What information can be squeezed out raw wordlists?
Gerhard Jager
Institute of Linguistics, Tubingen University
joint work with Cecil Brown, Katerina Harvati, Eric Holman, Johann-Mattis
List, Hugo Reyes-Centeno and Søren Wichmann
University of York
June 5, 2014
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 1 / 85
Overview
lexicostatistics: phylogenetic inference based on expert cognacyjudgments
mass lexical comparison: phylogenetic inference based onintuitive judgments of lexical similarity
this talk:starting from raw word lists (phonetic strings)automatically assess string similarityautomatically control for chance resemblancesquantify (dis)similarity between word listsevaluate results by
comparison to expert language classificationcorrelation with phenotypical distances between populations
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 2 / 85
The Automated Similarity Judgment Program
Project at MPI EVA in Leipzig around Søren Wichmann
covers more than 6,000 languages and dialects
basic vocabulary of 40 words for each language, in uniformphonetic transcription
freely available
used concepts: I, you, we, one, two, person, fish, dog, louse, tree, leaf, skin,
blood, bone, horn, ear, eye, nose, tooth, tongue, knee, hand, breast, liver, drink,
see, hear, die, come, sun, star, water, stone, fire, path, mountain, night, full, new,
name
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 3 / 85
Automated Similarity Judgment Project
concept Latin English
I ego Eiyou tu yuwe nos wione unus w3ntwo duo tuperson persona, homo pers3nfish piskis fiSdog kanis daglouse pedikulus laustree arbor trileaf foly∼u* lifskin kutis skinblood saNgw∼is bl3dbone os bonhorn kornu hornear auris ireye okulus Ei
concept Latin English
nose nasus nostooth dens tu8tongue liNgw∼E t3Nknee genu nihand manus hEndbreast pektus, mama brestliver yekur liv3rdrink bibere drinksee widere sihear audire hirdie mori dEicome wenire k3msun sol s3nstar stela starwater akw∼a wat3rstone lapis stonfire iNnis fEir
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 4 / 85
Determining distances between word lists
two steps:
compute similarity/distance between individual word formsaggregate word distances to doculect distances
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 5 / 85
Word distances
based on string alignment
baseline: Levenshtein alignment ⇒ count matches andmis-matches
too crude as it totally ignores sound correspondences
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 6 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
weighted alignment using Pointwise Mutual Information (PMI,a.k.a. log-odds):
s(a, b) = logp(a, b)
q(a)q(b)
p(a, b): probability of sound a being etymologically related to soundb in a pair of cognatesq(a): relative frequency of sound a
Needleman-Wunsch algorithm: given a matrix of pairwise PMIscores between individual symbols and two strings, it returns thealignment that maximizes the aggregate PMI score
but first we need to estimate p(a, b) and q(a), q(b) for allsoundclasses a and b
q(a): relative frequency of occurence of segment a in all words inASJP
p(a, b): that’s a bit more complicated...
