What is Renewable Energy?RRRRRenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable energy is any form of energy is any form of energy is any form of energy is any form of energy is any form of energy that is virtually inegy that is virtually inegy that is virtually inegy that is virtually inegy that is virtually inexhaustible as opposedxhaustible as opposedxhaustible as opposedxhaustible as opposedxhaustible as opposedto depletable enerto depletable enerto depletable enerto depletable enerto depletable energy sources which argy sources which argy sources which argy sources which argy sources which are found as deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc).e found as deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc).e found as deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc).e found as deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc).e found as deposits (coal, oil, gas, etc).

RRRRRenewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of energy include solargy include solargy include solargy include solargy include solar, wind, water, wind, water, wind, water, wind, water, wind, water, geothermal and biomass., geothermal and biomass., geothermal and biomass., geothermal and biomass., geothermal and biomass.However therHowever therHowever therHowever therHowever there are are are are are also other sources of re also other sources of re also other sources of re also other sources of re also other sources of renewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable energy but these argy but these argy but these argy but these argy but these are curre curre curre curre currentlyentlyentlyentlyentlyless common.less common.less common.less common.less common.

FFFFFossil fuels arossil fuels arossil fuels arossil fuels arossil fuels are non re non re non re non re non renewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of enerenewable sources of energygygygygy, because when they ar, because when they ar, because when they ar, because when they ar, because when they are usede usede usede usede usedup, they can not be rup, they can not be rup, they can not be rup, they can not be rup, they can not be replaced.eplaced.eplaced.eplaced.eplaced.

Most of the enerMost of the enerMost of the enerMost of the enerMost of the energy we use today comes frgy we use today comes frgy we use today comes frgy we use today comes frgy we use today comes from fossil fuels or non rom fossil fuels or non rom fossil fuels or non rom fossil fuels or non rom fossil fuels or non renewableenewableenewableenewableenewablesources of enersources of enersources of enersources of enersources of energygygygygy. Coal, oil and gas ar. Coal, oil and gas ar. Coal, oil and gas ar. Coal, oil and gas ar. Coal, oil and gas are re re re re referreferreferreferreferred to as fossil fuels because theyed to as fossil fuels because theyed to as fossil fuels because theyed to as fossil fuels because theyed to as fossil fuels because theyararararare made fre made fre made fre made fre made from dead and decayed plants and animals. This prom dead and decayed plants and animals. This prom dead and decayed plants and animals. This prom dead and decayed plants and animals. This prom dead and decayed plants and animals. This process takocess takocess takocess takocess takes placees placees placees placees placeover millions of years as layers of mud and sand build up over animal andover millions of years as layers of mud and sand build up over animal andover millions of years as layers of mud and sand build up over animal andover millions of years as layers of mud and sand build up over animal andover millions of years as layers of mud and sand build up over animal andplant matterplant matterplant matterplant matterplant matter.....

TTTTTime, heat and the prime, heat and the prime, heat and the prime, heat and the prime, heat and the pressuressuressuressuressure due to the overburden or weight of the gre due to the overburden or weight of the gre due to the overburden or weight of the gre due to the overburden or weight of the gre due to the overburden or weight of the groundoundoundoundoundabove, changes it to coal, oil or gas. When fossil fuels arabove, changes it to coal, oil or gas. When fossil fuels arabove, changes it to coal, oil or gas. When fossil fuels arabove, changes it to coal, oil or gas. When fossil fuels arabove, changes it to coal, oil or gas. When fossil fuels are burnt they pre burnt they pre burnt they pre burnt they pre burnt they produceoduceoduceoduceoducegrgrgrgrgreenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane gas, chloreenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane gas, chloreenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane gas, chloreenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane gas, chloreenhouse gasses (carbon dioxide, methane gas, chlorofluorofluorofluorofluorofluorocarbons, nitrocarbons, nitrocarbons, nitrocarbons, nitrocarbons, nitrousousousousousoxide and ozone - in the lower atmospheroxide and ozone - in the lower atmospheroxide and ozone - in the lower atmospheroxide and ozone - in the lower atmospheroxide and ozone - in the lower atmosphere) that have negative envire) that have negative envire) that have negative envire) that have negative envire) that have negative environmentalonmentalonmentalonmentalonmentalimpacts.impacts.impacts.impacts.impacts.

Because our world depends so much on enerBecause our world depends so much on enerBecause our world depends so much on enerBecause our world depends so much on enerBecause our world depends so much on energygygygygy, we need to use sources of, we need to use sources of, we need to use sources of, we need to use sources of, we need to use sources ofenerenerenerenerenergy that will last forgy that will last forgy that will last forgy that will last forgy that will last forever or can be rever or can be rever or can be rever or can be rever or can be replaced. These sources areplaced. These sources areplaced. These sources areplaced. These sources areplaced. These sources are callede callede callede callede calledrrrrrenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable energy and argy and argy and argy and argy and are more more more more more envire envire envire envire environmentally friendly than fossil fuels.onmentally friendly than fossil fuels.onmentally friendly than fossil fuels.onmentally friendly than fossil fuels.onmentally friendly than fossil fuels.

Why Renewable Energy?

Solar EnergyHarnessing the sunHarnessing the sunHarnessing the sunHarnessing the sunHarnessing the sun’s light (solar radiation) and heat is a clean, simple and’s light (solar radiation) and heat is a clean, simple and’s light (solar radiation) and heat is a clean, simple and’s light (solar radiation) and heat is a clean, simple and’s light (solar radiation) and heat is a clean, simple andnatural way to prnatural way to prnatural way to prnatural way to prnatural way to provide some of the enerovide some of the enerovide some of the enerovide some of the enerovide some of the energy we need.gy we need.gy we need.gy we need.gy we need.

