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Mira K DesaiAssociate Professor
University Department of Extension EducationS.N.D.T. Women’s University
Juhu Campus, Mumbai
Communication & Communication Studies:What is it?
Agenda for Today
Communication as a process and productCommunication for Media CommunicationYour individual SELF in communicationCommunication as a communicatorCommunication as a receiverCommunication as a discipline
FEELING
THINKING
UNDERSTANDINGWords have Meanings.
Meanings create world.
EXPRESSIN
GLOOKING
What is Communication?
Reality
Product
Facts, Opinions,
Emotions, Ideas…
Ideology Technology Process
Interaction Exchange
What is Media?
Reality
Product
Historical
Context
Ideology Technology Process
RepresentationCapitalandInstitutions
Elements/Process of Communication
= Noise
SENDER RECEIVERMESSAGECHANNEL
FEEDBACK
Context
Types of Communication
Intra-personal (self)Inter-personal (other)
Group (others)Mass (many groups)
Personal-InformalPublic-Formal
VocalNon-vocal
WrittenOral
DirectMediated
On-line
Off-line
Audio-visual AudioVisual
One-wayTwo-way
ParticipatoryUpward
DownwardHorizontal Vertical
Scope of Communication
MASS
GROUPINTERPERSONAL
Communication…?!
SOCIETY- Mass
MASS- Many GroupsInstitutional/Organisational
GROUP- With a group of peopleINTRA GROUP- Within a group
INTERPERSONAL- Between two peopleINTRAPERSONAL- Self as communicator
Functions of Communication
InformationInstructionEntertainmentPersuasionDebate and discussionCultural promotionIntegration
Types of Media
GroupMass
Personal-Private
PublicOn-line
Off-line
Folk- Proverbs, Songs, Theatre, DancesPrint- Newspapers, Magazines, Small print
Electronic- TV, RadioNew- Internet, Mobile
OralWritten
Audio Visual
ConvergentIndoor
Outdoor
COMMONs for Mass Media
Address different sensesApproach ‘MASS’Provide Information and/or EducationEntertain peopleTechnology/InfrastructureInstitutionsDifficulty of ‘modification’Economics of ‘buying’ and ‘selling’
CommunicationTransmission View
Communication links the ways messages are transmitted and received via technology with the composition of these messages (or more broadly, as communicative relationships), and with the analysis of the effects of these communicative acts.
Ritual viewCommunication is a
central daily ritual that helps form and sustain communities.
Approaches to Communication
TRANSMISSION‘imparting,’ ‘sending,’ ‘transmitting,’ or ‘getting information to others”
‘not toward the extension of messages in space’
‘not the act of imparting information’
RITUAL’sharing’, ‘participation’, ‘association’, ‘fellowship’, and ‘the possession of a common faith’‘toward the maintenance of society in time’‘the representation of shared beliefs’
Ritual View of Communication
SENDER
RECEIVER
MEANING
John Dewey (1859 – 1952) There is more than a verbal tie between the
words common, community, and communication. Men live in a community in virtue of the things which they have in common; and communication is the way in which they come to possess things in common. What they must have in common . . . are aims, beliefs, aspirations, knowledge, a common understanding– likemindedness as sociologists say. Such things cannot be passed physically from one to another like bricks; they cannot be shared as persons would share a pie by dividing it into physical pieces .... Consensus demands communication. (Dewey, 1916: 5-6).
Marshall McLuhan (1911-1980)
Global VillageMedia as technological extension of human body.When you are on the phone or on the air, you have no body.People don’t actually read newspapers. They step into them every morning like a hot bath.News, far more than art, is artifact.All advertising advertises advertising.
James Carey (1934-2006)Communication as Culture“Communication is a symbolic process whereby REALITY is produced, maintained, repaired and transformed”.“social life is more than power and trade ... it also includes the sharing of this that experience, the religious ideas, personal values and the sentiments, and intellectual notions -- a ritual border”
Source: James Carey. A Cultural Approach To Communication. Routledge, York, N.Y., 1989.
Effects of Telegraph….Carey Ch-8
Facilitated growth of monopoly capitalism and imperialism (electric goods industry, centralized control across space)Inspired popular imagery combining peace and harmony with power and profit.Marked watershed in communication (separated communication from transportation, basis for transmission model)Influenced journalism (objectivity) and language (telegraphic style)Changed the meaning of time (standard time zones, time as frontier) and space (national commodities markets, geographically dispersed markets)
Effects of Communication Technologies…..Carey (Contd.)