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 7 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 8 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 9 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 10 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 11 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 12 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 13 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 14 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 15 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 16 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 17 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 18 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 19 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 20 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 21 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 22 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 23 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 24 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 25 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 26 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 27 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 28 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 29 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 30 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 31 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 32 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
◮ memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the leftand above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover thecorresponing optimal alignment
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 33 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
◮ memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the leftand above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover thecorresponing optimal alignment
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 34 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
◮ memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the leftand above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover thecorresponing optimal alignment
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 35 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
◮ memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the leftand above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover thecorresponing optimal alignment
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 36 / 85
Computing the weighted alignment score
◮ Dynamic Programming
− m E n S
− 0 −2.5 −4.1 −5.7 −7.3m −2.5 4.13 1.53 0.03 −1.47e −4.1 1.53 5.65 3.05 1.55n −5.7 0.03 3.05 9.2 6.6E −7.3 −1.47 4.75 6.6 7.62s −8.9 −2.97 2.15 5.1 8.84
◮ memorizing in each step which of the three cells to the leftand above gave rise to the current entry lets us recover thecorresponing optimal alignment
m E n - S
m e n E s
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 37 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
First step: automatically compile a list of language pairs that are(fairly) certain to be related
start with a measure for language dissimilarity based onLevenshtein alignment
0
5
10
15
0.00 0.25 0.50 0.75dERC
dens
ity
all language pairs with dissimilarity ≤ 0.7 (ca. 1% of all pairs)qualify as probably related
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 38 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
doculects probably related (in this sense) to English:
AFRIKAANS, ALSATIAN, BERNESE_GERMAN, BRABANTIC,
CIMBRIAN, DANISH, DUTCH, EASTERN_FRISIAN, FAROESE,
FRANS_VLAAMS, FRISIAN_WESTERN, GJESTAL_NORWEGIAN,
ICELANDIC, JAMTLANDIC, LIMBURGISH, LUXEMBOURGISH,
NORTH_FRISIAN_AMRUM, NORTHERN_LOW_SAXON, NORWEGIAN_BOKMAAL,
NORWEGIAN_NYNORSK_TOTEN, NORWEGIAN_RIKSMAL, PLAUTDIETSCH,
SANDNES_NORWEGIAN, SAXON_UPPER, SCOTS, STANDARD_GERMAN,
STELLINGWERFS, SWABIAN, SWEDISH, WESTVLAAMS, YIDDISH_EASTERN,
YIDDISH_WESTERN, ZEEUWS
these are all and only the Germanic languages
99.9% of all probably related pairs belong to the same family, and60% to the same genus
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 39 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