Photovoltaic technology involves the dirPhotovoltaic technology involves the dirPhotovoltaic technology involves the dirPhotovoltaic technology involves the dirPhotovoltaic technology involves the direct conversion of sunlight intoect conversion of sunlight intoect conversion of sunlight intoect conversion of sunlight intoect conversion of sunlight intoelectricity threlectricity threlectricity threlectricity threlectricity through the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules. When solar cellsough the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules. When solar cellsough the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules. When solar cellsough the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules. When solar cellsough the use of photovoltaic (PV) modules. When solar cellsararararare joined physically and electrically and placed into a frame they form a e joined physically and electrically and placed into a frame they form a e joined physically and electrically and placed into a frame they form a e joined physically and electrically and placed into a frame they form a e joined physically and electrically and placed into a frame they form a solarsolarsolarsolarsolarpanelpanelpanelpanelpanel or PV moduleor PV moduleor PV moduleor PV moduleor PV module. P. P. P. P. Panels joined together form a anels joined together form a anels joined together form a anels joined together form a anels joined together form a solar arraysolar arraysolar arraysolar arraysolar array. Batteries ar. Batteries ar. Batteries ar. Batteries ar. Batteries are usede usede usede usede usedto storto storto storto storto store the enere the enere the enere the enere the energy prgy prgy prgy prgy produced when sunshine is available. The eneroduced when sunshine is available. The eneroduced when sunshine is available. The eneroduced when sunshine is available. The eneroduced when sunshine is available. The energy storgy storgy storgy storgy stored ined ined ined ined inthe battery is used at night and at other times when the sun is not shining.the battery is used at night and at other times when the sun is not shining.the battery is used at night and at other times when the sun is not shining.the battery is used at night and at other times when the sun is not shining.the battery is used at night and at other times when the sun is not shining.

Solar water heating systems comprise of two major elements, a solar collectorSolar water heating systems comprise of two major elements, a solar collectorSolar water heating systems comprise of two major elements, a solar collectorSolar water heating systems comprise of two major elements, a solar collectorSolar water heating systems comprise of two major elements, a solar collectorand thermal storage tank or cylinderand thermal storage tank or cylinderand thermal storage tank or cylinderand thermal storage tank or cylinderand thermal storage tank or cylinder. The solar collector absorbs the solar. The solar collector absorbs the solar. The solar collector absorbs the solar. The solar collector absorbs the solar. The solar collector absorbs the solarradiation falling on it, converts this enerradiation falling on it, converts this enerradiation falling on it, converts this enerradiation falling on it, converts this enerradiation falling on it, converts this energy to heat and transfers this heat togy to heat and transfers this heat togy to heat and transfers this heat togy to heat and transfers this heat togy to heat and transfers this heat towater or air flowing thrwater or air flowing thrwater or air flowing thrwater or air flowing thrwater or air flowing through the collectorough the collectorough the collectorough the collectorough the collector. Solar ener. Solar ener. Solar ener. Solar ener. Solar energy can also be used togy can also be used togy can also be used togy can also be used togy can also be used toprprprprprovide heat for solar cooking.ovide heat for solar cooking.ovide heat for solar cooking.ovide heat for solar cooking.ovide heat for solar cooking.

WWWWWind is the motion of air about the earth caused by the earths rind is the motion of air about the earth caused by the earths rind is the motion of air about the earth caused by the earths rind is the motion of air about the earth caused by the earths rind is the motion of air about the earth caused by the earths rotation andotation andotation andotation andotation andthe uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. As the air is heated, itthe uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. As the air is heated, itthe uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. As the air is heated, itthe uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. As the air is heated, itthe uneven heating of the planet’s surface by the sun. As the air is heated, itrises and cool air comes in to rrises and cool air comes in to rrises and cool air comes in to rrises and cool air comes in to rrises and cool air comes in to replace it. This air that circulates freplace it. This air that circulates freplace it. This air that circulates freplace it. This air that circulates freplace it. This air that circulates from coolom coolom coolom coolom coolararararareas to warm areas to warm areas to warm areas to warm areas to warm areas preas preas preas preas produces wind. Woduces wind. Woduces wind. Woduces wind. Woduces wind. Wind has been used for centuries as aind has been used for centuries as aind has been used for centuries as aind has been used for centuries as aind has been used for centuries as asource of enersource of enersource of enersource of enersource of energy – for ocean transport sailing ships/canoes and for windmillsgy – for ocean transport sailing ships/canoes and for windmillsgy – for ocean transport sailing ships/canoes and for windmillsgy – for ocean transport sailing ships/canoes and for windmillsgy – for ocean transport sailing ships/canoes and for windmillswhich pump water or grind grain.which pump water or grind grain.which pump water or grind grain.which pump water or grind grain.which pump water or grind grain.

WWWWWind turbines arind turbines arind turbines arind turbines arind turbines are used to generate electricitye used to generate electricitye used to generate electricitye used to generate electricitye used to generate electricity, both for r, both for r, both for r, both for r, both for remote households,emote households,emote households,emote households,emote households,and for entirand for entirand for entirand for entirand for entire communities. The Horizontal Axis We communities. The Horizontal Axis We communities. The Horizontal Axis We communities. The Horizontal Axis We communities. The Horizontal Axis Wind Tind Tind Tind Tind Turbine (HAurbine (HAurbine (HAurbine (HAurbine (HAWT)WT)WT)WT)WT)and Vand Vand Vand Vand Vertical Axis Wertical Axis Wertical Axis Wertical Axis Wertical Axis Wind Tind Tind Tind Tind Turbine (Vurbine (Vurbine (Vurbine (Vurbine (VAAAAAWT) arWT) arWT) arWT) arWT) are the two basic types of winde the two basic types of winde the two basic types of winde the two basic types of winde the two basic types of windturbines. Most grid-connected commercial wind turbines today arturbines. Most grid-connected commercial wind turbines today arturbines. Most grid-connected commercial wind turbines today arturbines. Most grid-connected commercial wind turbines today arturbines. Most grid-connected commercial wind turbines today are built withe built withe built withe built withe built witha pra pra pra pra propelleropelleropelleropelleropeller-type r-type r-type r-type r-type rotor on a horizontal axis (HAotor on a horizontal axis (HAotor on a horizontal axis (HAotor on a horizontal axis (HAotor on a horizontal axis (HAWT). A modern wind turbineWT). A modern wind turbineWT). A modern wind turbineWT). A modern wind turbineWT). A modern wind turbineconsists of a rconsists of a rconsists of a rconsists of a rconsists of a rotor (blades, hub and shaft), transmission systems, generatorotor (blades, hub and shaft), transmission systems, generatorotor (blades, hub and shaft), transmission systems, generatorotor (blades, hub and shaft), transmission systems, generatorotor (blades, hub and shaft), transmission systems, generator, a, a, a, a, atowertowertowertowertower, and contr, and contr, and contr, and contr, and control equipment.ol equipment.ol equipment.ol equipment.ol equipment.

