34
Liang, Introduction to Java Programming, Ninth Edition, (c) 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. 3 What is a Database System? e.g., Access, MySQL, Oracle, and MS SQL Server
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3
Wh
at i
s a
Dat
abas
e S
yst
em?
e.g.,
Acc
ess,
M
yS
QL
, O
racl
e, a
nd
MS
SQ
L S
erver
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4
Dat
abas
e A
pp
lica
tio
n S
yst
ems
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5
Rat
ional
Dat
abas
e an
d R
elat
ional
Dat
a M
od
el
Most
of
today
’s d
atab
ase
syst
ems
are
rela
tional
dat
abas
e
syst
ems,
bas
ed o
n t
he
rela
tional
dat
a m
odel
. A r
elat
ional
dat
a
model
has
thre
e key
A r
elat
ional
dat
a m
odel
has
thre
e key
com
ponen
ts:
stru
cture
, in
tegri
ty a
nd l
anguag
es.
�Str
uct
ure
def
ines
the
repre
senta
tion o
f th
e dat
a.
�In
tegri
tyim
pose
s co
nst
rain
ts o
n t
he
dat
a.
�L
anguage
pro
vid
es t
he
mea
ns
for
acce
ssin
g a
nd
man
ipula
ting d
ata.
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6
Rel
atio
nal
Str
uct
ure
A r
elat
ion
al d
atab
ase
con
sist
s o
f a
set
of
rela
tio
ns.
A r
elat
ion
has
tw
o t
hin
gs
in o
ne:
a
sch
em
aan
d a
n i
nst
an
ce
of
the
sch
ema.
Th
e
sch
ema
def
ines
th
e re
lati
on
an
d a
n i
nst
ance
is
the
con
ten
t o
f th
e re
lati
on
at
a g
iven
tim
e. A
n
inst
ance
of
a re
lati
on
is
no
thin
g m
ore
th
an a
tab
le w
ith
ro
ws
and
nam
ed c
olu
mn
s. F
or
con
ven
ience
wit
h n
o c
on
fusi
on, w
e re
fer
inst
ance
s o
f re
lati
on
s as
ju
st r
ela
tio
ns
or
tab
les.
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7
Cou
rse
Tab
le
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8
Stu
den
t T
able
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9
En
roll
men
t
Tab
le
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10
Tab
le v
s. F
ile
NO
TE
:
A t
able
or
a re
lati
on i
s not
sam
e as
a f
ile.
Most
of
the
rela
tional
dat
abas
e sy
stem
s
store
mult
iple
tab
les
in a
fil
e.
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11
Inte
gri
ty C
on
stra
ints
An
in
teg
rity
co
nst
rain
t im
po
ses
a co
nd
itio
n t
hat
all
leg
al i
nst
ance
s o
f th
e re
lati
on
s m
ust
sat
isfy
. I
n
gen
eral
, th
ere
are
thre
e ty
pes
of
con
stra
ints
: d
om
ain
co
nst
rain
t, p
rim
ary
key c
on
stra
int,
an
d f
ore
ign
key
co
nst
rain
t. D
om
ain
co
nst
rain
ts a
nd
pri
mar
y k
ey
con
stra
ints
are
kn
ow
n a
s in
tra
-rela
tio
nal
co
nst
rain
ts, m
ean
ing
th
at a
co
nst
rain
t in
vo
lves
on
ly
on
e re
lati
on
. T
he
fore
ign
key
co
nst
rain
t is
kn
ow
n
as i
nte
r-re
lati
onal,
mea
nin
g t
hat
a c
on
stra
int
inv
olv
es m
ore
th
an o
ne
rela
tio
n.
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12
Dom
ain
Con
stra
ints
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Pri
mar
y K
ey C
onst
rain
ts
courseId subjectId courseNumber title numOfCredits
11111 CSCI 1301 Introduction to Java I 4
11112 CSCI 1302 Introduction to Java II 3
11113 CSCI 3720 Database Systems 3
...
ssn courseId dateRegistered grade
444111110 11111 2004-03-19 A
444111110 11112 2004-03-19 B
444111110 11113 2004-03-19 C
...