Second step:let L1 and L2 be probably relatedevery pair of words w1/w2 from L1/L2 sharing the same meaningare considered potentially cognateall potential cognate pairs are (Levenshtein-)alignedrelative frequency of a being aligned with b is used as estimate ofs(a, b)all potential cognate pairs are Needleman-Wunsch aligned usingPMI scores obtained in the previous stepall potential cognate pairs with an aggregate PMI score ≥ 5.0 areconsidered probable cognatess(a, b) is re-estimated using only probable cognate pairsthis is repeated ten times
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 40 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
only probabe cognate between English and Latin:pers3n/persona
probable cognates English/German:
fiS fiSlaus lausbl3d bluthorn hornbrest brustliv3r leb3rstar StErnwat3r vas3rful fol
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 41 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
procedures results in pairwise PMI scores for each pair from the 41ASJP sound classes
positive PMI-score between a and b: evidence for etymologicalrelatedness
negative PMI-score between a and b: evidence againstetymological relatedness
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 42 / 85
a e i o u p b d t 8 s h
a 1.88 −1.35 −2.35 −1.66 −2.54 −8.49 −8.82 −7.07 −7.03 −4.64 −8.78 −8.40e −1.35 2.40 −0.48 −1.52 −2.88 −7.47 −7.80 −7.66 −6.01 −5.01 −7.76 −7.38i −2.35 −0.48 2.37 −2.81 −1.32 −6.75 −8.46 −8.33 −8.98 −3.48 −7.04 −6.66o −1.66 −1.52 −2.81 2.48 −0.27 −7.08 −8.10 −7.96 −8.61 −5.31 −8.06 −7.68u −2.54 −2.88 −1.32 −0.27 2.76 −6.62 −8.05 −7.91 −8.56 −5.26 −8.01 −7.63p −8.49 −7.47 −6.75 −7.08 −6.62 3.69 0.36 −6.59 −4.30 −3.94 −2.70 −0.49b −8.82 −7.80 −8.46 −8.10 −8.05 0.36 3.62 −4.84 −5.09 −3.58 −5.63 −3.24d −7.07 −7.66 −8.33 −7.96 −7.91 −6.59 −4.84 3.41 −0.10 2.52 −2.29 −2.81t −7.03 −6.01 −8.98 −8.61 −8.56 −4.30 −5.09 −0.10 3.15 2.11 −1.67 −1.768 −4.64 −5.01 −3.48 −5.31 −5.26 −3.94 −3.58 2.52 2.11 5.49 1.92 −0.85s −8.78 −7.76 −7.04 −8.06 −8.01 −2.70 −5.63 −2.29 −1.67 1.92 3.50 0.26h −8.40 −7.38 −6.66 −7.68 −7.63 −0.49 −3.24 −2.81 −1.76 −0.85 0.26 3.50
Capturing sound correspondences
hierarchical clustering of sound classes according to PMI scores:o u
a
E e
3 i
S s h x C c T j z
y
L Z
l r t
8 d
f p
m
b
v w
7
k g
X
G q
5 n N
! 4
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 44 / 85
Capturing sound correspondences
multidimensional scaling of vowel classes according to PMI scores:
a
e
i
o
u
E
3
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 45 / 85
Weighted alignment
alignments German/Latin:
iX-
ego
du
tu
vir--
--nos
ain-s
-unus
cvai
d-uo
--mEnS
homo--
fiS---
piskis
hun-t
kanis
--la-u--s
pedikulus
--baum
arb-or
b-lat
folu-
haut--
k-utis
--blut
saNgis
knoX3n
--os--
-or--
auris
a-ug3-
okulus
naz3-
nasus
can-
dens
cuN-3
liNgE
k-ni
genu
han-t
manus
b--rust
pektus-
leb3r
yekur
triNk3n-
b-i-bere
--ze-3n
widere-
--her3n
audire-
Sterb3n
-mor-i-
kom3n---
w--enire
zon3
sol-
StErn-
ste-la
vas3r
-aka-
Sta-in
-lapis
foi--a-
--iNnis
p--at
viya-
bErk
mons
naxt
noks
f---ol
plenus
no-i-
nowus
nam3-
nomen
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 47 / 85
Weighted alignment
alignments German/Cimbrian:
iX
ix
du
dE
vir
bar
cvai-
sb-en
mEn-S
menEs
hunt
hunt
laus
laus
baum
p-om
blat
-lop
blut
plut
knoX3n
-po-an
horn
horn
o-r
oar
aug3
-ogE
--n--az3
kanipa--
cuN3-----
--gaprext
hant
hant
brus---t
p-uzamEn
leb3r-
lEbara
triNk3n
trink--
ze3n
ze-g
her3n
hor--
Sterb3n
sterb--
kom3n
kEm--
zon3
zuna
StE-rn
stEarn
vas3r
basar
St-ain
stoa-n
foia-
bo-ar
vek---
bEgale
bErk
perg
naxt
naxt
--fol--
gabasEt
noi
noy
nam3
namo
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 48 / 85
Aggregating word similarites
Needleman-Wunsch alignment returns a similarity score for eachword pair
not too reliable to identify cognates:often low scores for genuine cognate pairs (‘false negatives’):
lat. genu/eng. knee: −3.39lat. unus/eng. one: −5.00
occasionally high scores for non-cognates (‘chancesimilarities’/‘false positives’):
grm. Blatt (’leaf’)/Tilquiapan bldag (’leaf’): 0.22lat. oculus (’eye)/Lachixio ikulu (’eye’): 6.72
approach pursued here:
for each language pair, estimate amount of chance similaritiesquantify to what degree the observed similarities exceed expectedchance similarities
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 49 / 85
Aggregating word distances
English / Swedish
Ei yu wi w3n tu fiS . . .
yog −7.77 0.75 −7.68 −7.90 −8.57 −10.50du −7.62 0.33 −5.71 −7.41 2.66 −8.57vi −2.72 −2.83 4.04 −1.34 −6.45 0.70et −5.47 −7.87 −5.47 −6.43 −1.83 −4.70tvo −7.91 −4.27 −3.64 −4.57 0.39 −6.98fisk −7.45 −11.2 −3.07 −9.97 −8.66 7.58...
