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What is Ec/Io (and Eb/No)?

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Best Practices)

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What is Antenna Electrical and

Mechanical Tilt (and How to use it)?


What is Retransmission, ARQ and HARQ?

What is MIMO?

New technologies are increasingly present in our lives, evolving towards modern - and complicated -

networks!

To enable this 'Revolution', new techniques must be developed, and existing ones need to be improved.

Here in telecomHall 'Course' we'll talk about these techniques, as always trying to explain each subject in

the simplest possible way, allowing to understand how these innovations may have become reality.

We begin today with: MIMO. Have you heard?

Even if you already know, we invite you to read this brief summary we prepared to you.

Note: All telecomHall articles are originally written in Portuguese. Following we translate to English and

Spanish. As our time is short, maybe you find some typos (sometimes we just use the automatic

translator, with only a final and 'quick' review). We apologize and we have an understanding of our

effort. If you want to contribute translating / correcting of these languages, or even creating and

publishing your tutorials, please contact us: contact.

SISO, MISO, SIMO

Before we talk specifically about MIMO, let's know, or remember what it also means SISO, SIMO and

MISO.

Although it may sound like some sort of lock tongues, in fact these letters correspond to different types

of a radio channel use. That is, refer to the access modes of the radio channel, any transmitting and

receiving system.

Let's start with SISO - "Single Input, Single Output ', as this model more intuitive. As the name implies,

we only have one input in the radio channel, and only one output.

In the figure below is easier to understand: we use a Transmitter (TX) to transmit data through a single

antenna, and receive it in the Receiver (RX), also through a single antenna.

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When the system has multiple inputs and only one output, we have MISO - 'Multiple Input, Single

Output'.

In this case we have multiple entries, and only one output.

Note: in practice, we can have more than one antenna. Just to simplify the demonstration we will limit

ourselves to a maximum of two antennas in the illustrations.

Remember we are talking about the radio channel, the figure below helps to better understand this

nomenclature.

So pretty much opposed to MISO, we also have SIMO - 'Single Input, Multiple Output'.

MIMO

Once this nomenclature is understood, we can talk about MIMO.

As mentioned, although in practice we may have multiple antennas at the transmitter and multiple

antennas at the receiver, we're representing our system with only two antennas on each side.

At first glance, and comparing with the previous access, MIMO seems to be simple, but unfortunately it's

not.

Its operation is much more complex than the others: we now have multiple inputs and multiple outputs.

The biggest challenge is how to recover the original information correctly?


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See illustration of a more realistic scenario, showing what happens in practice.

Although more complex, it brings is a huge performance gain, or spectrum use efficiency, as discussed

below.

And again, the way MIMO works, with its variations, is very complex. We will try to show here just simply

how it works, that is, as is possible.

A good analogy to learn the concept of MIMO is to imagine that we have two 'mouths' and use the two

mouths t o ask someone:

'How old are you?'

Note that we use 'four' words. As we have two mouths, we can use one to say 'How old' and and

another - at the same time - to 'are you'.

With two mouths talking at the same time, if the other person's ears are well cleaned, and it's a smart

person, he/she'll be able to understand.

That is, we speak 'four words' in the 'same time' that we would speak 'two words'.

What does this mean? In terms of data, assume that each word has 100 KB. So we're sending 400 KB.

But since we are transmitting two streams in parallel, each with a piece of data. That is, we pass the

400 KB in half the time it would take to transmit typically with a stream.

Simply put, this is what makes MIMO possible, and enables attaining high rates of 300 to 600 Mbps!

Thus, MIMO is used to improve wireless access in a large number of applications. Several access

standards such as LTE, WiMax, HSPA and WiFi use this gain to achieve the significant improvements that

each one has.

And now we have a concept that seems to be against everything we learned: MIMO is based on

interference at line of sight (LOS), ie, the signal path between the station and mobile.

To MIMO present some advantage, we need a good diversity in the signal.


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In other words, anything that interferes with the signal path such as buildings, cars, people, etc.. are

actually contributing to the overall system efficiency, and effectiveness of MIMO applications.

The diversity of the signal - that doesn't take a direct path between the transmitter - once viewed as a

problem, is now making it possible for t he data streams to be combined and recovered!

As seen in the analogy above, MIMO allows the sending of more than one stream of data on a single

channel. It effectively doubles the speed that he have on that channel - considering the use of two

antennas.

But okay, how does it work?

In the past, DSP's, or Digital Signal Processors were very hard to be developed, due to a lot of past

limitations. Currently however, DSP development have evolved a lot - and are still evolving. This kind of

processors today are very powerful, able to recover our transmitted signal when it arrives at the

receiver at different time intervals.

The DSP's then have the responsibility to take the data, 'separate' in different parts, send each part via

different antennas, at the same time, at th same channel. And do the reverse process at the receiver.

The result is obvious: we are able to send a certain amount of data in half the time it would normally

take.

Each antenna has its own stream of data, both in transmission and reception. In the end, then we have

the data received.

Remember, the Multipath varies according to location, and this variation is very dynamic - difficult to

predict. Still, the multipath makes it possible for the receiving antenna to differentiate between data

that was transmitted on the same channel at the same time.

OFDM

Then enter the access via OFDM - 'Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing'. Let's talk more about this

type of multiplexing / access in another tutorial, but OFDM is very important to MIMO for new

generations of cellular technologies.

