What is 4G ???

4G, short for fourth generation, is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunications technology,

succeeding 3G and preceding 5G. A 4G system, in addition to the usual voice and other services of

3G, provides mobile ultra-broadband Internet access, for example to laptops with USB wireless

modems, to smartphones, and to other mobile devices. Conceivable applications include

amended mobile web access, IP telephony, gaming services, high-definition mobile TV, video

conferencing, 3D television, and cloud computing.

Two 4G candidate systems are commercially deployed: the Mobile WiMAX standard (first used in

South Korea in 2007), and the first-release Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard (in Oslo, Norway

and Stockholm, Sweden since 2009). It has however been debated if these first-release versions

should be considered to be 4G or not, as discussed in the technical definitionsection below.

In the United States, Sprint (previously Clearwire) has deployed Mobile WiMAX networks since

2008, while MetroPCSbecame the first operator to offer LTE service in 2010. USB wireless modems

were among the first devices able to access these networks, with WiMAX smartphones becoming

available during 2010, and LTE smartphones arriving in 2011. The consumer should note

that 3G and 4G equipment made for other continents are not always compatible, because of

different frequency bands. Mobile WiMAX is currently (April 2012) not available for the European

marke.

Technical Understanding

In March 2008, the International Telecommunications Union-Radio communications sector (ITU-R)

specified a set of requirements for 4G standards, named the International Mobile

Telecommunications Advanced (IMT-Advanced) specification, setting peak speed requirements for

4G service at 100 megabits per second (Mbit/s) for high mobility communication (such as from trains

and cars) and 1 gigabit per second (Gbit/s) for low mobility communication (such as pedestrians and

stationary users).[1]

Since the first-release versions of Mobile WiMAX and LTE support much less than 1 Gbit/s peak bit

rate, they are not fully IMT-Advanced compliant, but are often branded 4G by service providers. On

December 6, 2010, ITU-R recognized that these two technologies, as well as other beyond-3G

technologies that do not fulfill the IMT-Advanced requirements, could nevertheless be considered

"4G", provided they represent forerunners to IMT-Advanced compliant versions and "a substantial

level of improvement in performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation

systems now deployed".[2]

1

Mobile WiMAX Release 2 (also known as WirelessMAN-Advanced or IEEE 802.16m') and LTE

Advanced (LTE-A) are IMT-Advanced compliant backwards compatible versions of the above two

systems, standardized during the spring 2011, and promising speeds in the order of 1 Gbit/s.

Services are expected in 2013.

As opposed to earlier generations, a 4G system does not support traditional circuit-

switched telephony service, but all-Internet Protocol (IP) based communication such as IP

telephony. As seen below, the spread spectrum radio technology used in 3G systems, is abandoned

in all 4G candidate systems and replaced by OFDMA multi-carrier transmission and otherfrequency-

domain equalization (FDE) schemes, making it possible to transfer very high bit rates despite

extensive multi-path radio propagation (echoes). The peak bit rate is further improved by smart

antenna arrays for multiple-input multiple-output(MIMO) communications.

The term "generation" used to name successive evolutions of radio networks in general is arbitrary.

There are several interpretations, and no official definition has been made despite the consensus

behind ITU-R's labels. From ITU-R's point of view, 4G is equivalent to IMT-Advanced which has

specific performance requirements as explained below. According to operators, a generation of

network refers to the deployment of a new non-backward-compatible technology. The end user

expects the next generation of network to provide better performance and connectivity than the

previous generation. Meanwhile, GSM, UMTS and LTE networks coexist; and end-users will only

receive the benefit of the new generation architecture when they simultaneously: use an access

device compatible with the new infrastructure, are within range of the new infrastructure, and pay the

provider for access to that new infrastructure.

2

Background

The nomenclature of the generations generally refers to a change in the fundamental nature of the

service, non-backwards-compatible transmission technology, higher peak bit rates, new frequency

bands, wider channel frequency bandwidth in Hertz, and higher capacity for many simultaneous data

transfers (higher system spectral efficiency in bit/second/Hertz/site).

New mobile generations have appeared about every ten years since the first move from 1981 analog

(1G) to digital (2G) transmission in 1992. This was followed, in 2001, by 3G multi-media

support, spread spectrum transmission and at least 200 kbit/s peak bit rate, in 2011/2012 expected

to be followed by "real" 4G, which refers to all-Internet Protocol (IP) packet-switched networks giving

mobile ultra-broadband (gigabit speed) access.