Wind Energy

BiofuelBiomass is orBiomass is orBiomass is orBiomass is orBiomass is organic material which has storganic material which has storganic material which has storganic material which has storganic material which has stored sunlight in the form of chemicaled sunlight in the form of chemicaled sunlight in the form of chemicaled sunlight in the form of chemicaled sunlight in the form of chemicalenerenerenerenerenergygygygygy. Biofuels include wood, wood waste, straw. Biofuels include wood, wood waste, straw. Biofuels include wood, wood waste, straw. Biofuels include wood, wood waste, straw. Biofuels include wood, wood waste, straw, manur, manur, manur, manur, manure, sugar cane, ande, sugar cane, ande, sugar cane, ande, sugar cane, ande, sugar cane, andmany other bymany other bymany other bymany other bymany other by-pr-pr-pr-pr-products froducts froducts froducts froducts from a variety of agricultural prom a variety of agricultural prom a variety of agricultural prom a variety of agricultural prom a variety of agricultural processes.ocesses.ocesses.ocesses.ocesses.

Biomass can also be converted into transportation fuels such as ethanol,Biomass can also be converted into transportation fuels such as ethanol,Biomass can also be converted into transportation fuels such as ethanol,Biomass can also be converted into transportation fuels such as ethanol,Biomass can also be converted into transportation fuels such as ethanol,methanol, biodiesel and additives for rmethanol, biodiesel and additives for rmethanol, biodiesel and additives for rmethanol, biodiesel and additives for rmethanol, biodiesel and additives for reformulated gasoline. Biofuels such aseformulated gasoline. Biofuels such aseformulated gasoline. Biofuels such aseformulated gasoline. Biofuels such aseformulated gasoline. Biofuels such ascopra oil can rcopra oil can rcopra oil can rcopra oil can rcopra oil can replace diesel and thereplace diesel and thereplace diesel and thereplace diesel and thereplace diesel and thereforeforeforeforefore have potential for power generatione have potential for power generatione have potential for power generatione have potential for power generatione have potential for power generationand use in transportation within the Pand use in transportation within the Pand use in transportation within the Pand use in transportation within the Pand use in transportation within the Pacific.acific.acific.acific.acific.

When biofuels arWhen biofuels arWhen biofuels arWhen biofuels arWhen biofuels are used, carbon dioxide is pre used, carbon dioxide is pre used, carbon dioxide is pre used, carbon dioxide is pre used, carbon dioxide is produced. However when roduced. However when roduced. However when roduced. However when roduced. However when re-planted,e-planted,e-planted,e-planted,e-planted,the crthe crthe crthe crthe crop will absorb the carbon dioxide again throp will absorb the carbon dioxide again throp will absorb the carbon dioxide again throp will absorb the carbon dioxide again throp will absorb the carbon dioxide again through photosynthesis. Thisough photosynthesis. Thisough photosynthesis. Thisough photosynthesis. Thisough photosynthesis. Thiscarbon cycle ensurcarbon cycle ensurcarbon cycle ensurcarbon cycle ensurcarbon cycle ensures that carbon dioxide is available to pres that carbon dioxide is available to pres that carbon dioxide is available to pres that carbon dioxide is available to pres that carbon dioxide is available to produce new biomass.oduce new biomass.oduce new biomass.oduce new biomass.oduce new biomass.

BiogasBiogas is a clean and high quality fuel in the form of gas (60-70% methane,Biogas is a clean and high quality fuel in the form of gas (60-70% methane,Biogas is a clean and high quality fuel in the form of gas (60-70% methane,Biogas is a clean and high quality fuel in the form of gas (60-70% methane,Biogas is a clean and high quality fuel in the form of gas (60-70% methane,the rthe rthe rthe rthe rest carbon dioxide). It is prest carbon dioxide). It is prest carbon dioxide). It is prest carbon dioxide). It is prest carbon dioxide). It is produced by the naturally occuring produced by the naturally occuring produced by the naturally occuring produced by the naturally occuring produced by the naturally occuring processocessocessocessocesscalled “anaercalled “anaercalled “anaercalled “anaercalled “anaerobic digestionobic digestionobic digestionobic digestionobic digestion” in which biomass material (animal dung and other” in which biomass material (animal dung and other” in which biomass material (animal dung and other” in which biomass material (animal dung and other” in which biomass material (animal dung and otherwastes) mixwastes) mixwastes) mixwastes) mixwastes) mixed with water is bred with water is bred with water is bred with water is bred with water is brokokokokoken down in an airtight container (known asen down in an airtight container (known asen down in an airtight container (known asen down in an airtight container (known asen down in an airtight container (known asdigester) by micrdigester) by micrdigester) by micrdigester) by micrdigester) by micro oro oro oro oro organisms. The gas prganisms. The gas prganisms. The gas prganisms. The gas prganisms. The gas produced is capturoduced is capturoduced is capturoduced is capturoduced is captured in the gas tank.ed in the gas tank.ed in the gas tank.ed in the gas tank.ed in the gas tank.