values along diagonal give similarity between candidates forcognacy (possibility of meaning change is disregarded)
values off diagonal provide sample of similarity distributionbetween non-cognates
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 50 / 85
Aggregating word distances
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−20
−10
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10
diagonal off−diagonalposition
PM
I
English/Swedish
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−20
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0
10
diagonal off−diagonalposition
PM
I
English/Swahili
distance between two word lists is a measure for how much thedistribution along the diagonal differs from the distribution off thediagonal
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 51 / 85
Aggregating word distances
some examples
A B d(A,B)English Scots 0.2139Danish Swedish 0.2773English Swedish 0.3981English Frisian 0.4215English Dutch 0.4040Hindi Farsi 0.6231English French 0.7720English Hindi 0.7735Amharic Vietnamese 0.8566Swahili Warlpiri 0.8573Navajo Dyirbal 0.8436Japanese Haida 0.8504English Swahili 0.8901
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 52 / 85
Phylogenetic inference
pairwise distances for all (extant) languages present in ASJP arecomputed
resulting distance matrix is fed into distance-based phylogeneticalgorithm (Neighbor Joining + Ordinary Least Square NearestNeighbor Interchange Optimization)
outcome recognizes language families and their internal structureremarkably well
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 53 / 85
Phylogenetic inference
IE.GERMANIC.WESTVLAAMSIE.GERMANIC.FRANS_VLAAMS
0.99
IE.GERMANIC.ZEEUWS1
IE.GERMANIC.STELLINGWERFS0.71
IE.GERMANIC.AFRIKAANSIE.GERMANIC.DUTCH
1
0.77
IE.GERMANIC.BRABANTIC
1
IE.GERMANIC.NORTH_FRISIAN_AMRUMIE.GERMANIC.FRISIAN_WESTERN
1
0.87
IE.GERMANIC.LIMBURGISHIE.GERMANIC.NORTHERN_LOW_SAXON
0.25
0.33
IE.GERMANIC.PLAUTDIETSCHIE.GERMANIC.EASTERN_FRISIAN
0.46
0.36
IE.GERMANIC.SWABIANIE.GERMANIC.SAXON_UPPER
0.77
IE.GERMANIC.STANDARD_GERMAN0.98
IE.GERMANIC.LUXEMBOURGISH0.55
IE.GERMANIC.BERNESE_GERMANIE.GERMANIC.ALSATIAN
1
0.54
IE.GERMANIC.YIDDISH_WESTERNIE.GERMANIC.YIDDISH_EASTERN
1
IE.GERMANIC.CIMBRIAN0.95
0.63
1
IE.GERMANIC.JAMTLANDICIE.GERMANIC.SWEDISH
0.9
IE.GERMANIC.NORWEGIAN_NYNORSK_TOTEN0.99
IE.GERMANIC.DANISHIE.GERMANIC.NORWEGIAN_BOKMAAL
0.94
1
IE.GERMANIC.SANDNES_NORWEGIANIE.GERMANIC.GJESTAL_NORWEGIAN
1
IE.GERMANIC.NORWEGIAN_RIKSMAL1
0.97
IE.GERMANIC.ICELANDICIE.GERMANIC.FAROESE
1
1
IE.GERMANIC.SCOTSIE.GERMANIC.ENGLISH
1
0.89
1
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 54 / 85
Phylogenetic inference
IE.SLAVIC.POLISH
IE.SLAVIC.SLOVENIAN0.62
IE.SLAVIC.CZECH
0.56
IE.SLAVIC.LOWER_SORBIAN
IE.SLAVIC.LOWER_SORBIAN_21
IE.SLAVIC.UPPER_SORBIAN
1
0.61
IE.SLAVIC.SLOVAK
0.6
IE.SLAVIC.UKRAINIAN
IE.SLAVIC.BELARUSIAN1
IE.SLAVIC.RUSSIAN
IE.SLAVIC.NINILCHIK_RUSSIAN0.91
1
0.61
IE.SLAVIC.BOSNIAN
IE.SLAVIC.CROATIAN0.85
IE.SLAVIC.SERBOCROATIAN
1
IE.SLAVIC.BULGARIAN
IE.SLAVIC.MACEDONIAN1
0.77
1
IE.BALTIC.LATVIAN
IE.BALTIC.LITHUANIAN1
1
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 55 / 85
Phylogenetic inference
Indic: 1
Iranian: 1
1
Armenian: 1
0.92
Germanic: 1
Balto-Slavic: 1
0.99
Romance: 1
0.61
Albanian: 1
0.35
Celtic: 0.89
0.5
0.99
1.0
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 56 / 85
Phylogenetic inference
Northwest-Caucasian: 1
North-Caucasian. 11
Altaic: 0.97
Chukotko-Kamtchatkan: 1
0.92
0.5
Indoeuropean: 0.99
0.51
Uralic
: 1
Yukaghir: 1
Nivkh: 1
0.460.33
0.65
Nostratic: 0.92
Na-Dene: 0.94Eskimo-Aleut: 0.99
0.51
0.43
Dravidian: 1
0.44
Austro-Asiatic: 1
Sino-Tibetan: 0.99
Hmong-Mien: 10.48
Sino-Tibetan: 0.99
0.44
0.88
Tai-Kadai: 0.98
Austric: 0.99
0.56
1
Khoisan: 1
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 57 / 85
Distant relationships
(joint work with Cecil Brown, Eric Holman, Johann-Mattis List and SørenWichmann)
compute aggregate distances between language families
find threshold with false discovery rate of 5%: all families pairswith a distance below this threshold are genuinely related (due tocommon descent or contact) with a confidence or 95%