While the ITU has adopted recommendations for technologies that would be used for future global

communications, they do not actually perform the standardization or development work themselves,

instead relying on the work of other standards bodies such as IEEE, The WiMAX Forum and 3GPP.

In mid-1990s, the ITU-R standardization organization released the IMT-2000 requirements as a

framework for what standards should be considered 3G systems, requiring 200 kbit/s peak bit rate.

In 2008, ITU-R specified the IMT-Advanced(International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced)

requirements for 4G systems.

The fastest 3G-based standard in the UMTS family is the HSPA+ standard, which is commercially

available since 2009 and offers 28 Mbit/s downstream (22 Mbit/s upstream) without MIMO, i.e. only

with one antenna, and in 2011 accelerated up to 42 Mbit/s peak bit rate downstream using

either DC-HSPA+ (simultaneous use of two 5 MHz UMTS carriers)[3] or 2x2 MIMO. In theory speeds

up to 672 Mbit/s are possible, but have not been deployed yet. The fastest 3G-based standard in

theCDMA2000 family is the EV-DO Rev. B, which is available since 2010 and offers 15.67 Mbit/s

downstream.

3

IMT- Advanced requirement

This article uses 4G to refer to IMT-Advanced (International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced),

as defined by ITU-R. An IMT-Advanced cellular system must fulfill the following requirements

Be based on an all-IP packet switched network.

Have peak data rates of up to approximately 100 Mbit/s for high mobility such as mobile access

and up to approximately 1 Gbit/s for low mobility such as nomadic/local wireless access.

Be able to dynamically share and use the network resources to support more simultaneous

users per cell.

Using scalable channel bandwidths of 5–20 MHz, optionally up to 40 MHz.

Have peak link spectral efficiency of 15 bit/s/Hz in the downlink, and 6.75 bit/s/Hz in the uplink

(meaning that 1 Gbit/s in the downlink should be possible over less than 67 MHz bandwidth).

System spectral efficiency is, in indoor case, 3 bit/s/Hz/cell in downlink and 2.25 bit/s/Hz/cell in

uplink.

Smooth handovers across heterogeneous networks.

The ability to offer high quality of service for next generation multimedia support.

In September 2009, the technology proposals were submitted to the International

Telecommunication Union (ITU) as 4G candidates. Basically all proposals are based on two

technologies:

LTE Advanced standardized by the 3GPP

802.16m standardized by the IEEE (i.e. WiMAX)

Implementations of Mobile WiMAX and first-release LTE are largely considered a stopgap solution

that will offer a considerable boost until WiMAX 2 (based on the 802.16m spec) and LTE Advanced

are deployed. The latter's standard versions were ratified in spring 2011, but are still far from being

implemented.

The first set of 3GPP requirements on LTE Advanced was approved in June 2008. LTE Advanced

was to be standardized in 2010 as part of Release 10 of the 3GPP specification. LTE Advanced will

be based on the existing LTE specification Release 10 and will not be defined as a new specification

4

series. A summary of the technologies that have been studied as the basis for LTE Advanced is

included in a technical report.

Some sources consider first-release LTE and Mobile WiMAX implementations as pre-4G or near-4G,

as they do not fully comply with the planned requirements of 1 Gbit/s for stationary reception and

100 Mbit/s for mobileConfusion has been caused by some mobile carriers who have launched

products advertised as 4G but which according to some sources are pre-4G versions, commonly

referred to as '3.9G'which do not follow the ITU-R defined principles for 4G standardsbut today can

be called 4G according to ITU-R.A common argument for branding 3.9G systems as new-generation

is that they use different frequency bands from 3G technologies that they are based on a new radio-

interface paradigm ; and that the standards are not backwards compatible with 3Gwhilst some of the

standards are forwards compatible with IMT-2000 compliant versions of the same standards.

5

Data Rate Comparision

The following table shows a comparison of the 4G candidate systems as well

as other competing technologies.

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods

Common

NameFamily

Primary

UseRadio Tech

Downstr

eam

(Mbit/s)

Upstre

am

(Mbit/s

)

Notes

HSPA+ 3GPP 3G DataCDMA/FDD

MIMO

21

42

84

672

5.8

11.5

22

168

HSPA+ is

widely

deployed.