Biogas digesters can be used for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling.Biogas digesters can be used for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling.Biogas digesters can be used for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling.Biogas digesters can be used for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling.Biogas digesters can be used for cooking, heating, lighting and cooling.Digesters range in size frDigesters range in size frDigesters range in size frDigesters range in size frDigesters range in size from one cubic metrom one cubic metrom one cubic metrom one cubic metrom one cubic metre for a small household unit toe for a small household unit toe for a small household unit toe for a small household unit toe for a small household unit tomormormormormore than thousand cubic meters used in lare than thousand cubic meters used in lare than thousand cubic meters used in lare than thousand cubic meters used in lare than thousand cubic meters used in large commercial installation orge commercial installation orge commercial installation orge commercial installation orge commercial installation orfarm plants. The input (manurfarm plants. The input (manurfarm plants. The input (manurfarm plants. The input (manurfarm plants. The input (manure, waste) may be continuous or in batches ande, waste) may be continuous or in batches ande, waste) may be continuous or in batches ande, waste) may be continuous or in batches ande, waste) may be continuous or in batches anddigestion is allowed to continue for a period ranging frdigestion is allowed to continue for a period ranging frdigestion is allowed to continue for a period ranging frdigestion is allowed to continue for a period ranging frdigestion is allowed to continue for a period ranging from ten days to a fewom ten days to a fewom ten days to a fewom ten days to a fewom ten days to a fewweeks. Biogas can also be used for prweeks. Biogas can also be used for prweeks. Biogas can also be used for prweeks. Biogas can also be used for prweeks. Biogas can also be used for producing electricity by using it to fuel aoducing electricity by using it to fuel aoducing electricity by using it to fuel aoducing electricity by using it to fuel aoducing electricity by using it to fuel agas engine.gas engine.gas engine.gas engine.gas engine.

Geothermal energyGeothermal enerGeothermal enerGeothermal enerGeothermal enerGeothermal energy is the term used to describe heat energy is the term used to describe heat energy is the term used to describe heat energy is the term used to describe heat energy is the term used to describe heat energy which comes frgy which comes frgy which comes frgy which comes frgy which comes fromomomomomdeep within the earth.deep within the earth.deep within the earth.deep within the earth.deep within the earth.

High prHigh prHigh prHigh prHigh pressuressuressuressuressure and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperature and temperatures deep beneath the earth’s surface constantlyes deep beneath the earth’s surface constantlyes deep beneath the earth’s surface constantlyes deep beneath the earth’s surface constantlyes deep beneath the earth’s surface constantlyseek to escape thrseek to escape thrseek to escape thrseek to escape thrseek to escape through the cracks and faults in the outermost layer of theough the cracks and faults in the outermost layer of theough the cracks and faults in the outermost layer of theough the cracks and faults in the outermost layer of theough the cracks and faults in the outermost layer of theearth in the form of hot springs, fumarearth in the form of hot springs, fumarearth in the form of hot springs, fumarearth in the form of hot springs, fumarearth in the form of hot springs, fumaroles, geysers and mud pots.oles, geysers and mud pots.oles, geysers and mud pots.oles, geysers and mud pots.oles, geysers and mud pots.

Geothermal rGeothermal rGeothermal rGeothermal rGeothermal resources aresources aresources aresources aresources are classified as low temperature classified as low temperature classified as low temperature classified as low temperature classified as low temperature (less than 90°C),e (less than 90°C),e (less than 90°C),e (less than 90°C),e (less than 90°C),moderate temperaturmoderate temperaturmoderate temperaturmoderate temperaturmoderate temperature (90°C - 150°C) and high temperature (90°C - 150°C) and high temperature (90°C - 150°C) and high temperature (90°C - 150°C) and high temperature (90°C - 150°C) and high temperature (gre (gre (gre (gre (greater thaneater thaneater thaneater thaneater than150°C). The higher temperatur150°C). The higher temperatur150°C). The higher temperatur150°C). The higher temperatur150°C). The higher temperature re re re re resources aresources aresources aresources aresources are generally used only for electrice generally used only for electrice generally used only for electrice generally used only for electrice generally used only for electricpower generation and found in volcanic rpower generation and found in volcanic rpower generation and found in volcanic rpower generation and found in volcanic rpower generation and found in volcanic regions. Low and moderate regions. Low and moderate regions. Low and moderate regions. Low and moderate regions. Low and moderate resourcesesourcesesourcesesourcesesourcescan be dircan be dircan be dircan be dircan be directly used to heat buildings, grectly used to heat buildings, grectly used to heat buildings, grectly used to heat buildings, grectly used to heat buildings, greenhouses, aquacultureenhouses, aquacultureenhouses, aquacultureenhouses, aquacultureenhouses, aquaculture facilities,e facilities,e facilities,e facilities,e facilities,domestic use and to prdomestic use and to prdomestic use and to prdomestic use and to prdomestic use and to provide industrial provide industrial provide industrial provide industrial provide industrial process heat.ocess heat.ocess heat.ocess heat.ocess heat.

HydropowerWWWWWater storater storater storater storater stored in laked in laked in laked in laked in lakes behind dams can be used to pres behind dams can be used to pres behind dams can be used to pres behind dams can be used to pres behind dams can be used to produce electrical eneroduce electrical eneroduce electrical eneroduce electrical eneroduce electrical energygygygygy,,,,,called called called called called hydrhydrhydrhydrhydropoweropoweropoweropoweropower. The stor. The stor. The stor. The stor. The stored water flows thred water flows thred water flows thred water flows thred water flows through a turbine, which spins aough a turbine, which spins aough a turbine, which spins aough a turbine, which spins aough a turbine, which spins ashaft. The shaft is connected to an electric generatorshaft. The shaft is connected to an electric generatorshaft. The shaft is connected to an electric generatorshaft. The shaft is connected to an electric generatorshaft. The shaft is connected to an electric generator, which generates electricity, which generates electricity, which generates electricity, which generates electricity, which generates electricity.....It is the kinetic or “moving” enerIt is the kinetic or “moving” enerIt is the kinetic or “moving” enerIt is the kinetic or “moving” enerIt is the kinetic or “moving” energy crgy crgy crgy crgy created by the falling water which generateseated by the falling water which generateseated by the falling water which generateseated by the falling water which generateseated by the falling water which generateshydrhydrhydrhydrhydroelectricityoelectricityoelectricityoelectricityoelectricity.....

