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What Can We Learn from People-friendly European Street Design?
Pro Walk Pro Bike Pro Place | Pittsburgh September 10, 2014
Benchmarking & Bike touring 8 European Countries
Tom Bertulis, MS, PE, PTOEPrincipalTraffic engineering for Livable CommunitiesSomerville, MA
Urban Transport Benchmarking Project (UTBI)
Presentation Outline
I Designing for walking/biking
II European Countries
III Take-away – Points
–
Who's in the audience?
Cycletrack vs Bike Paths vs Protected Bike Lanes vs … ????
Source: People for Bikes
Cycletrack vs Bike Paths vs Protected Bike Lanes vs … ????
Once upon a time there was a genie in a lamp ...
My bike route across Europe
GlasgowGlasgow
Vilnius
Highly recommended: Hennessy Hammock (tent/hammock combo, very comfy/lightweight)
The 6 E’s
Education Enforcement Encouragement EvaluationEquityEngineering
Designing for–Walking
Source: Portland Bicycle Plan
(1) Reduce motor vehicle speeds and
(2) Reduce exposure (read: reduce xing distance)
Designing for pedestrian safety
18
Speed Affects Crash Avoidance
19
20
21
Median islands vs curb bulbs
•Designing for –Biking
Sou
rce:
Lon
don
Cyc
ling
Cam
paig
n
Source: Streetsblog SF
Source: Streetsblog SFSource: Peter Furth
26
Planning and Designing for Cyclists
Accessibility
and
Advantage
Headline Principle:
Invisible Infrastructurerefers to the idea that:
“Invisible infrastructure” refers to all sustainable transport policies, practices, and physical measures which contribute to a walk/bike-friendly environment but are not walk/bike-specific, such as:
- traffic calming
- land use policies
- congestion charging
- pricing parking
Taming the Automobile
“What do we do about the car?”
Get these “right” ...
- Density
- Proximity
- Mix of uses
- Transportation Options
“... and the car drops out of the equation.”
Gordon Price, former member of Vancouver City Council
Country or state
Population density (/km2)
Area (km2) Population
Netherlands 393 41,526 16,866,900
Belgium 337 30,510 11,007,020
United Kingdom
256 243,610 62,262,000
Germany 233 357,021 81,799,600
Denmark 125 43,094 5,368,854
France 111 547,030 63,601,002
Scotland (UK) 68 78,387 5,313,600
Lithuania 55 65,200 3,601,138
Sweden 20 449,964 9,515,744
Area, Population, and Density
Per Capita CO^2 emissions?
Country Annual CO^2 Per Capita emissions
% of world
emissions (kt)[7] total
Lithuania 13561 4.378 0.04%
France 361273 5.556 1.07%
China 8286892 6.195 24.65%
European Union 3709765 7.351 11.04%
United Kingdom 493505 7.863 1.47%
Denmark 46303 8.346 0.14%
Germany 745384 9.115 2.22%
Belgium 108947 9.977 0.32%
Netherlands 182078 10.958 0.54%
United States 5433057 17.564 16.16%
Per Capita CO^2 emissions
Current Account Balance (CAB)
Rank Country CAB (billion US
dollars)
Year
1 China 213.8 2012
2 Germany 208.1 2012
7 Netherlands 70.92 2011
13 Sweden 38.29 2011
18 Denmark 22.1 2011
35 Belgium 4.7 2011
127 Lithuania -1.225 2011
188 France -57.2 2012
191 United Kingdom
-93.6 2012
192 United States -440.4 2012
Bicycle use (share of trips)
Netherlands 27%
Sweden 13%
Denmark * 17%
Germany (1989) 12%
France – Grenoble 5%
France - Lyon 2%
Great Britain * 2%
Source: Hydén et al, 1999
* Trips longer than 500 meters
Car Ownership (per capita)
Source: World Bank, 2010
Global Rank Country Motor vehicles per1000 people
19 France 578
20 Germany 572
22 Lithuania 560
23 Belgium 559
27 Netherlands 528
29 Sweden 520
30 United Kingdom 519
35AmsterdamManchester
Historical Biking Levels (%)
Source: Copenhagen Bicycle Master Plan
Glasgow, Scotland
Unmarked bike contraflow, Glasgow
oo
“Modified mini-roundabouts” in Glasgow
Hull, England
Hull
- 26% of the road network covered with 20mph zones, which resulted in
- 56% casualty reduction- 90% death/serious injury reduction- Spent $9 million- Estimated savings of $70 million- To cover 60%, need to spend $22 million- Cycling split: 1% to 11%- “You can do amazing things by traffic
calming your city!”