Revision 11 of

the 3GPP

states

that HSPA+ is

expected to

have a

throughput

capacity of

672 Mbit/s.

LTE 3GPP General 4G OFDMA/

MIMO/SC-

FDMA

100 Cat3

150 Cat4

300 Cat5

50 Cat3/4

75 Cat5

(in

LTE-Advanced 

update

expected to

6

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods

Common

NameFamily

Primary

UseRadio Tech

Downstr

eam

(Mbit/s)

Upstre

am

(Mbit/s

)

Notes

(in 20 MHz

FDD)[25]

20 MHz

FDD)[25]

offer peak

rates up to

1 Gbit/s fixed

speeds and

100 Mb/s to

mobile users.

WiMax rel 1 802.16WirelessM

AN

MIMO-

SOFDMA

37 (10 MHz

TDD)

17

(10 MHz

TDD)

With 2x2

MIMO.[26]

WiMax rel 1.5802.16-

2009

WirelessM

AN

MIMO-

SOFDMA

83 (20 MHz

TDD)

141

(2x20 MHz

FDD)

46

(20 MHz

TDD)

138

(2x20 MH

z FDD)

With 2x2

MIMO.Enhanc

ed with 20 MHz

channels in

802.16-2009[26]

WiMAX rel 2 802.16m WirelessM

AN

MIMO-

SOFDMA

2x2 MIMO

110 (20 MHz

TDD)

183

(2x20 MHz

FDD)

4x4 MIMO

219 (20 MHz

2x2 MIMO

70

(20 MHz

TDD)

188

(2x20 MH

z FDD)

4x4 MIMO

Also, low

mobility users

can aggregate

multiple

channels to get

a download

throughput of

up to 1 Gbit/s[26]

7

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods

Common

NameFamily

Primary

UseRadio Tech

Downstr

eam

(Mbit/s)

Upstre

am

(Mbit/s

)

Notes

TDD)

365

(2x20 MHz

FDD)

140

(20 MHz

TDD)

376

(2x20 MH

z FDD)

Flash-OFDMFlash-

OFDM

Mobile

Internet

mobility up

to 200 mph

(350 km/h)

Flash-OFDM

5.3

10.6

15.9

1.8

3.6

5.4

Mobile range

30 km (18

miles)

extended

range 55 km

(34 miles)

HIPERMANHIPERMA

N

Mobile

InternetOFDM 56.9

Wi-Fi 802.11

(11n)

Mobile Inter

net

OFDM/MIMO 288.8 (using 4x4

configuration in 20 MHz

bandwidth) or 600 (using

4x4 configuration in

40 MHz bandwidth)

Antenna, RF

front

en

denhancement

s and minor

protocol timer

tweaks have

helped deploy

long

range P2

8

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods

Common

NameFamily

Primary

UseRadio Tech

Downstr

eam

(Mbit/s)

Upstre

am

(Mbit/s

)

Notes

Pnetworks

compromising

on radial

coverage,

throughput

and/or spectra

efficiency

(310 km &382 

km)

iBurst 802.20Mobile Inter

net

HC-SDMA/

TDD/MIMO95 36

Cell Radius: 3–

12 km

Speed:

250 km/h

Spectral

Efficiency: 13

bits/s/Hz/cell

Spectrum

Reuse Factor:

"1"

EDGE Evolution GSMMobile Inter

netTDMA/FDD 1.6 0.5

3GPP Release

7

UMTS W-CDMA

HSP

A(HSDPA+HSUPA

)

UMTS/

3GSM

General 3G CDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD

/MIMO

0.384

14.4

0.384

5.76

HSDPA is

widely

deployed.

Typical

downlink rates

today 2 Mbit/s,

~200 kbit/s

9

Comparison of mobile Internet access methods

Common

NameFamily

Primary

UseRadio Tech

Downstr

eam

(Mbit/s)

Upstre

am

(Mbit/s

)

Notes

uplink; HSPA+

downlink up to

56 Mbit/s.

UMTS-TDDUMTS/

3GSM

Mobile

InternetCDMA/TDD 16

Reported

speeds

according

toIPWireless u

sing 16QAM

modulation

similar

t

oHSDPA+HSU

PA

EV-DO Rel. 0

EV-DO Rev.A

EV-DO Rev.B

CDMA200

0

Mobile

InternetCDMA/FDD

2.45

3.1

4.9xN

0.15

1.8

1.8xN

Rev B note: N

is the number

of 1.25 MHz

carriers used.

EV-DO is not

designed for

voice, and

requires a

fallback to

1xRTT when a

voice call is

placed or

received.

