WHAT IS G.I.S.WHAT IS G.I.S.

www.malaysiagis.com

DEFINITATION ACCORDING:DEFINITATION ACCORDING:

• application

– acts as a problem solving solution

– example: water pollution, traffic, land management

• toolbox

– emphasize on the generic aspect of GIS in it’s definition

– always used by vendors to maximize their market share

GIS: OLD AND NEWGIS: OLD AND NEW

Traditional GIS

MAP TYPEWRITERMANUAL DRAFING TOOLS

New GIS

COMPUTER PLOTTER CD-ROM

THE NEED FOR GISTHE NEED FOR GIS

• the real world has a lot of spatial data– manipulation, analysis and modeling can be

effective and efficiently carried out with a GIS• the neighborhood of the intended purchase of house• the route for fire-fighting vehicles to the fire area• location of historical sites to visit• the earth surface for purposes of army

• the earth surface is a limited resource• rational decisions on space utilization• fast and quality information in decision making

... THE NEED FOR GIS... THE NEED FOR GIS

complexity of management– due to the need to combine and process many

sets of data, in addition to judge as many as possible, situation that might happen.

intense competition– the need to use technology in making decisions

and strategy in the world of intense competition.

TABULAR DATA?

OR MAP?

DATA VISUALISATIONDATA VISUALISATION

YOUR CHOICE:

State Population (1991)Johor 2,074,297Kedah 1,304,800Kelantan 1,181,680Melaka 504,502

X

ZY

10 11 12

3

4

5

SO

UT

H

EAST

WHERE IS OBJECT X?

ANSWER: X = 3B SOUTH, 12B EAST

WHAT CAN BE FOUND AT A CERTAIN LOCATION ?

EXAMPLE: What can be found at 5B SOUTH, 11B EAST?

ANSWER: Y

LOCATIONLOCATION

ATTRIBUTE QUESTION:

1. ATTIRUBUTE EXPLAINATION

EXAMPLE: WHAT IS THE ATTRIBUTE FOR ITEM 2?

2. WHERE A CERTAIN SENARIO MIGHT HAPPEN?

EXAMPLE: WHO HAS THE HIGHEST QUALITY OF MINERALS ?

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

3. SELECTION OF AN AREA (ACCORDING TO RULES)

EXAMPLE: WHICH ITEM HAS

a) AREA >40,000 HECTARE

b) OWNER: NOT SILIMA

c) TAX CODEI: B

d) MINERAL QUALITY: TINGGI

NO. AREA (HECTARE) OWNER TAX CODE MINERAL QUALITY

1 100,000 TALATU B HIGH

2 50,100 BRAUDO A MEDIUM

3 90,900 BRAUDO B LOW

4 40,800 ANUNKU A LOW

5 120,200 SILIMA B HIGH

….QUESTION: RELATIONAL DATABASE

QUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIPQUESTION: PATTERN AND RELATIONSHIP

X

X

X

YY

Y

Z

Z

Z

Z

1. IS OBJECT X IN THE PATTERN?

YES, IN THE FORM OF LINE, FROM NORTHWEST TO SOUTHEAST

IN THE FORM OF A LINE

2. IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN X AND Y?

YES, Y IS ALWAYS NEAR WITH X

3. WHAT OTHER SPATIAL PATTERN EXIST?

OBJECT Z IS ALWAYS NEAR THE BORDERS AND ITS SIZE INCREASES FROM LEFT TO RIGHT

TREND QUESTIONTREND QUESTION

A

BC

A B

DC

1980 19901. WHAT ARE THE CHANGES FOR A,B AND C FROM 1980 TO 1990?

A: INCREASE IN SIZE

B: DECREASE SIZE AND CHANGE IN LOCATION

C: CHANGES IN SHAPE

2. WHAT HAS CHANGED SINCE 1980?

A AND B HAVE CHANGES IN SIZE

LOCATION B CHANGES

C CHANGES SHAPE

ADDITION OF ITEM D

GIS BENEFITSGIS BENEFITS

• improves/enhances the effects of physical/environmental growth

• better management of resources• adding new value-added services

BENEFITS OF GISBENEFITS OF GIS

• perform analysis on spatial and non spatial components

• fast recall of data

• ability for complex analysis

• recalling of non spatial data through object location

• display of information in a different light/view

• multiple scenario in planning can be performed easily

InformationSystem

InformationSystem

Non-spatialInformation

Systems

SpatialInformation

Systems

SpatialInformation

Systems

ManagementInformation

Systems

GeographicInformation

Systems

GeographicInformation

Systems

OtherTypes

(CAD/CAM)

GIS COMPONENT (I)GIS COMPONENT (I)• hardware

– computers to run software– other related software

• software– computer program to process data

• custom-written software• generic programs are more popular

• data– processed for information retrieval– most costly compared with hardware and software– longer life span– at times, have legal value

GIS COMPONENT (II)GIS COMPONENT (II)

• institution– individual and organisation that uses or

implements GIS– critical components - decides the success of

implementation• need for GIS professional to analyze, research,

design complex GIS systems• difficult to change humans to adapt with new

technology– always overlooked

GIS SUBSYSTEM (I)GIS SUBSYSTEM (I)

• data acquisition– define, entry and preliminary processing data– digitizer, scanner, survey equipment, etc.

• data management– control existence, update, recall and deletion of

data – database management system

GIS SUBSYSTEM (II)GIS SUBSYSTEM (II)

• analysis of data – generation of information from data achieves– spatial analysis software– value of GIS depends on the analytic functions it

provides• information output

– generated information conveyed to the users– information managed by computers can be

plotted, printed or exported into other systems.

GIS

USES

VARIOUS DATASOURCES

VARIOUS DATAFORMATS

AND

MAPS IMAGEDIGITAL

PRODUCTSGPS

TEXTDATA

TABULARDATA

MAPS

DATABASE

REPORTS

1

2

4 43

GIS APPLICATION (I)GIS APPLICATION (I)

• environment– management of natural resources

• land, forest, marine, etc.– monitoring/control of environmental pollution– environment impact study

• infrastructure– transport and irrigation management and

maintenance– utility management and maintenance

• electric, water, gas, telephone, etc.

GIS APPLICATION (II)GIS APPLICATION (II)

• socio-economy– town and country planning– monitoring of population migration– disperse of resources/services

• clinics, schools, etc• military

– land form visualisation– visibility analysis

GIS USAGEGIS USAGE• Data recall

Land Ownership

MAJLIS DAERAH KULAI

Geomdk_id: 252

Area: 147: 147.477900

Geodmk_: 640

Account_no: A0546142

Owner: LAM MEE WONG

No_k_p: 2224567

Bangsa: CINA

Address: 142, JLN. BERJASA, TMN. TIMUR,

KULAI, JOHOR

Poscode: 81000

No_geran: GM 125

No_lot: PTD 12201

Area: BANDAR KULAI

Mukim: SENAI-KULAI

Holding: BEBAS

Usage: KEDIAMAN

Floors: 01

Assesment: 89000.00

Rate: 0.25

Tax: 222.50

• Modeling– predict information from data within the GIS using a certain model

Population Density

Year 2010

- High

- Medium

- Low