Cou
rse
Tab
le
Eac
h v
alu
e in
th
e
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s co
lum
n m
ust
be
gre
ater
th
an 0
and
les
s th
an 5
Eac
h v
alu
e in
cou
rseI
d i
n t
he
En
roll
men
t ta
ble
mu
st m
atch
a v
alu
e
in c
ou
rseI
d i
n t
he
Cou
rse
tab
le
Eac
h r
ow
mu
st h
ave
a
val
ue
for
cou
serI
d,
and
the
val
ue
mu
st b
e u
niq
ue
En
roll
men
t T
able
Pri
ma
ry k
ey
con
stra
int
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Fore
ign
Key
Co
nst
rain
ts
courseId subjectId courseNumber title numOfCredits
11111 CSCI 1301 Introduction to Java I 4
11112 CSCI 1302 Introduction to Java II 3
11113 CSCI 3720 Database Systems 3
...
ssn courseId dateRegistered grade
444111110 11111 2004-03-19 A
444111110 11112 2004-03-19 B
444111110 11113 2004-03-19 C
...
Cou
rse
Tab
le
Eac
h v
alu
e in
th
e
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s co
lum
n m
ust
be
gre
ater
th
an 0
and
les
s th
an 5
Eac
h v
alu
e in
cou
rseI
d i
n t
he
En
roll
men
t ta
ble
mu
st m
atch
a v
alu
e
in c
ou
rseI
d i
n t
he
Cou
rse
tab
le
Eac
h r
ow
mu
st h
ave
a
val
ue
for
cou
serI
d,
and
the
val
ue
mu
st b
e u
niq
ue
En
roll
men
t T
able
Fo
reig
n k
ey
con
stra
int
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15
Dom
ain
Con
stra
ints
Do
ma
in c
on
stra
ints
spec
ify
th
e p
erm
issi
ble
val
ues
for
an a
ttri
bu
te. D
om
ain
s ca
n b
e sp
ecif
ied
usi
ng
stan
dar
d d
ata
typ
es s
uch
as
inte
ger
s, f
loat
ing
-poin
t
nu
mb
ers,
fix
ed-l
ength
str
ing
s, a
nd
var
ian
t-le
ngth
stri
ng
s. T
he
stan
dar
d d
ata
typ
e sp
ecif
ies
a b
road
ran
ge
of
val
ues
. Ad
dit
ion
al c
on
stra
ints
can
be
spec
ifie
d t
o n
arro
w t
he
ran
ges
. Y
ou
can
als
o s
pec
ify
wh
eth
er a
n a
ttri
bu
te c
an b
e n
ull
.
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16
Dom
ain
Con
stra
ints
Exam
ple
);
crea
te t
ab
leC
ou
rse
(
cou
rseI
d c
ha
r(5
),
sub
ject
Id c
ha
r(4
) n
ot
nu
ll,
cou
rseN
um
ber
in
teg
er,
titl
e v
arc
ha
r(5
0)
no
t n
ull
,
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s in
teg
er,
con
stra
int
gre
ate
rTh
an
On
e
chec
k (
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s >
= 1
));
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17
Su
per
key
Su
per
key
Key
Can
did
ate
key
Pri
mar
y
key
A s
up
erk
ey i
s an
att
rib
ute
or
a se
t o
f at
trib
ute
s
that
un
iqu
ely
id
enti
fy t
he
rela
tio
n. T
hat
is,
no
two
tu
ple
s h
ave
the
sam
e v
alu
es o
n t
he
sup
erk
ey.
By
def
init
ion
, a
rela
tio
n c
on
sist
s o
f a
set
of
dis
tin
ct t
up
les.
Th
e se
t o
f al
l at
trib
ute
s in
th
e
rela
tio
n f
orm
s a
sup
erk
ey.
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18
Key
an
d C
and
idat
e K
eyS
uper
key
Key
Can
did
ate
key
Pri
mar
y
key
A k
eyK
is
a m
inim
al s
up
erk
ey, m
ean
ing
th
at a
ny
pro
per
su
bse
t o
f K
is
no
t a
sup
erk
ey. It
is
po
ssib
le t
hat
a r
elat
ion
has
sev
eral
key
s. I
n t
his
case
, ea
ch o
f th
e k
eys
is c
alle
d a
ca
nd
ida
te k
ey.
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19
Pri
mar
y K
ey
Super
key
Key
Can
did
ate
key
Pri
mar
y
key
Th
e p
rim
ary
key
is
on
e o
f th
e ca
nd
idat
e k
eys
des
ign
ated
by
th
e d
atab
ase
des
ign
er. T
he
pri
mar
y
key
is
oft
en u
sed
to
id
enti
fy t
up
les
in a
rel
atio
n.