Notes: All speeds are theoretical maximums and will vary by a number of factors, including the use

of external antennas, distance from the tower and the ground speed (e.g. communications on a train

10

may be poorer than when standing still). Usually the bandwidth is shared between several terminals.

The performance of each technology is determined by a number of constraints, including

the spectral efficiency of the technology, the cell sizes used, and the amount of spectrum available.

For more information, see Comparison of wireless data standards.

For more comparison tables, see bit rate progress trends, comparison of mobile phone

standards, spectral efficiency comparison table and OFDM system comparison table.

11

History of 4g and pre 4g technology

The 4G system was originally envisioned by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

(DARPA). The DARPA selected the distributed architecture and end-to-end Internet protocol (IP),

and believed at an early stage in peer-to-peer networking in which every mobile device would be

both a transceiver and a router for other devices in the network, eliminating the spoke-and-hub

weakness of 2G and 3G cellular systems. Since the 2.5G GPRS system, cellular systems have

provided dual infrastructures: packet switched nodes for data services, and circuit switched nodes

for voice calls. In 4G systems, the circuit-switched infrastructure is abandoned and only a packet-

switched network is provided, while 2.5G and 3G systems require both packet-switched and circuit-

switched network nodes, i.e. two infrastructures in parallel. This means that in 4G, traditional voice

calls are replaced by IP telephony.

In 2002, the strategic vision for 4G—which ITU designated as IMT-Advanced—was laid out.

In 2005, OFDMA transmission technology is chosen as candidate for the HSOPA downlink, later

renamed 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) air interface E-UTRA.

In November 2005, KT demonstrated mobile WiMAX service in Busan, South Korea

In April 2006, KT started the world's first commercial mobile WiMAX service in Seoul, South

Korea.

In mid-2006, Sprint announced that it would invest about US$5 billion in a WiMAX technology

buildout over the next few years[33] ($5.85 billion in real terms). Since that time Sprint has faced

many setbacks that have resulted in steep quarterly losses. On 7 May

2008, Sprint, Imagine, Google, Intel, Comcast, Bright House, and Time Warner announced a

pooling of an average of 120 MHz of spectrum; Sprint merged its Xohm WiMAX division

with Clearwire to form a company which will take the name "Clear".

In February 2007, the Japanese company NTT DoCoMo tested a 4G communication system

prototype with 4×4 MIMOcalled VSF-OFCDM at 100 Mbit/s while moving, and 1 Gbit/s while

stationary. NTT DoCoMo completed a trial in which they reached a maximum packet

transmission rate of approximately 5 Gbit/s in the downlink with 12×12 MIMO using a 100 MHz

frequency bandwidth while moving at 10 km/h, and is planning on releasing the first commercial

network in 2010.

In January 2008, a U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) spectrum auction for the

700 MHz former analog TV frequencies began. As a result, the biggest share of the spectrum

went to Verizon Wireless and the next biggest to AT&T. Both of these companies have stated

their intention of supporting LTE.

12

In January 2008, EU commissioner Viviane Reding suggested re-allocation of 500–800 MHz

spectrum for wireless communication, including WiMAX.[

On 15 February 2008, Skyworks Solutions released a front-end module for e-UTRAN.

In November 2008, ITU-R established the detailed performance requirements of IMT-Advanced,

by issuing a Circular Letter calling for candidate Radio Access Technologies (RATs) for IMT-

Advanced.

In April 2008, just after receiving the circular letter, the 3GPP organized a workshop on IMT-

Advanced where it was decided that LTE Advanced, an evolution of current LTE standard, will

meet or even exceed IMT-Advanced requirements following the ITU-R agenda.

In April 2008, LG and Nortel demonstrated e-UTRA data rates of 50 Mbit/s while travelling at

110 km/h.

On 12 November 2008, HTC announced the first WiMAX-enabled mobile phone, the Max 4G

In 15 December 2008, San Miguel Corporation, the largest food and beverage conglomerate in

southeast Asia, has signed a memorandum of understanding with Qatar Telecom QSC (Qtel) to

build wireless broadband and mobile communications projects in the Philippines. The joint-

venture formed wi-tribe Philippines, which offers 4G in the country. Around the same time Globe

Telecom rolled out the first WiMAX service in the Philippines.

On 3 March 2009, Lithuania's LRTC announcing the first operational "4G" mobile

WiMAX network in Baltic states.

In December 2009, Sprint began advertising "4G" service in selected cities in the United States,

despite average download speeds of only 3–6 Mbit/s with peak speeds of 10 Mbit/s (not

available in all markets).