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 58 / 85
Words and bones
(joint work with Katerina Harvati and Hugo Reyes-Centeno)
Since Cavalli-Sforza’s work: lot of interest in correlations betweengenetic and linguistic features of human populations
our work: correlations between phenotypical (cranial) andlinguistic (vocabulary-based) features
motivation:
different parts of the cranium respond to different selective pressuresASJP provides data for computing linguistic distances on anunprecedented scale; this study provides (additional) evidence forthe reliability of ASJP-based distances across language familyboundariespart of the general endeavor to disentangle human bio-historicalco-evolution
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 64 / 85
• Whole Cranium: 30 variables
• Face: 15 variables
• Neurocranium: 15 variables
Cranial Phenotype Data
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 65 / 85
Does language track population history?
• Hypothesis 1: Language reflects genetic population history if there is a significant relationship with neurocranial morphology and geography
• Hypothesis 2: Language reflects other factors if there is a significant relationship with facial morphology
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 66 / 85
Mapping bones to languages
cranial data from 135 populations
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Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 67 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
in some cases, assignment is straightforward:
WestAleut → AleutSouth West Alaska → Central YupikSerbia → Serbo-CroatianGyzeh → Late Egyptian
sometimes, several candidate languages from the same languagefamily or genus
North East Asia → Inupiaq, 3 dialects of Yupik (all Eskimolanguages)Germany → Standard German + 6 German dialectsRecent Italy → Corsican, Friulian, Italian, Sardinian
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 68 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
in many cases, assignment is pure guesswork (based on geography)
PNG, Australia, sub-Saharan Africa, America, India
criteria:
geographic location (according to ASJP) ≤ 300 km fromcoordinates of cranial datafor islands (New Caledonia, Hebrides, Torres Strait, ...): Ethnologueinformationif cranial data contain ethnic information, these override geography
Han North is mapped to Mandarin, even though several Turkiclanguages are closeronly Khoisan languages are considered for South Africa
number of candidate languages assigned to single populationsrange from 1 to 535 (for Madang/PNG)
average: 37 languages per population
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 69 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
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Candidate languages per population
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 70 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
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Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 71 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
in most cases, candidate languages belong to the same languagefamilies
maximum number of candidate families: 46 (for East Sepik, PNG)
mean number of candidate families per population: 3 (median: 1)
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Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 72 / 85
Assigning languages to populations
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Candidate language families per population
in the sequel, the linguistic distance between two populations iscomputed as the average distance between the correspondingcandidate languages
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 73 / 85
Land-based distances
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following Atkinson 2011:Africa/Asia: CairoAsia/Europ: IstanbulAsia/Oceania: Phnom PhenAsia/North America: Bering StraitNorth America/South America: Panama
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 74 / 85
Correlations
