What is an Antiproton? What is an Antiproton?
Keith Gollwitzer
Antiproton Source Department
Accelerator Division
Fermilab
8 August 2009
What is an Antiproton?What is an Antiproton?
• Government issued Webster’s Dictionary:– “The antiparticle of the proton”
• Antiparticle definition “subatomic particle having the same mass, average lifetime, spin, magnitude of magnetic moment but opposite direction, magnitude of electric charge but opposite sign, opposite intrinsic parity”
• What about “Antimatter”?– “Matter made from antiparticles”
• What is a Pbar?– Shortened name for Antiproton based upon symbol
used in physics– Over-line or bar above symbol means “anti”
p for proton
p for antiproton
• So what are protons?– With neutrons form
different atomic nuclei• Simplest is Hydrogen
nucleus of a single proton
– Made up of quarks (up and down)
• Proton is uud• Neutron is ddu
• Antiproton is uud– Antiquarks
Matter and AntimatterMatter and Antimatter• Matter
– Plentiful and “free” by separating hydrogen components • 13.6eV to ionize electron from proton
• Antimatter – Scarce in nature
• Created by cosmic rays interacting with the atmosphere. – The original “Fixed Target” experiment
• Positrons are by product of normal everyday radioactivity
• Particle & Antiparticle when they met --- annihilate – Who first informed us of this?
Where else Antimatter recently?Where else Antimatter recently?• Dan Brown’s Angels & Demons
• We will come back to this later• Move back to reality and what Fermilab does
History: Particle CollisionsHistory: Particle Collisions
• Originally studied Cosmic Ray Particles Cosmic rays are energetic
• No human control of energy, type, when
– Detection done at high altitudes
– Discovered many types of particles that are not everyday matter
• Accelerators allow control of collisions– Allowed study of many new
particles• Some with masses greater
than the initial particles
Fermilab CollisionsFermilab Collisions• Fixed Target
– In the Fixed Target mode, ½ of the experiment is at rest.
– The other ½ is moving at high energy.
– There is a big “relativistic” penalty to be paid because of the conservation of momentum.
• Collider Mode– In the Collider mode, two particles
of equal mass and energy travel directly at each other.
– The total momentum of the system is zero, so there is no “relativistic” penalty to be paid.
– Most of the energy goes directly into making new particles.
2targetbeamCM 2 cmEE
beamCM 2EE
Particle AccelerationParticle Acceleration
• A charged particle will be accelerated by a voltage potential.– Opposite charges attract.
• One electron Volt (eV) is the energy gained by an electron (or any particle of unit charge) when it is accelerated through a potential of 1 Volt.
+
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To Higher EnergiesTo Higher Energies
Scientific PrefixesK (kilo) 1,000
M (mega) 1,000,000
G (giga) 1,000,000,000
T (tera) 1,000,000,000,000TeVatron accelerates beam to nearly 1 trillion electron Volts
Batteries are 1Volt per inch
A trillion inches is 15.8 million miles
First Stage of the AccelerationFirst Stage of the Acceleration• Crockoft-Walton Accelerator
– Can be thought of as a 750,000V DC voltage source.– The maximum voltage is limited by how much the air
can “stand-off” before sparking.
Second Stage of AccelerationSecond Stage of Acceleration
• A linear accelerator (LINAC)
.sec0t
.secv
Lt
.secv
L2t
Drift Tube LinacDrift Tube Linac
SynchrotronsSynchrotrons• The Fermilab Linac is 130
meters long and reaches an energy of 400 MeV (1 million Volts per foot)
• To get to 980 billion volts, a Linac would have to be
– 200 miles long at 1 million Volts per foot
• What about using the Linac over and over?
– The drift tube spacing at the beginning of the Linac would be wrong for higher energy particles
• But a Synchrotron could be used!
– Dipoles are used to bend particles
– Quadrupoles are used to focus particles
– RF cavities are used to accelerate particles
Dipole MagnetsDipole Magnets• Dipole magnets
are used to bend the particle’s path
• The magnet body confines or concentrates the magnetic field
• The pole faces shape the magnetic field
Quadrupole MagnetsQuadrupole Magnets• Quadrupoles are needed for
focusing particles• Not all the particles are on the
“perfect” orbit.– If the particle is on the right
orbit – don’t bend.– If the particle is on the inside
– bend to the outside.– If the particle is on the outside
– bend to the inside.
Pre-AccPre-Acc
First stage of acceleration
Start with Hydrogen Bottle
Final Energy = 750KeV
LinacLinac
Final Energy of 400MeV
Booster RingBooster RingFinal Energy of
8GeV
Uses combined function magnets
Main Injector RingMain Injector RingFinal Energy of 150GeV
2 mile circumference
Upper ring is the Recycler
Tevatron RingTevatron RingFinal Energy of
980GeV
4 mile circumference
Uses cryogenic superconducting
dipoles
Fixed Target Beam LinesFixed Target Beam Lines
Fixed Target program hasrun at 800GeV and currently at 120GeV
Neutrino Program runs at two different energies
8GeV and 120GeV
Antiproton SourceAntiproton Source
120GeV protons from Main Injector hit (fixed) production target.
