MotivationChapter 10

What is motivation?a need or desire that energizes and directs

behavior

Theories of Motivation

• Instinct Theory• Drive Theory• Incentive Theory• Arousal Theory• Maslow's Humanistic Theory• Cognitive Theory

Instinct Theory

What is Instinct ?Behavior that is inherited by all members of the species

Instinct Theory

• Developed theory to explain human behavior

• People could modify their behavior by learning and experiences

• Theory Disappeared In America but continued in European Zoologists called ethnologists

(Williams James 1890)

Drive Theory

• Internal forces that push us towards doing something

(Woodworth 1918)

Homeostasis (Walter Cannon 1939)

Tendency to keep a constant or balanced internal state

Incentive Theory• Pull the individual towards some goal

Arousal Theory• state of being awake

Optimum level of ArousalWe are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousal

Sensation Seeking

We are motivated to maintain an optimum level of arousalArousal and Performance

Sensation seeking focuses on the need for new and varied experiences

begins at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied

then higher-level safety needs become active

then psychological needs become active

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s

fullest and unique potential

Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,

achievement, competence,and independence; need for

recognition and respect from others

Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and

predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable

Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong

and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation

Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst

Cognitive Theory• Cognitive motivation

– Individual that learn certain behaviors lead to certain goods they develop cognitive expectancy that motivate them to exhibit those behavior

Cognitive Theory• Expectancy value

– Julian rotter developed this theory in 1954. He argued that behavior is the result of our expectations of achieving goals and the value that those goals have for us. We are motivated to maximize the value of our behavior choice

• Attributes – The cognitive process of determining the

motives of someone’s behavior

Biological Motives

• Hunger

• Eating Disorder

• Thirst

Motivation-Hunger

Hunger is a complicated motivation; people eat only because they need food.

Eating Disorders

Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and

becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

usually an adolescent female Bulimia Nervosa

disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

Thirst

• Thirst is the basic instinct of humans or animals to drink.

• Thirst motivation, is like that of hunger

Stimulus Motives

• Sensory Stimuliation

• Exploration & Curosity

• Competence

Sensory Stimuliation

• It is excitement or motivation to learn or do something

• Being excited or motivated through the five senses: seeing, hearing, smelling, touching, and tasting.

Curiosity and Exploration

CuriosityCuriosity is defined as a need, thirst or desire for knowledge

Berlyne (1966)

ExplorationExploration refers to all activities concerned with gathering information about the environment.

Competence

• Competence is the ability to perform some task. Incompetence is its opposite

IntrinsicIntrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from inside an individual rather than from any external or outside rewards, such as money or grades

ExtrinsicExtrinsic motivation refers to motivation that comes from outside an individual. The motivating factors are external, or outside, rewards such as money or grades. These rewards provide satisfaction and pleasure that the task itself may not provide.

Learned Social Motives

• Achievement

• Power

• Affliation

Achievement

• Desire for significant accomplishment

• Reflects achievement concerns for mastery of things, people, or ideas for attaining a high standard

Power

• It is the desire to control or exert influence

Affliation

• to describe a partnership between two or more parties