correlations between land-based geographic distancesphenotypical/linguistic distances
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0.25
0.50
0.75
0 10000 20000 30000 40000land−based distance
Lang
uage
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 75 / 85
Correlations
correlations between land-based geographic distancesphenotypical/linguistic distances
determined via Mantel test
(Spearman) correlation
Whole 0.399 (10−4)Face 0.250 (10−4)Neurocranium 0.457 (10−4)Language 0.246 (10−4)
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 76 / 85
Correlations
Correlation of linguistic distances to various cranial distances
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0
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20
30
40
0.25 0.50 0.75language
Neu
rocr
aniu
m
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 77 / 85
Correlations
Correlation of linguistic distances to various cranial distances
unconditional conditioned on geography
Whole 0.296(10−4) 0.222(10−4)Face 0.321(10−4) 0.276(10−4)Neurocranium 0.246(10−4) 0.155(10−4)
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 78 / 85
Causal inference
r(face,geo|neuro) = -0.03 (p = 0.36)r(face,geo|neuro,language) = -0.102 (p = 0.022)r(language,neuro|face,geo) = -0.002 (p = 0.961)
Neurocranium
Face Geography
Language
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 79 / 85
Correlations within language families
intra-family correlation of language with
Whole: 0.290Face: 0.200Neurocranium: 0.272
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0.4 0.6 0.8linguistics distance
Who
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Face
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0.4 0.6 0.8linguistics distance
Neu
rocr
aniu
m
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 80 / 85
Correlations across language families
inter-family correlation of language with
Whole: 0.139Face: 0.177Neurocranium: 0.120
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0.80 0.84 0.88 0.92linguistics distance
Neu
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Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 81 / 85
Separating language families
correlation of degree on non-overlap of the candidate languagefamilies of a population with
Whole: 0.365Face: 0.351Neurocranium: 0.299
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Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 82 / 85
Aggregating language families
a population “belongs” to a given language family f if allcandidate languages for that population belong to f
the phenetic (Whole, Face, Neurocranium)/geographical distancebetween the families f1 and f2 is defined as the average distancebetween the populations belonging to f1/f2 respectively
the linguistic distance between f1 and f2 is the average distancebetween all languages assigned to populations that belong tof1/f2 respectively
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 83 / 85
Aggregating language families
aggregated correlations of language withWhole: 0.198 (p = 0.013)Face: 0.256 (p < 0.001)Neurocranium: 0.178 (p = 0.028)
partial correlations, conditioned on land-based distanceWhole: 0.141 (p = 0.089)Face: 0.219 (p = 0.003)Neurocranium: 0.116 (p = 0.155)
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0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90linguistic distance
Who
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0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90linguistic distance
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0.82 0.84 0.86 0.88 0.90linguistic distance
Neu
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m
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 84 / 85
Considerations and hypotheses
• Evolutionary rate of change – Genes and neurocranium evolve slowly
– Language and face evolve faster?
• Depth of population history – Genes and neurocranium track deep history
– Language and face track recent history?
• Modes of transmission – Genes and neurocranium are vertically transmitted
– Language and face are horizontally transmitted?
• Selection on face and language?
Jager (Tu) Raw word lists LanGeLin 85 / 85