Entire junction at roundabout raised 100mm
Hull, England
Home Zone
Hull, England
2003 Centerline Removal Study
Wiltshire County Council Before and After study of 12 roads 33% reduction in motor vehicle crashes
England
11 feet
Bi-directional5 foot
Bike lane5 foot
Bike lane
11 feet
Bi-directional
5 foot Bike lane
5 foot Bike lane
2005 5600ADT2005 150 Bikes/day2006 4500 ADT2006 183 Bikes/day
Protected Bike LaneDublin, Ireland
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Milton Keynes, England
Lille, France
Brussels, Belgium
Leuvan, Belgium
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Intermodal facility showing easy underground access from train station to bus station
with Cycle Track approach, Leuven, Belgium
Cycle Chicane at blind cornerLeuven, Belgium
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Can Dutch infrastructure be replicated in the US or are they culturally and geographically too different?
The North Sea flood of 1953 (2,500 fatalities) had a major impact on the psyche of the Dutch people
Dutch system of government: the “Polder Model”
There are three useful aspects to the Dutch polder model:
(1) Objective: The sense that some things are so important that blocking action for the sake of ideology is unconscionable.
(2) Compromise: Upholding the idea that coming together over differences is in fact the key to success, not the barrier to it.
(3) Consensus: The ability of leaders to get everyone in the same room and insist upon working things through. “In the absence of action, it's the sea for us all, metaphorically.”
For more info, see Crosscut.com: The Dutch have a cure for 'Seattle Process'
* The "informateur" in Dutch politics is the person whose sole job it is to create agreement, bring the parties together to form a governing consensus.
Dutch system of government
A Tale of Two Cities: Rijswijk and Delft
Source: NEU Netherlands Wiki, 2011
A Tale of Two Cities: Rijswijk and Delft
Source: NEU Netherlands Wiki, 2011
ROLE OF THE BICYCLEBicycle use, all trips (not to be confused w/
the commonly used “commute trips”)(municipalities > 100,000 population)
Zwolle 37 % Amsterdam 25 %
Groningen 36 % Haarlem 25 %
Leiden 36 % Maastricht 21 %
Apeldoorn 32 % Haarlemmermeer 20 %
Enschede 32 % The Hague 20 %
Utrecht 30 % Almere 19 %
Nijmegen 29 % Rotterdam 15 %
Percentage of all trips by bicycle
Key Design Issues
o Street connectivity, planning factors (the right combination of density, mix, proximity and transportation choices)
o Street crossings: desire lines, crosswalks, medians, over and underpasses
o Pedestrian-friendly intersections: geometry, turning radii, curb bulbs, crosswalk placement
o Signals: European signals vs US signals
o Road diets/Right-sizing: popular in some areas
o Sidewalk Design
Amsterdam, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Speed Hump with no signing to minimise visual clutter, they proactively install humps rather than reactively Amsterdam, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Delft, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
83
Delft
Cycling along the canal in busy city centre
Delft, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Vehicles Passing through automated rising bollards
Delft, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Rotterdam, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Houten, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Gröningen, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Groningen Traffic Circulation Plan (Sept 1977)
Goal: less carsin inner city
Groningen city center is enclosed by a ring road (shown). Nearly every street within the ring road consists of contra flow lanes on one way streets such as in this photo, making Groningen among the top cycling city in
Europe in terms of the “A&A” Double Pillars of Advantage (over cars) and Accessibility (for cyclists)
Groningen, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
The Hague, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Source: Lambertus G.H. Fortuijn, Pedestrian and Bicycle Friendly Roundabouts
Roundabout with internal protected bike lane
The Hague, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Zwolle, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Centerline removal and advisory bike lanes
- with -
two directional motor vehicle movement
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Marble wheeling ramp – easy to use
Zwolle, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
No entry except cyclists sign to indicate contra flow lane facility
Zwolle, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Protected Bike Lane Haarlem, Netherlands
Assen, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Before Improvements, Assen, Netherlands
After Improvements, Assen, Netherlands
Bremen, Germany25% biking modal split(Acc to Bremen bike coordinator)
Hamburg, Germany12% biking modal splithttp://www.cityclock.org/urban-cycling-mode-share
Berlin, Germany
PROTECTED INTERSECTIONS ON THE CHEAP
The Hague, Netherlands
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Ask
the
Dutch!Askthe
Dutch
Cycle lane through Bus Stop – note island for pick up & drop off to reduce ped-bike conflictsEnschede, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Shared space roundabout– note that the height of the water increases with the volume of traffic (there were few cars on this day)
Dratchen, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Family cycling at roundabout
Dratchen, Netherlands
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Copenhagen, Denmark
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Bridge with twice the daily cyclists as motoristsCopenhagen, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
A sign that times are changing: This car dealership is to be demolished to make way for a new cycle pathCopenhagen, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Contra flow Cycle Lane on approach to Zebra CrossingCopenhagen, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Typical one-way protected bike facility Copenhagen, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
127
Arriving to Copenhagen
130
What is the ideal solution?
