MATERIAL SCIENCE
K.VIKNESH B.E-MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGSNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHTREND ID:4199
M.VIJAY B.E-MECHANICAL ENGINEERINGSNS COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY
TECHTREND ID:4200
-An Interdisciplinary field of science
INTRODUCTION
MATERIALS
STRUCTURES
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING
MATERIALS IN RESEARCH
MATERIALS IN INDUSTRIES
RELATION TO OTHER FIELDS
CONCLUTION
Materials science evolved starting from the 1960s
An interdisciplinary of science.
It incorporates the element of physics and chemistry.
It is study of properties of solid materials and their compositions.
It is the forefront of Nano science ,forensic engineering and Nano technology research.
MATERIAL SCIENCE
MATERIALS A Material is defined as a substance that is intended to be used for certain
applications
There are myriad of materials around us.
New and advance materials that are being developed including semiconductors, nanomaterial , biomaterials etc.
Materials can be divided into two classes:i. Crystalline materialsii. Non-crystalline materials
Studying the structure of materials
Relating them to their properties.
study the relative performance
Processed into its final form.
These characteristics, taken together and related through the laws of thermodynamics and kinetics
STRUCTURES
Structure is one of the most important components in the field of materials science.
Materials science examines the structure of materials from the atomic scale, all the way up to the macro scale.
Characterization is the way by which scientists examine the structure of a materials. This involves techniques such as diffraction with x-rays, electrons, or neutrons, and
various forms of spectroscopy and chemical analysis such as Raman spectroscopy, chromatography, thermal analysis and electron microscope analysis
Structures are studied at different levels such as:
Atomistic structure
Nano structure
Micro structure
Macro structure
ATOMISTIC STRUCTURE
This deals with the atoms of the materials, and how they are arranged to give molecules, crystals, etc.
Much of the electrical, magnetic and chemical properties of materials arise from this level of structure.
The length scales involved are in angstroms (0.1 nm).
NANO STRUCTURE Nanostructure deals with objects and structures that are in the 1—
100 nm range.
This leads to many interesting electrical, magnetic, optical and mechanical properties.
In describing nanostructures it is necessary to differentiate between the numbers of dimensions on the Nano scale.
One dimension on the Nano scale, i.e.,( only thickness). Two dimensions on the Nano scale, i.e., (the diameter of tube and its length Three dimensions on the Nano scale, i.e.( in each spatial dimension.)
The term 'nanostructure' is often used when referring to magnetic technology.
Nano scale structure in biology is often called ultrastructure. Materials whose atoms/molecules form constituents in the Nano scale (i.e., they form nanostructure) are called nanomaterial. Nano materials are subject of intense research in the materials science community due to the unique properties that they exhibit.
Due to Nano materials, a new technology known as Nano technology has been formed.
MICRO STRUCTURE
(Microstructure of pearlite)
Microstructure is defined as the structure of material as revealed by a microscope above 25× magnification.
It deals with objects in from 100 nm to few cm.
The microstructure of a material can strongly influence physical properties
Most of the traditional materials (such as metals and ceramics) are micro structured. A Crystalline Material will contain defects such as precipitates, grain boundaries ,
interstitial atoms, vacancies or substitutional atoms. The microstructure of materials reveals these defects, so that they can be studied and defects can be removed.
MACRO STRUCTURE
Macrostructure is the appearance of a material in the scale millimeters to meters
It is the structure of the material as we can seen with the naked eye.
It deals with the entire property of the material
i. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
ii. CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
iii. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES
iv. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
v. THERMAL PROPERTIES
vi. OPTICAL PROPERTIES
Materials exhibit a myriad of properties.
The important properties of materials are as follows:
PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS
CRYSTALLOGRAPHY Crystallography is the science that examines the arrangement of atoms in
crystalline solids.
Crystallography is a useful tool for materials scientists.
Mostly, materials do not occur as a single crystal, but in poly-crystalline form.
But, there are some important materials that do not exhibit regular crystal structure such as polymers and glasses
The study of polymers which combines elements of chemical and statistical thermodynamics to give thermodynamic as well as mechanical descriptions of physical properties.
Crystal structure of a perovskite with a chemical formula ABX3
SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING
It involves the creation of a materials with the desired micro/nanostructure.
From an engineering standpoint, a materials cannot be used in industry if no economical manufacturing method for it has
been developed.
Thus the processing of materials is very important to the field of materials science.
Different materials require different processing/synthesis techniques.
the processing of metals has historically been very important as is studied under the branch of materials science known
as physical metallurgy.
Also, chemical and physical techniques are also used to synthesis other materials such as polymers, ceramics, thin films, etc.
Currently, new techniques are being developed to synthesis nanomaterial such as graphene.
MATERIALS IN RESEARCH
Materials science has received much attention from researchers.
In many universities, in addition to materials science departments many departments physics , chemistry and chemical engineering are also involved in materials research.
Research in materials science is vibrant and consists of many avenues.
The following highlights certain some important research areas:
a) Nano materialsb) Biomaterialsc) Electronic, optical and magnetic materialsd) Computational materials science and science theory
NANO MATERIALS
A microscopic view of carbon Nano bundles
Nano materials are measured between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10−9 meter) but is usually 1—100 nm.
Nano materials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology(micro fabrication research).
Materials with structure at the Nano scale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. Examples of nanomaterial include fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, Nano crystals, etc.
BIOMATERIALS A biomaterial is any matter, surface or construction that interacts with biological systems.
The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science.
Biomaterials science encompasses elements of medicine, biology, chemistry, tissue engineering and materials science.
Biomaterials can be derived either from nature or synthesized in the laboratory using a variety of
chemical approaches utilizing metallic components, polymers, ceramics and composite materials.
They are often used and/or adapted for a medical application
Negative index Meta material
ELECTRONIC, OPTICAL AND MAGNETIC MATERIALS
Semiconductors, metals and ceramics are used today to form highly complex systems such as integrated electronic circuits, optical electronic devices and magnetic and optical mass storage media.
These materials form the basis of our modern computing world
Semiconductors are a traditional example of these type of material.
They are materials that have properties that are intermediate between conductors and insulators
Increase in computing power, simulating the behavior of materials has become possible.
This enables materials scientists to discovery properties of materials previously unknown, as well as to design new materials. This involves simulating materials at all length scales, using methods such as density functional theory, molecular dynamics, etc.
COMPUTATIONAL MATERIALS SCIENCE AND SCIENCE THEORY
CONCLUTION
The field of materials science and engineering is important for both scientific perspective as well as for an engineer
Hence there is lot science to be discovered when working with materials .
Thus, material science is becoming utmost important in an engineer’s education.
Thank you!