The amount of electricity prThe amount of electricity prThe amount of electricity prThe amount of electricity prThe amount of electricity produced is determined by the volume of wateroduced is determined by the volume of wateroduced is determined by the volume of wateroduced is determined by the volume of wateroduced is determined by the volume of waterflowing thrflowing thrflowing thrflowing thrflowing through the turbine and the vertical distance it falls (usually calledough the turbine and the vertical distance it falls (usually calledough the turbine and the vertical distance it falls (usually calledough the turbine and the vertical distance it falls (usually calledough the turbine and the vertical distance it falls (usually calledthe head). Wherthe head). Wherthe head). Wherthe head). Wherthe head). Where storage lake storage lake storage lake storage lake storage lakes ares ares ares ares are not available, electricity can be generatede not available, electricity can be generatede not available, electricity can be generatede not available, electricity can be generatede not available, electricity can be generatedby “run-by “run-by “run-by “run-by “run-ofofofofof-river-river-river-river-river” type systems using a diversion weir” type systems using a diversion weir” type systems using a diversion weir” type systems using a diversion weir” type systems using a diversion weir.....

Schemes may be high or low head and utilise a range of turbine types dependentSchemes may be high or low head and utilise a range of turbine types dependentSchemes may be high or low head and utilise a range of turbine types dependentSchemes may be high or low head and utilise a range of turbine types dependentSchemes may be high or low head and utilise a range of turbine types dependenton the available head and water flowon the available head and water flowon the available head and water flowon the available head and water flowon the available head and water flow.....

The heat storThe heat storThe heat storThe heat storThe heat stored in the ocean can be converted into electricity by means of aed in the ocean can be converted into electricity by means of aed in the ocean can be converted into electricity by means of aed in the ocean can be converted into electricity by means of aed in the ocean can be converted into electricity by means of aprprprprprocess called Ocean Thermal Enerocess called Ocean Thermal Enerocess called Ocean Thermal Enerocess called Ocean Thermal Enerocess called Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC), which uses thegy Conversion (OTEC), which uses thegy Conversion (OTEC), which uses thegy Conversion (OTEC), which uses thegy Conversion (OTEC), which uses theoceanoceanoceanoceanocean’s natural temperatur’s natural temperatur’s natural temperatur’s natural temperatur’s natural temperature gradient to drive a turbine connected to a generatore gradient to drive a turbine connected to a generatore gradient to drive a turbine connected to a generatore gradient to drive a turbine connected to a generatore gradient to drive a turbine connected to a generatorwhich prwhich prwhich prwhich prwhich produces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricity.....

In trIn trIn trIn trIn tropical ropical ropical ropical ropical regions, the sunegions, the sunegions, the sunegions, the sunegions, the sun’s heat can warm surface water temperatur’s heat can warm surface water temperatur’s heat can warm surface water temperatur’s heat can warm surface water temperatur’s heat can warm surface water temperatures to ases to ases to ases to ases to asmuch as 25°C, a sharp contrast to the 5°C temperaturmuch as 25°C, a sharp contrast to the 5°C temperaturmuch as 25°C, a sharp contrast to the 5°C temperaturmuch as 25°C, a sharp contrast to the 5°C temperaturmuch as 25°C, a sharp contrast to the 5°C temperature that can ee that can ee that can ee that can ee that can exist atxist atxist atxist atxist atdepths of about 1,000 metrdepths of about 1,000 metrdepths of about 1,000 metrdepths of about 1,000 metrdepths of about 1,000 metres. OTEC is only practical in res. OTEC is only practical in res. OTEC is only practical in res. OTEC is only practical in res. OTEC is only practical in regions wheregions wheregions wheregions wheregions whereeeeetemperaturtemperaturtemperaturtemperaturtemperature differe differe differe differe difference is 20°C or morence is 20°C or morence is 20°C or morence is 20°C or morence is 20°C or more and the deep cold water sources are and the deep cold water sources are and the deep cold water sources are and the deep cold water sources are and the deep cold water sources areeeeelocated near to the shorlocated near to the shorlocated near to the shorlocated near to the shorlocated near to the shore.e.e.e.e.

Apart frApart frApart frApart frApart from electricityom electricityom electricityom electricityom electricity, ther, ther, ther, ther, there are are are are are other useful bye other useful bye other useful bye other useful bye other useful by-pr-pr-pr-pr-products froducts froducts froducts froducts from the OTECom the OTECom the OTECom the OTECom the OTECprprprprprocess likocess likocess likocess likocess like fre fre fre fre fresh wateresh wateresh wateresh wateresh water, chilled water and nutrient-rich water, chilled water and nutrient-rich water, chilled water and nutrient-rich water, chilled water and nutrient-rich water, chilled water and nutrient-rich water.....

Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)

Tidal EnergyThe enerThe enerThe enerThe enerThe energy in the moving water of the tides can be used to prgy in the moving water of the tides can be used to prgy in the moving water of the tides can be used to prgy in the moving water of the tides can be used to prgy in the moving water of the tides can be used to produce electricityoduce electricityoduce electricityoduce electricityoduce electricity.....TTTTTides (the rise and fall of the oceans) arides (the rise and fall of the oceans) arides (the rise and fall of the oceans) arides (the rise and fall of the oceans) arides (the rise and fall of the oceans) are caused by the earth’s re caused by the earth’s re caused by the earth’s re caused by the earth’s re caused by the earth’s rotation, andotation, andotation, andotation, andotation, andthe gravitational “pull” of the moon and the sun.the gravitational “pull” of the moon and the sun.the gravitational “pull” of the moon and the sun.the gravitational “pull” of the moon and the sun.the gravitational “pull” of the moon and the sun.