crea
te t
able
Co
urs
e(
sub
ject
Co
de
char
(4),
cou
rseN
um
ber
in
t,
titl
e v
arch
ar(5
0),
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s in
t
con
stra
int
gre
ater
Than
One
chec
k (
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s >
= 1
),
pri
mar
y k
ey (
sub
ject
Co
de,
co
urs
eNum
ber
));
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20
Pri
mar
y K
eyT
he
pri
ma
ryk
ey i
s o
ne
of
the
can
did
ate
key
s d
esig
nat
ed b
y
the
dat
abas
e d
esig
ner
. T
he
pri
mar
y k
ey i
s o
ften
use
d t
o
iden
tify
tu
ple
s in
a r
elat
ion
.
crea
te t
ab
leC
ou
rse
(
cou
rseI
d c
ha
r(5
),
sub
ject
Id c
ha
r(4
) n
ot
nu
ll,
cou
rseN
um
ber
in
teg
er,
titl
e v
arc
ha
r(5
0)
no
t n
ull
,
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s in
teg
er,
pri
ma
ry k
ey(c
ou
rseI
d)
);
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21
Pri
mar
y K
ey C
onst
rain
ts
Th
e p
rim
ary
key
co
nst
rain
tsp
ecif
ies
that
th
e p
rim
ary
key
val
ue
of
a tu
ple
can
no
t b
e n
ull
an
d n
o t
wo
tu
ple
s in
th
e
rela
tio
n c
an h
ave
the
sam
e v
alu
e o
n t
he
pri
mar
y k
ey. T
he
DB
MS
en
forc
es t
he
pri
mar
y k
ey c
on
stra
int.
Fo
r ex
amp
le,
if
yo
u a
ttem
pt
to i
nse
rt a
rec
ord
wit
h t
he
sam
e p
rim
ary
key
as
an e
xis
tin
g r
eco
rd i
n t
he
tab
le, th
e D
BM
S w
ou
ld r
epo
rt a
n
erro
r an
d r
ejec
t th
e o
per
atio
n.
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22
Fore
ign
Key
Co
nst
rain
ts
In a
rel
atio
nal
dat
abas
e, d
ata
are
rela
ted
. T
up
les
in a
rela
tio
n a
re r
elat
ed a
nd
tu
ple
s in
dif
fere
nt
rela
tio
ns
are
rela
ted
th
rou
gh
th
eir
com
mo
n a
ttri
bu
tes.
Info
rmal
ly s
pea
kin
g, th
e co
mm
on
att
rib
ute
s ar
e
fore
ign
key
s. T
he
fore
ign
key c
on
stra
ints
def
ine
the
rela
tio
nsh
ips
amo
ng
rel
atio
ns.
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23
Fore
ign K
ey C
onst
rain
ts F
orm
al
Def
init
ion
Fo
rmal
ly, a
set
of
attr
ibu
tes
FK
is a
fo
reig
n k
ey
in a
rela
tio
n R
that
ref
eren
ces
rela
tio
n T
if i
t sa
tisf
ies
the
foll
ow
ing t
wo
ru
les:
�T
he
attr
ibu
tes
in F
Kh
ave
the
sam
e d
om
ain
as
the
pri
mar
y k
ey i
n T
.
�A
no
n-n
ull
val
ue
on
FK
in R
mu
st m
atch
a
pri
mar
y k
ey v
alu
e in
T.
R
T
F
K
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24
Fore
ign K
ey E
xam
ple
create table Enrollment (
ssn char(9),
courseId char(5),
dateRegistered date,
grade char(1),
primary key (ssn, courseId),
foreign key (ssn) references Student,
foreign key (courseId) references Course
);
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25
Fore
ign
Key
Dis
cuss
ion
A f
ore
ign
key
is
no
t n
eces
sari
ly t
he
pri
mar
y k
ey o
r p
art
of
the
pri
mar
y i
n t
he
rela
tio
n. F
or
exam
ple
, su
bje
ctC
od
e
is a
fo
reig
n k
ey i
n t
he
Co
urs
eta
ble
th
at r
efer
ence
s th
e
Su
bje
ctta
ble
, b
ut
it i
s n
ot
the
pri
mar
y k
ey i
n C
ou
rse.
dep
artm
entC
od
eis
a f
ore
ign
key
in
th
e S
ub
ject
tab
le
that
ref
eren
ces
Dep
artm
ent,
bu
t it
is
no
t th
e p
rim
ary
key
in S
ub
ject
.
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Fore
ign K
ey D
iscu
ssio
n,
cont.
Th
e re
fere
nci
ng r
elat
ion
an
d t
he
refe
ren
ced
rela
tio
n m
ay b
e th
e sa
me
tab
le. F
or
exam
ple
,
sup
erv
iso
rId
is a
fo
reig
n k
ey i
n F
acu
lty
that
refe
ren
ces
facu
lty
Idin
Fac
ult
y.
