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What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

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What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust
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Page 1: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

What is a Mineralpages 103-114

the building blocks of rocks

Minerals of Earth’s Crust

Page 2: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Mineral definition

A mineral is a natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties.

Page 3: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Five characteristics

naturally formed inorganic crystalline structure solid definite chemical composition

Page 4: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Naturally Formed

Not man made, naturally occurring

Page 5: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

 Inorganic

Organic means living so, this means non-living

Page 6: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Crystalline structure

The atoms are arranged in a pattern that repeats over and over

Page 7: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Solid

Definite volume and shape

Not a liquid or gas

Page 8: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Definite Chemical Composition

Its chemical composition may be written down in a formula and is fairly consistent or within a range Example:

Halite (salt) NaCl Galena (lead) Pb

Page 9: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Kinds of Minerals

More than 4,000 have been identified Fewer than 20 are common

These are called rock-forming minerals

Page 10: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

These ten make up 90% of the crust

Quartz Orthoclase Plagioclase Muscovite Biotite Calcite Dolomite Halite Gypsum Ferromagnesian minerals

Page 11: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Ferromagnesian mineral

Contain iron and magnesium

Page 12: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Two groups of minerals

Based on chemical composition

Silicates Non-silicates--

Page 13: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Silicates—contain a combination of

Silicon, Si Oxygen, O Silicates make up more than 90%

of the Earth’s crust

Page 14: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Six Kinds of Silicate Mineral Arrangements Isolated-do not link with other silicon or oxygen

atoms Ring silicates—form rings by sharing oxygen atoms Single-chain silicates—form by sharing oxygen

atoms Double chain silicates—form when two single

chains of tetrahedra bond to each other Sheet silicates—form when each tetrahedron shares

three of its oxygen with other tetrahedra Framework silicates—form when each tetrahedron

is bonded to four other tetrahedra

Page 15: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.
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Nonsilicates

5 groups Carbonates Halides Native elements Oxides Sulfates Sulfides

Page 20: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

From page 105

Write name of group Composition do not

fail to write it all! An example of a

mineral form each group

Page 21: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Silica tetrahedra Lab Part 1

Materials Toothpicks Marshmallows

Page 106

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Silicon tetrahedra lab part 2

Cut out the tetrahedron Arrange tetrahedron to form the six kinds

of silicate mineral arrangements (page 107)

Glue onto construction paper and label structures

Page 23: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.
Page 24: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Mineral Identification

Minerals are identified using their physical properties.

These include crystal form, hardness, cleavage, luster, color, streak, and specific gravity. 

Page 25: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Crystal Form

Crystal form is caused by the orderly internal arrangement of atoms

Quartz is the most commonly identified by its crystal form

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Page 27: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Two or more minerals that have the same chemical composition but different

crystal structures are called

polymorphs.

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Hardness

Moh's Scale of Hardness 10 Diamond9 Corundum8 Topaz7 Quartz6 Feldspar5 Apatite4 Fluorite3 Calcite2 Gypsum1 Talc 

Page 29: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Hardness of some common objects

2.5 Fingernail3 Penny5 Pocket Knife5.5 Window Glass7 Steel File 

Page 30: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Cleavage

The tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness.

Some have good cleavage, some poor.

It depends on the crystal structure and chemical bonds: the stronger the bond the poorer the cleavage.

Page 31: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Fracture 

A break that is not along a cleavage plane

Common type is conchoidal fracture.

Ex. QuartzBroken glass appearance

Or can be splinters and fibers--asbestos

Page 32: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Luster

The way light reflects from the surfaceI. MetallicII. Nonmetallic

a. Greasy

b. Silky

c. Pearly

d. Glassy

Page 33: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Color

Color is good for a few minerals like copper and turquoise, but is not a very reliable means of identification.

The majority of minerals appear in a variety of colors. Impurities can change the color.

Page 34: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Streak

The color of the powdered mineralMuch more reliable.

Drag the mineral across a streak plate.

Hematite--reddish brown to black, but usually reddish brown

Limonite--yellowish brown  

Page 35: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Specific Gravity

A mineral’s density

d=m/vDensity = mass/volume

Densities are compared to an equal volume of water

There is no unit

Quartz -- 2.65 Silver -- 10.5Gold -- 19.3

Page 36: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Other Tests

TasteHalite--NaCl has a salty taste 

Page 37: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Fizz

If a mineral contains CO3 it will effervesce (fizz) when you drop dilute HCl (hydrochloric acid) on it.

Ex. Calcite CaCO3 

Page 38: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Feel

Talc has a soapy feel 

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Smell

Sulfur has a rotten egg smell

Kaolinite has an earthy smell 

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Etc

Writes on paper--graphite Rusty look—limonite

Page 41: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

How to Identify Minerals

This film reviews some of the tests covered in your notes.

Page 42: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

Mineral Lab Test each of the minerals to

determine their physical properties, and then identify them using the chart.

Fill this in well. This is a major grade.

Page 43: What is a Mineral pages 103-114 the building blocks of rocks Minerals of Earth’s Crust.

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