The vertical differThe vertical differThe vertical differThe vertical differThe vertical difference between high and low tide at any one point is known asence between high and low tide at any one point is known asence between high and low tide at any one point is known asence between high and low tide at any one point is known asence between high and low tide at any one point is known asthe tidal range. The grthe tidal range. The grthe tidal range. The grthe tidal range. The grthe tidal range. The greatest tidal range occurs along coastlines, particularlyeatest tidal range occurs along coastlines, particularlyeatest tidal range occurs along coastlines, particularlyeatest tidal range occurs along coastlines, particularlyeatest tidal range occurs along coastlines, particularlywherwherwherwherwhere water is forced thre water is forced thre water is forced thre water is forced thre water is forced through a narrough a narrough a narrough a narrough a narrow opening into a bay or inlet. The larow opening into a bay or inlet. The larow opening into a bay or inlet. The larow opening into a bay or inlet. The larow opening into a bay or inlet. The largergergergergerthe bay or inlet and the higher the tidal range, the morthe bay or inlet and the higher the tidal range, the morthe bay or inlet and the higher the tidal range, the morthe bay or inlet and the higher the tidal range, the morthe bay or inlet and the higher the tidal range, the more power can be pre power can be pre power can be pre power can be pre power can be provided.ovided.ovided.ovided.ovided.

TTTTTidal power sites ridal power sites ridal power sites ridal power sites ridal power sites requirequirequirequirequire right geographical conditions to generate lare right geographical conditions to generate lare right geographical conditions to generate lare right geographical conditions to generate lare right geographical conditions to generate large tidalge tidalge tidalge tidalge tidalranges. A tidal range of at least 7 metrranges. A tidal range of at least 7 metrranges. A tidal range of at least 7 metrranges. A tidal range of at least 7 metrranges. A tidal range of at least 7 metres is res is res is res is res is requirequirequirequirequired for economic operationed for economic operationed for economic operationed for economic operationed for economic operationand to prand to prand to prand to prand to provide sufficient head of water to turn the turbines.ovide sufficient head of water to turn the turbines.ovide sufficient head of water to turn the turbines.ovide sufficient head of water to turn the turbines.ovide sufficient head of water to turn the turbines.

Wave energyWWWWWaves araves araves araves araves are generated by wind blowing over the water surface. The amount ofe generated by wind blowing over the water surface. The amount ofe generated by wind blowing over the water surface. The amount ofe generated by wind blowing over the water surface. The amount ofe generated by wind blowing over the water surface. The amount ofpower a wave can prpower a wave can prpower a wave can prpower a wave can prpower a wave can produce is diroduce is diroduce is diroduce is diroduce is directly rectly rectly rectly rectly related to the height of the wave and itselated to the height of the wave and itselated to the height of the wave and itselated to the height of the wave and itselated to the height of the wave and itsaverage speed.average speed.average speed.average speed.average speed.

One of the devices to harness the wave enerOne of the devices to harness the wave enerOne of the devices to harness the wave enerOne of the devices to harness the wave enerOne of the devices to harness the wave energy is the Oscillating Wgy is the Oscillating Wgy is the Oscillating Wgy is the Oscillating Wgy is the Oscillating Water Column.ater Column.ater Column.ater Column.ater Column.The Oscilating WThe Oscilating WThe Oscilating WThe Oscilating WThe Oscilating Water Columnater Columnater Columnater Columnater Column consists of floating tubes which ar consists of floating tubes which ar consists of floating tubes which ar consists of floating tubes which ar consists of floating tubes which are arrangede arrangede arrangede arrangede arrangedin a rin a rin a rin a rin a row to face dirow to face dirow to face dirow to face dirow to face directly into the waves. A column of water inside each tube,ectly into the waves. A column of water inside each tube,ectly into the waves. A column of water inside each tube,ectly into the waves. A column of water inside each tube,ectly into the waves. A column of water inside each tube,flows frflows frflows frflows frflows from one compartment to another as the device rom one compartment to another as the device rom one compartment to another as the device rom one compartment to another as the device rom one compartment to another as the device rocks back and forth inocks back and forth inocks back and forth inocks back and forth inocks back and forth inthe waves. This forces air inside, thrthe waves. This forces air inside, thrthe waves. This forces air inside, thrthe waves. This forces air inside, thrthe waves. This forces air inside, through a turbine, generating electricityough a turbine, generating electricityough a turbine, generating electricityough a turbine, generating electricityough a turbine, generating electricity.....

Other wave enerOther wave enerOther wave enerOther wave enerOther wave energy devices include hydrgy devices include hydrgy devices include hydrgy devices include hydrgy devices include hydrooooo-piezoelectric, wave run up (taper-piezoelectric, wave run up (taper-piezoelectric, wave run up (taper-piezoelectric, wave run up (taper-piezoelectric, wave run up (taperedededededchannel), sea clams, “Salterchannel), sea clams, “Salterchannel), sea clams, “Salterchannel), sea clams, “Salterchannel), sea clams, “Salter” Duck and others.” Duck and others.” Duck and others.” Duck and others.” Duck and others.

WASTE TO ENERGYWWWWWaste to eneraste to eneraste to eneraste to eneraste to energy is the prgy is the prgy is the prgy is the prgy is the process wherocess wherocess wherocess wherocess whereby garbage, or municipal solid waste, iseby garbage, or municipal solid waste, iseby garbage, or municipal solid waste, iseby garbage, or municipal solid waste, iseby garbage, or municipal solid waste, isused as fuel to heat, cool, light or generate powerused as fuel to heat, cool, light or generate powerused as fuel to heat, cool, light or generate powerused as fuel to heat, cool, light or generate powerused as fuel to heat, cool, light or generate power.....