Antiproton Source beam lines and rings capture and collect 8GeV pbars
8GeV pbars are sent to the rest of accelerator complex to be injected into the Tevatron for the collider program
The Antiproton Target StationThe Antiproton Target Station
3
Tar
get
Li L
ens
Pul
sed
Mag
net
29 cm 81cmB
efor
e
Aft
er
Nickel Alloywith air cooling
through the copper disks
The Antiproton Target StationThe Antiproton Target Station
3
Tar
get
Li L
ens
Pul
sed
Mag
net
29 cm 81cm
““Hot” BeamHot” Beam• The pbars leave the target at a wide range of energies,
positions, and angles.• This randomness is equivalent to temperature. The pbar
beam is “hot” coming off the target.– This “hot” beam will have a difficult time fitting into a beam pipe of
reasonable dimensions.– Also, this “hot” beam is very diffuse and not very “bright”. Bright
beams are needed in the collider in order to increase the odds that the particles collide with particles in the other beam
• Stochastic cooling is a technique that is used to remove the randomness of the “hot” beam on a particle by particle basis.
Stochastic CoolingStochastic Cooling• Stochastic cooling uses feedback• A pickup electrode measures an
“error” signal for a given pbar. – This error signal could be the
pbar’s position or energy– The pickup signal can be
extremely small, on the order of 1pW
– The Debuncher pickups are cooled to 4 Kelvin to reduce the effect of thermal noise and 300 Kelvin “shine”
• This signal is processed and amplified– The gain of the Debuncher
systems is about 150 dB• The opposite of the error signal is
applied to the pbar at the kicker– The kicker signal can be as large
as 2 kW
Stochastic Cooling PickupsStochastic Cooling Pickups
Stacking Cycle - DebuncherStacking Cycle - Debuncher• Every 2.2 seconds
– 8 x 1012 (8 trillion) 120GeV protons onto target
– Beam line transfers negatively charged 8GeV particles to the Debuncher
• Other particles decay or radiate away in a few turns
• Beam circulates every 1.6 microseconds
– 0.0000016 seconds
– 2.5 x 108 (250 million) 8GeV pbars circulate in the Debuncher
• Stochastic cooling reduces the phase space by a factor of ten
– Transfer all pbars to the Accumulator
Stacking Cycle - AccumulatorStacking Cycle - Accumulator• RF system decelerates from
injection to deposition orbit• Stochastic Cooling
• 2-4 GHz stacktail– Pushes and compresses
beam into the core
• 2-4 & 4-8 GHz core momentum– Gathers beam from the
stacktail
• 4-8 GHz transverse slotted waveguide pickups
– Increase particle density by factor of 5000
– Factor of 3-5 decrease in both transverse phase space dimensions
Cyan = After injection before RF captureGreen = After RF is turned off
• Accumulation rate of 2.5 x 1011 (250 billion) antiprotons per hour
• When reach 4 x 1011 (400 billion) pbars, transfer beam out of the Accumulator to the Main Injector into the Recycler Ring for storage until needed for the Tevatron collider program
• Most number of antiprotons that have been on site at Fermilab at one time (Accumulator, Recycler and Tevatron)– 6 x 1012 (6 trillion) pbars
• 10pg = 0.000 000 000 01grams
• In 2008 produced – 1400 trillion pbars (2.3ng)
p
ppp
pp
Total Antiprotons at FermilabTotal Antiprotons at Fermilab
Using AntiprotonsUsing Antiprotons•Antiprotons are collected in Recycler Ring at 8GeV for a day
•Then antiprotons are sent in 36 batches to Main Injector to be accelerated to 150GeV
•Antiprotons are transferred to the Tevatron which already has 36 proton batches
•Both beams are accelerated to 980GeV
Tevatron ColliderTevatron Collider• Two beams in one
accelerator going in opposite directions!– Electrostatic separators
keep beams on different helical orbits during acceleration
• Bring beams into collisions by collapsing helix orbits at desired interaction points– Middle of detectors
Angels & DemonsAngels & Demons + Antiprotons + Antiprotons
• Page of “Facts” in a book of fiction
• Antimatter exists
• 0.25 grams of antimatter mixed with 0.25 grams of matter would produce an explosion equivalent Hiroshima (wipe out the Vatican)
Angels & DemonsAngels & Demons + Antiprotons + Antiprotons• Can easily produce 0.25 grams of
antimatter– Fact: Fermilab is the world leader for
producing antiprotons/antimatter– It would take 100 million years
• Can easily transport that much antimatter– Fact: Fermilab’s bottles are over 6
miles of rings
• It would cost a lot
g
kgg
pbarkg
hrpbars
hrMWMW/102940$
1000107.1102
/50$20 *12
2711
*2940 trillion $ ~ 420 x U.S. GNP
Antimatter UsesAntimatter Uses• Scientific Studies
– Laboratories use antimatter to collide with matter– Study why no antimatter today
• Applications– Example is Positron Emission Tomography (PET Scans)
• Not Spaceships
SafetySafetyYou will be on tours in different areas
– Including into the Antiproton Source tunnel
• No smoking, eating or drinking in the tunnel enclosure
• Please be careful on the stairs and walking
– Edges of components and cables do stick out
Tunnel is hot – 90oF!
TodayToday
Enjoy your time at Fermilab
Please take pictures
Please ask questions
Hope that you have learned a little about antiprotons, particle accelerators and what goes on at Fermilab