131
Protected bike lane behind bus stop (“cycle bypass”)
Odense, Denmark
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
A Green Wave (“Gron Bolge”) sign along a bicycle route showing the “timed” bicycle speed of the traffic signals
Odense, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Speed readout for cyclists along corridor with traffic signals synchronised for bicycle traffic
Odense, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Bicycle wheeling ramp – best practice
Odense, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Cycle Counter – nearly 7,000 cyclists had passed that spot so far that day
Odense, Denmark
Photo: Tom Bertulis
Sweden
- I met with Trafikverket, aka the Swedish national transport agency. They're the agency that implements Vision Zero in Sweden.
- They told me that it was only when they included hospital data nationwide that they could see the true extent of bicycle crashes, finally bringing bicycle safety to the forefront of the safety agenda.
- Take away: advocate to include hospital data in your community, not just police reports.
Malmo, Sweden
1960’s: Dominated by traffic
Regementsgatan in Malmö, SwedenLeif Jönsson
Existing routes
Planned routes
Bicycling plan
Leif Jönsson
Segregated cycle network
Leif Jönsson
One-way vs two-way paths
Cycle Track segregated from Pedestrian FacilityMalmo, Sweden
Photo: Tom Bertulis
RoundaboutRaised table
Secondary lights
Leif Jönsson
Bicycling trips in MalmöMap and booklets
Leif Jönsson
Carparking ticketsin Malmo encourage you to bike instead!
“It takes about 15 minutes to cycle 5 km.”
“How far is it to YOUR work?”
Leif Jönsson
Cycle Counter
Klaipeda, Lithuania
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
City Length of bikeways (km)
Vilnius 115.7
Kaunas 50.0
Klaipeda 85
Siauliai 57.6
Panevezys 91
Amount of bikeways in Lithuanian Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
Klaipeda, Lithuania
New Transportation Lessons to Create Better Cities
xx
Bikeways in Klaipeda
Belgium
Lithuania
France
UK
Cycling fatality rates per km cycled
Source: Pucher, 2007
Cycling kilometres Killed cyclists per
per person per day 100 million kms
Great Britain 0.1 6.0
Italy 0.2 11.0
Austria 0.4 6.8
Norway 0.4 3.0
Switzerland 0.5 3.7
Finland 0.7 5.0
Germany 0.8 3.6
Sweden 0.9 1.8
Denmark 1.7 2.3
The Netherlands 2.5 1.6
Source: Faculty of Spatial Sciences 2003
Cycling km vs fatality rates per km cycled
Tied for 1st
Denmark
Netherlands
3rd Sweden
5th Germany
6th Belgium
10th UK
11th France
20th Lithuania (just above Portugal and Spain)
ECF Ranking the top 20 euro biking countries
Source: European Cyclists' Federation
Some take away points ...
1. Don't build undivided 4-lane roads;
• 2. Raise side streets where possible;• 3. Use median islands to improve ped safety;
– 4. Unmarked contraflow bike facilities are safe and common in European experience;
– 5. Build “modified mini-roundabouts,” Glasgow-style, they have tremendous safety benefits;
– 6. Experiment with centerline removal and advisory bike lanes to increase comfort levels;
– 7. Advocate to include hospital crash data;
8. Try “protected intersections.”
–
oo
Any questions?