The high temperaturThe high temperaturThe high temperaturThe high temperaturThe high temperatures pres pres pres pres produced by the burning garbage turn the water tooduced by the burning garbage turn the water tooduced by the burning garbage turn the water tooduced by the burning garbage turn the water tooduced by the burning garbage turn the water tosteam, which is then used to drive a turbine and generator that prsteam, which is then used to drive a turbine and generator that prsteam, which is then used to drive a turbine and generator that prsteam, which is then used to drive a turbine and generator that prsteam, which is then used to drive a turbine and generator that producesoducesoducesoducesoduceselectricityelectricityelectricityelectricityelectricity. Some of the waste-to. Some of the waste-to. Some of the waste-to. Some of the waste-to. Some of the waste-to-ener-ener-ener-ener-energy technologies include anaergy technologies include anaergy technologies include anaergy technologies include anaergy technologies include anaerobicobicobicobicobicdigestion, pyrdigestion, pyrdigestion, pyrdigestion, pyrdigestion, pyrolysis, thermal gasification and dirolysis, thermal gasification and dirolysis, thermal gasification and dirolysis, thermal gasification and dirolysis, thermal gasification and direct combustion. Methaneect combustion. Methaneect combustion. Methaneect combustion. Methaneect combustion. Methaneprprprprproduced froduced froduced froduced froduced from landfill can also be used to generate electricityom landfill can also be used to generate electricityom landfill can also be used to generate electricityom landfill can also be used to generate electricityom landfill can also be used to generate electricity.....

WWWWWaste to eneraste to eneraste to eneraste to eneraste to energy is viewed as morgy is viewed as morgy is viewed as morgy is viewed as morgy is viewed as more beneficial than burying raw garbage becausee beneficial than burying raw garbage becausee beneficial than burying raw garbage becausee beneficial than burying raw garbage becausee beneficial than burying raw garbage becauseit is a form of rit is a form of rit is a form of rit is a form of rit is a form of recycling trash into enerecycling trash into enerecycling trash into enerecycling trash into enerecycling trash into energygygygygy, and the solid waste is r, and the solid waste is r, and the solid waste is r, and the solid waste is r, and the solid waste is reduced ineduced ineduced ineduced ineduced involume by 90%. This saves valuable landfill space and uses a rvolume by 90%. This saves valuable landfill space and uses a rvolume by 90%. This saves valuable landfill space and uses a rvolume by 90%. This saves valuable landfill space and uses a rvolume by 90%. This saves valuable landfill space and uses a renewable sourceenewable sourceenewable sourceenewable sourceenewable sourceof enerof enerof enerof enerof energy to generate electricitygy to generate electricitygy to generate electricitygy to generate electricitygy to generate electricity. The br. The br. The br. The br. The breakdown of Solid Weakdown of Solid Weakdown of Solid Weakdown of Solid Weakdown of Solid Waste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste Managementaste Managementprprprprprocess could be collecting, rocess could be collecting, rocess could be collecting, rocess could be collecting, rocess could be collecting, recycling, waste to enerecycling, waste to enerecycling, waste to enerecycling, waste to enerecycling, waste to energygygygygy, incineration and landfill., incineration and landfill., incineration and landfill., incineration and landfill., incineration and landfill.

A hydrA hydrA hydrA hydrA hydrogen fuel cell generates electricity and heat frogen fuel cell generates electricity and heat frogen fuel cell generates electricity and heat frogen fuel cell generates electricity and heat frogen fuel cell generates electricity and heat from an electrom an electrom an electrom an electrom an electrochemicalochemicalochemicalochemicalochemicalrrrrreaction and is considereaction and is considereaction and is considereaction and is considereaction and is considered to be envired to be envired to be envired to be envired to be environmentally friendlyonmentally friendlyonmentally friendlyonmentally friendlyonmentally friendly. The fuel cell works. The fuel cell works. The fuel cell works. The fuel cell works. The fuel cell worksby combining hydrby combining hydrby combining hydrby combining hydrby combining hydrogen and oxygen in a rogen and oxygen in a rogen and oxygen in a rogen and oxygen in a rogen and oxygen in a reaction that preaction that preaction that preaction that preaction that produces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricityoduces electricity,,,,,heat, and water vapourheat, and water vapourheat, and water vapourheat, and water vapourheat, and water vapour.....

One of the challenges to this prOne of the challenges to this prOne of the challenges to this prOne of the challenges to this prOne of the challenges to this process is the process is the process is the process is the process is the production of hydroduction of hydroduction of hydroduction of hydroduction of hydrogen, whichogen, whichogen, whichogen, whichogen, whichrrrrrequirequirequirequirequires another primary eneres another primary eneres another primary eneres another primary eneres another primary energy source and water (plenty of it). Pgy source and water (plenty of it). Pgy source and water (plenty of it). Pgy source and water (plenty of it). Pgy source and water (plenty of it). Prrrrrecautionsecautionsecautionsecautionsecautionsararararare to be take to be take to be take to be take to be taken when handling hydren when handling hydren when handling hydren when handling hydren when handling hydrogen, as it is highly eogen, as it is highly eogen, as it is highly eogen, as it is highly eogen, as it is highly explosive in confinedxplosive in confinedxplosive in confinedxplosive in confinedxplosive in confinedspaces due to the high flame speed.spaces due to the high flame speed.spaces due to the high flame speed.spaces due to the high flame speed.spaces due to the high flame speed.

The hydrThe hydrThe hydrThe hydrThe hydrogen fuel cell is an important futurogen fuel cell is an important futurogen fuel cell is an important futurogen fuel cell is an important futurogen fuel cell is an important future contribution to a re contribution to a re contribution to a re contribution to a re contribution to a renewableenewableenewableenewableenewableenerenerenerenerenergy supply in the Pgy supply in the Pgy supply in the Pgy supply in the Pgy supply in the Pacific racific racific racific racific region.egion.egion.egion.egion.