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
27
Fore
ign K
ey D
iscu
ssio
n,
cont.
Th
e fo
reig
n k
ey i
s n
ot
nec
essa
ry t
o h
ave
the
sam
e n
ame
as i
ts r
efer
ence
d p
rim
ary
key
as
lon
g
as t
hey
hav
e th
e sa
me
do
mai
n. F
or
exam
ple
,
hea
dId
is a
fo
reig
n k
ey i
n D
epar
tmen
tth
at
refe
ren
ces
facu
lty
Idin
Fac
ult
y.
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
28
Fore
ign K
ey D
iscu
ssio
n,
cont.
A r
elat
ion
may
hav
e m
ore
th
an o
ne
fore
ign k
ey.
Fo
r ex
amp
le, h
ead
Idan
d c
oll
egeC
ode
are
bo
th
fore
ign
key
s in
Dep
artm
ent.
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
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ed.
29
SQ
L
Str
uct
ure
d Q
uer
y L
ang
uag
e, p
ron
ou
nce
d S
-Q-L
, o
r S
equ
el
To
acc
ess
or
wri
te a
pp
lica
tio
ns
for
dat
abas
e sy
stem
s, y
ou
nee
d
to u
se t
he
Str
uct
ure
d Q
uer
y L
ang
uag
e (S
QL
). S
QL
is
the
un
iver
sal
lan
gu
age
for
acce
ssin
g r
elat
ion
al d
atab
ase
syst
ems.
Ap
pli
cati
on
pro
gra
ms
may
all
ow
use
rs t
o a
cces
s d
atab
ase
wit
ho
ut
dir
ectl
y u
sin
g S
QL
, b
ut
thes
e ap
pli
cati
on
s th
emse
lves
mu
st u
se S
QL
to
acc
ess
the
dat
abas
e.
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
30
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Del
ete
Up
dat
e
crea
te t
able
Co
urs
e (
cou
rseI
d c
har
(5),
sub
ject
Id c
har
(4)
no
t n
ull
,
cou
rseN
um
ber
in
teg
er,
titl
e v
arch
ar(5
0)
no
t n
ull
,
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s in
teg
er,
pri
mar
y k
ey (
cou
rseI
d)
);
crea
te t
able
Stu
den
t (
ssn
ch
ar(9
),
firs
tNam
e v
arch
ar(2
5),
m
i ch
ar(1
),
last
Nam
e v
arch
ar(2
5),
b
irth
Dat
e d
ate,
st
reet
var
char
(25),
p
ho
ne
char
(11),
zi
pC
od
e ch
ar(5
),d
eptI
d c
har
(4),
p
rim
ary k
ey (
ssn
)
);
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
31
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Del
ete
Up
dat
e
dro
p t
able
En
roll
men
t;
dro
p t
able
Co
urs
e;
dro
p t
able
Stu
den
t;
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
32
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Del
ete
Up
dat
e
des
crib
e C
ou
rse;
--
Ora
cle
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
33
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Del
ete
Up
dat
e
sele
ct f
irst
Nam
e, m
i, l
astN
ame
fro
m S
tud
ent
wh
ere
dep
tId
= 'C
S';
sele
ct f
irst
Nam
e, m
i, l
astN
ame
fro
m S
tud
ent
wh
ere
dep
tId
= 'C
S' a
nd
zip
Co
de
= '3
14
11
';
sele
ct *
fro
m S
tud
ent
wh
ere
dep
tId
= 'C
S' a
nd
zip
Co
de
= '3
14
11
';
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
34
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Del
ete
Up
dat
e
inse
rt i
nto
Co
urs
e (c
ou
rseI
d, su
bje
ctId
, co
urs
eNu
mb
er, ti
tle)
val
ues
('1
111
3',
'CS
CI'
, '3
72
0',
'Dat
abas
e S
yst
ems'
, 3
);
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
35
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Up
dat
e
Del
ete
up
dat
e C
ou
rse
set
nu
mO
fCre
dit
s =
4
wh
ere
titl
e =
'Dat
abas
e S
yst
ems'
;
Lia
ng, In
troduction to J
ava P
rogra
mm
ing, N
inth
Editio
n,
(c)
2013 P
ears
on E
ducation, In
c. A
ll
rights
reserv
ed.
36
Ex
amp
les
of
sim
ple
SQ
L s
tate
men
ts
Cre
ate
tab
le
Dro
p t
able
Des
crib
e ta
ble
Sel
ect
Inse
rt
Up
dat
e
Del
ete
del
ete
Co
urs
e
wh
ere
titl
e =
'Dat
abas
e S
yst
em';
