K. Kujawa
Native (multi-species) Black Locust
Birds – species richness in „native” and Black Locust wood islandsBirds – species richness in „native” and Black Locust wood islands
Number of wooded islands
Native Locust
• Agricultural landscape near Turew is inhabited by a variety of species-rich communities, that among others include species of high conservation priority
• High diversity and abundance of predatory and parasitic species create favorable condition for application of biological control
• High and stable landscape heterogeneity supports high biodiversity level, however long term analysis indicates that it is not able to counteract intensification of agriculture when it is above some threshold that seems to be crossed . Thus, also potential for biological control may be strongly impoverished
SUMMARY & CONCLUSIONS:
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Thank you for attention
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Authors (of published and unpublished data):• Dr Hanna Gołdyn and Dr Ewa Arczyńska-Chudy (plants)• Prof. Jerzy Karg (insects)• Dr. Anna Kujawa (macrofungi), • Dr. Krzysztof Kujawa (birds)• Dr. Maria Oleszczuk (spiders)• Dr. M. Rybacki (amphibians)• M. Sc. Dariusz Sobczyk (butterflies)• and others