It is easier if we make a comparison.

In a single carrier systems have symbols (or 'pieces of information') transmitted over broadband, each

transmitted sequentially, and for a relatively short period of time.


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Symbols transmitted in Series

Broadband

Short Symbol Period

In the OFDM symbols are transmitted in parallel, each using a relatively very narrow spectrum. However,

each symbol is transmitted by a much greater period of time!

Symbols transmitted in Parallel

Narrow Band

Long Symbol Period

This scenario represents an advantage in signal reception, since it is much easier for the receiver to

check each of the symbols - even if they suffer some degradation - because they are transmitted over a

much longer period.

In wideband transmission, during the short time interval in which each symbol is transmitted, we may

have problems with data loss, making it difficult to recover information. If there is interference in the

signal, a significant part of it can be degraded and may end up making it impossible to receive certain

symbols (pieces of information) correctly.


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In the OFDM, while the bandwidth is narrower, each transmitted symbol stands for a much longer time,

and the chances of successfully recovering are higher.

The following sequence helps us understand this concept.

Comparing OFDM with a single carrier, OFDM methodology have multiple frequencies transmitted in

parallel - the symbols are transmitted in parallel!

And each symbol is being transmitted over a much longer time period. And even when we have a problem

of fading at some point we're probably st ill able to retrieve information.

Thus, with transmission of the symbols in parallel and for a longer period of time, the greater the

chances of success at the reception!

Another new fact concerning what we understand about transmission and reception of data: the known

and common scenario for us is to have one antenna on the transmitter, transmitting at a certain

frequency, and another antenna on the receiver, receiving at this this same frequency.

MIMO introduces a new concept in terms of this known operation, and as we have seen, in terms of

spectral efficiency through the use of two or more antennas to transmit and two or more antennas to

receiving.

And perhaps the most innovative concept: all the antennas transmit at the same frequency with

different data transmitted by each one!

Surely, this is different from everything we learned in school, because we learned that the frequencies

will certainly interfere with each other, and end up losing all our data.

Antennas operating in the same operating frequency and transmitting different data generates


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interference, and interference generates losses?

No more. Fortunately, using new advanced technologies of DSP's we can, for the same frequency,

transmit different data on different antennas - and simultaneously. And the receiving antennas, we can

differentiate between these streams of data.

It is not difficult to understand that this represents a huge advantage in terms of spectrum use

efficiency.

If for example we have two antennas, we double efficiency. If we use more antennas, triple or quadruple

this efficiency. But it is obvious that the greater the number of antennas, and the greater the

complexity of the system.

MIMO Example

In conclusion, we show an example of packets decoding by a MIMO receiver.

Returning to our initial example, suppose a transmitter with two antennas. Using the nomenclature 'hij'

for the channel 'h' of the transmitter antenna 'i' to receiver antenna 'j'.

That is, when a packet 'p1' is transmitted from the antenna of a transmitter, the receiver receives

'h11*p1' in its first antenna, and also receives 'h12*p1' in his second antenna. In other words, the

receiver receives a vector whose direction is determined by the channel.

But remember that our example has two transmitter antennas, that is, while we can send another packet

'p2' through its other antenna.

The receiver receives 'h21p2' in its first antenna, and 'h22p2' in his second antenna.


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With this, we have a vector at the receiver end, defined by the sum of all vectors.

Sure, but how the receiver can decode these two packages? Once the two packages are sent

concurrently, they represent interference to each other. To decode a packet, the receiver projects on a

direction orthogonal to the interference of another package.

To eliminate the interference of the package 'p2', and so be able to decode the packet 'p1', the receiver

projects on a direction orthogonal to it (package 'p2').

Similarly, to decode the packet 'p2', the receiver eliminates interference from the other package 'p1',

projecting a direction orthogonal to the interference of it.


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Then, with two antennas can decode two competing packages! Following the same reasoning, we can

understand that the MIMO decoding allows competitors and how many packets as the number of

antennas.

Conclusion

Today we had a brief introduction to MIMO, which as mentioned, is much more complex than shown,

because we are just doing an introduction to even allow you to understand its basic operation.

However, the benefits it pays back the efforts of its complexity.

Hope you enjoyed, and if you liked, please share the telecomHall with your friends. Below you have a few

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62 weeks ago

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61 weeks ago

Very Nice tute very helpful_Arnab

38 weeks ago

Good explanation of MIMO & OFDMA. Thanks. Does this mean in MIMO system; the Handsets will be

having 2 antennas ?

23 weeks ago

nice tut.. thanks for the inf

@vishal vyas: not only 2.. it can be more than 2..

the design will be in multiples of 2 !!

11 weeks ago

Thank you. This has been really helpful.

10 weeks ago

Thanks for your explanation. Hope you will have more guidance in the feature.

10 weeks ago

Hi,

Thanks for this article.

I think there is some typo to be corrected.

That is, when a packet 'p1' is transmitted from the antenna of a transmitter, the receiver receives

'h11*p1' in its first antenna, and also receives 'h12*p2' in his second antenna. In other words, the

receiver receives a vector whose direction is determined

by the channel

also receives 'h12*p2' -->also receives 'h12*p1'

1 reply active 10 weeks ago

10 weeks ago

Thank You. Fixed! :)

1 week ago

Thanks for this valuable information

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