On 14 December 2009, the first commercial LTE deployment was in the Scandinavian

capitals Stockholm and Oslo by the Swedish-Finnish network operator TeliaSonera and its

Norwegian brandname NetCom (Norway). TeliaSonera branded the network "4G". The modem

devices on offer were manufactured by Samsung (dongle GT-B3710), and the network

infrastructure created by Huawei (in Oslo) and Ericsson (in Stockholm). TeliaSonera plans to roll

out nationwide LTE across Sweden, Norway and Finland. TeliaSonera used spectral bandwidth

of 10 MHz, and single-in-single-out, which should provide physical layer net bitrates of up to

50 Mbit/s downlink and 25 Mbit/s in the uplink. Introductory tests showed a TCP throughput of

42.8 Mbit/s downlink and 5.3 Mbit/s uplink in Stockholm.

On 25 February 2010, Estonia's EMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime.

On 4 June 2010, Sprint released the first WiMAX smartphone in the US, the HTC Evo 4G.

In July 2010, Uzbekistan's MTS deployed LTE in Tashkent.

On 25 August 2010, Latvia's LMT opened LTE "4G" network working in test regime 50% of

territory.

13

On November 4, 2010, the Samsung Galaxy Craft offered by MetroPCS is the first commercially

available LTE smartphone[

On 6 December 2010, at the ITU World Radiocommunication Seminar 2010, the ITU stated

that LTE, WiMax and similar "evolved 3G technologies" could be considered "4G".

On 12 December 2010, VivaCell-MTS launches in Armenia a 4G/LTE commercial test network

with a live demo conducted in Yerevan.On 28 April 2011, Lithuania's Omnitel opened a LTE

"4G" network working in the 5 largest cities.

In September 2011, all three Saudi telecom companies STC, Mobily and Zain announced that

they will offer 4G LTE for USB modem dongles, with further development for phones by 2013.

In 2011, Argentina's Claro launched a 4G HSPA+ network in the country.

In 2011, Thailand's Truemove-H launched a 4G HSPA+ network with nation-wide availability.

On March 17, 2011, the HTC Thunderbolt offered by Verizon in the U.S. was the second LTE

smartphone to be sold commercially.

On 31 January 2012, Thailand's AIS and its subsidiaries DPC under cooperation with CAT

Telecom for 1800 MHz frequency band and TOT for 2300 MHz frequency band launched the

first field trial LTE in Thailand with authorization from NBTC.

In February 2012, Ericsson demonstrated mobile-TV over LTE, utilizing the new eMBMS service

(enhanced Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service).

On 10 April 2012, Bharti Airtel launched 4G LTE in Kolkata, first in India.

On 20 May 2012, Azerbaijan's biggest mobile operator Azercell launched 4G LTE.

On 10 October 2012, Vodacom (Vodafone South Africa) became the first operator in South

Africa to launch a commercial LTE service.

In December 2012, Telcel launches in Mexico the 4G LTE network in 9 major cities

In Kazakhstan, 4G LTE was launched on December 26, 2012 in the entire territory in the

frequency bands 1865–1885/1760–1780 MHz for the urban population and in 794-799/835-

840 MHz for those sparsely populated

14

4G is a collection of fourth generation cellular data technologies. It succeeds 3G and is also

called "IMT-Advanced," or "International Mobile Telecommunications Advanced." 4G was

made available as early as 2005 in South Korea under the name WiMAX and was rolled out

in several European countries over the next few years. It became available in the United

States in 2009, with Sprint being the first carrier to offer a 4G cellular network.

All 4G standards must conform to a set of specifications created by the International

Telecommunications Union. For example, all 4G technologies are required to provide peak

data transfer rates of at least 100 Mbps. While actual download and upload speeds may vary

based on signal strength and wireless interference, 4G data transfer rates can actually

surpass those ofcable modem and DSL connections.

Like 3G, there is no single 4G standard. Instead, different cellular providers use different

technologies that conform to the 4G requirements. For example, WiMAX is a popular 4G

technology used in Asia and Eastern Europe, while LTE (Long Term Evolution) is more

popular in Scandinavia and the United states.

15

16

Types of 3g and 4g

17

18

CONTENTS

*Certificate.

*Acknowledgement.

*What is 4G

*Background.

* IMT- advanced requirement.

* data rate comparision.

*history.

* 4G WORLD.

* Types of 3g and 4g.

*Comparision of 3g and 4g.

*refrences.

19

20