MYTHS (future reality)Democracy, FreedomPeace, BrotherhoodEnlightenment
REALITYCentralization of
PowerImpersonalizati
onStandardization
Transmission vesus RitualTRANSMISSION
Transportation Sender & Receiver Sent & Received Receiver ‘gets it’ Accuracy of
transmission Influence across
space
RITUALo Ceremonyo Participantso Created and Recreatedo Shared experience o Sense of communityo Community across
time
Metaphor- Role of participants- Role of meaning- Success criterion- Basic function
INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION
SELF & OTHER in Interpersonal Communication
Non-vocal CommunicationSIGNALS: attract attention & transfer, Device to formulate extrinsic meaningSIGNS: meaning of intrinsic nature, Has Form-Setting-Colour-Location contextsSYMBOLS: abstraction made rooted in society/cultureICONS: Group/cluster of interactive symbolsGESTURES/Kinesics/Body languagePROXEMICS: ways of communication across cultures about use of time and space as well as body positions and other factors
Non-verbal communication in Interpersonal CommunicationGesturePostureFacial expressionProximityAppearanceOrientationAroma/smell
Head/hand movements Body contact/touchEye movement/contact
VOICE related elements: PitchPaceRateQualityLaughter/yelling etc.Silence
Construction of SelfEnculturation and indoctrination (Background and bring up)Institutional influences: Family, Schools, Media, Caste-Community-Society, Religion….Self awareness and effortsSupport of Others
Dimensions/Positions of Self
CasteClassReligionGenderEducationGeography …………………………
Self Esteem
Scholastic competenceAthletic competenceSocial acceptanceBehavioural conductPhysical appearance
Making of ‘Self’Self-confidenceMaturityExpectationEmotionsAmbitionAnalytical abilities
PersonalityPotentialities/StrengthsLikes/DislikesWeaknessesAttitudes Beliefs
Personality typesSensing: Sense the surroundingsThinking: Analyses the situationIntuitive: Depend on the gut feelingFeeling: Feel and fun for everything
Effective Self Communication
Looking-Seeing-Watching
We most often LOOKOccasionally we SEEThere are times that we WATCHRarely that we REGISTERIt is only at times that we UNDERSTANDIts only after EXPERIENCE that it makes SENSE to us.
Process of ‘Listening’ HearingFocusing on the messageComprehending-Understanding-InterpretingAnalysing and EvaluatingResponding and NOT ReactingRemembering……..remembering……..remembering
Effective FeedbackFocus on specific behavioursKeep it impersonalKeep it goal orientedMake it well timedEnsure understandingGive it direct towards behaviour that is controllable by the recipient
Human Intelligences* Linguistic : words, languageLogical/mathematical: relation of objectsSpatial: mind’s eyeMusical: comprehension/production of soundBodily/kinesthetic: using bodyInter-personal: knowing ‘others’Intra-personal: knowing ‘self’
* Gardner H (1993) Multiple Intelligences: The theory in practice, Basic Books, New York.
DISCIPLINE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication: Discipline…?!
Communication Science/StudiesJournalism Mass Communication/Media StudiesCulture & CommunicationMedia & Entertainment- Film, Music, New media, Outdoor, Gaming, Advertising “Journalism & Mass Communication”
Communication Science “a science which seeks to understand
the production, processing, and effects of symbol and signal systems by developing testable theories, containing lawful generalisations, that explain phenomenon associated with production, processing and effects”
Berger C R & S H Chaffee (1987: 17) The study of communication as science in Berger C R & S H Chaffee (ed.) Handbook of Communication Science, p-15-19, Sage, Beverly Hills.
Media Analysis of History
The Tribal Age- Oral culture, Multisensory involvement, Holistic-intuitive thinkingThe Age of Literacy- Writing, The line becomes organising principle, Logic emergesThe Print Age- “Guttenberg Galaxy” The eye becomes the dominant sense, Linear thinking- IndividualismThe Electronic Thinking- “Global Village”, TV dominant medium, multisensory involvement, Retribalization, Decline of logic and linearity
Media & Entertainment Industry…??!!
Advertising {OOH, Direct marketing, PR…}Broadcast, Cable, DTH, IPTVFilmed EntertainmentPrint- Newspapers, MagazinesPublishing- BooksRadioUpcoming convergent platforms- Mobile and telecom, Gaming, Internet & Social networking….
Media Sector Avenues
Mass Media:Print: Newspapers & Magazines
RadioTV
Films
Other Media:Publishing: BooksMobile & Telecom
InternetOutdoors & Events
AdvertisingActing
JournalismPublic relations
Graphics-GamingBeauty & Make Up
Art & DesignComputer Animation
FitnessFood
Transport
Media in India means…Public Service Broadcasting by Doordarshan and All India Radio700+ Television channels & 300 FM radio and 100+ community radio stationsRNI registered no of newspapers, as on 31st March, 2008: 69,323 1132 features produced in 2007 (total of US+China+Japan in 2008) 1250 productions (2010) in 13000 Cinema hallsEmerging markets of mobiles & Internet
Mass Communication: MapCULTUREPOPULAR orMASS
AUDIENCES/ EFFECTS
STRUCTURES• POLITICAL• ECONOMIC• SOCIAL•TECHNOLOGICAL
ORGANISATIONS• MARKET• FAMILY• MEDIA• STATE/GOVERNMENT
TRADITIONS* STRUCTURAL: Sociology, History, Politics, Law, Economics* BEHAVIOURAL: Psychology, Social psychological, * CULTURAL: Humanities, Anthropology, Linguistics
MEDIA CONTENT/
TEXT
MEDIA INSTITUTIONS
LOCATION: Local-Global, Micro-Macro, Intra-Inter-Group-within groups-Mass