Hydrogen fuel cell

BackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundBackgroundThis flipchart is part of the RThis flipchart is part of the RThis flipchart is part of the RThis flipchart is part of the RThis flipchart is part of the Regional Earth Day 2004, Regional Earth Day 2004, Regional Earth Day 2004, Regional Earth Day 2004, Regional Earth Day 2004, Renewable Enerenewable Enerenewable Enerenewable Enerenewable Energy Agy Agy Agy Agy Awarwarwarwarwareness Campaigneness Campaigneness Campaigneness Campaigneness Campaign(22 - 30 April) under the theme: (22 - 30 April) under the theme: (22 - 30 April) under the theme: (22 - 30 April) under the theme: (22 - 30 April) under the theme: Renewable Energy - Save My Island Home. Renewable Energy - Save My Island Home. Renewable Energy - Save My Island Home. Renewable Energy - Save My Island Home. Renewable Energy - Save My Island Home. The prThe prThe prThe prThe project is funded byoject is funded byoject is funded byoject is funded byoject is funded byTTTTTaiwan (ROC).aiwan (ROC).aiwan (ROC).aiwan (ROC).aiwan (ROC).

The concept and teThe concept and teThe concept and teThe concept and teThe concept and text was prxt was prxt was prxt was prxt was prepareparepareparepared by Ms Yed by Ms Yed by Ms Yed by Ms Yed by Ms Yogita Bhikogita Bhikogita Bhikogita Bhikogita Bhikabhai, Pabhai, Pabhai, Pabhai, Pabhai, Prrrrroject Officeroject Officeroject Officeroject Officeroject Officer, South P, South P, South P, South P, South Pacific Appliedacific Appliedacific Appliedacific Appliedacific AppliedGeoscience Commission (SOPGeoscience Commission (SOPGeoscience Commission (SOPGeoscience Commission (SOPGeoscience Commission (SOPAAAAAC). Artwork by Mr John RC). Artwork by Mr John RC). Artwork by Mr John RC). Artwork by Mr John RC). Artwork by Mr John Robinson, Cartoonist, and layout by Mrobinson, Cartoonist, and layout by Mrobinson, Cartoonist, and layout by Mrobinson, Cartoonist, and layout by Mrobinson, Cartoonist, and layout by MrMartin AMartin AMartin AMartin AMartin A.Whippy.Whippy.Whippy.Whippy.Whippy, Graphic Designer, Graphic Designer, Graphic Designer, Graphic Designer, Graphic Designer, SOP, SOP, SOP, SOP, SOPAAAAAC.C.C.C.C.

OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVEOBJECTIVETTTTTo build awaro build awaro build awaro build awaro build awareness on reness on reness on reness on reness on renewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable enerenewable energy and its impact on the islands among school students in thegy and its impact on the islands among school students in thegy and its impact on the islands among school students in thegy and its impact on the islands among school students in thegy and its impact on the islands among school students in thePPPPPacific racific racific racific racific region by pregion by pregion by pregion by pregion by providing a basic teaching aid and educational materials to schools.oviding a basic teaching aid and educational materials to schools.oviding a basic teaching aid and educational materials to schools.oviding a basic teaching aid and educational materials to schools.oviding a basic teaching aid and educational materials to schools.

How to use the FlipchartHow to use the FlipchartHow to use the FlipchartHow to use the FlipchartHow to use the FlipchartThe flipchart is a basic teaching aid for school teachers. The writing on the back of each flipchart isThe flipchart is a basic teaching aid for school teachers. The writing on the back of each flipchart isThe flipchart is a basic teaching aid for school teachers. The writing on the back of each flipchart isThe flipchart is a basic teaching aid for school teachers. The writing on the back of each flipchart isThe flipchart is a basic teaching aid for school teachers. The writing on the back of each flipchart isdesigned to assist the teachers to dirdesigned to assist the teachers to dirdesigned to assist the teachers to dirdesigned to assist the teachers to dirdesigned to assist the teachers to directly communicate the meaning and message of each picturectly communicate the meaning and message of each picturectly communicate the meaning and message of each picturectly communicate the meaning and message of each picturectly communicate the meaning and message of each picture toe toe toe toe tothe pupils. The flipchart is suitable for both Pthe pupils. The flipchart is suitable for both Pthe pupils. The flipchart is suitable for both Pthe pupils. The flipchart is suitable for both Pthe pupils. The flipchart is suitable for both Primary and High School Students.rimary and High School Students.rimary and High School Students.rimary and High School Students.rimary and High School Students.

Contact DetailsContact DetailsContact DetailsContact DetailsContact DetailsSouth PSouth PSouth PSouth PSouth Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission,acific Applied Geoscience Commission,acific Applied Geoscience Commission,acific Applied Geoscience Commission,acific Applied Geoscience Commission,

Community Lifelines PCommunity Lifelines PCommunity Lifelines PCommunity Lifelines PCommunity Lifelines Prrrrrogramme, SOPogramme, SOPogramme, SOPogramme, SOPogramme, SOPAAAAAC SecrC SecrC SecrC SecrC Secretariat, Petariat, Petariat, Petariat, Petariat, Private Mail Bag, GPOrivate Mail Bag, GPOrivate Mail Bag, GPOrivate Mail Bag, GPOrivate Mail Bag, GPO, Suva, F, Suva, F, Suva, F, Suva, F, Suva, Fiji Islandsiji Islandsiji Islandsiji Islandsiji Islands

TTTTTel: (679) 3381377, Fel: (679) 3381377, Fel: (679) 3381377, Fel: (679) 3381377, Fel: (679) 3381377, Fax: (679) 3370040, Wax: (679) 3370040, Wax: (679) 3370040, Wax: (679) 3370040, Wax: (679) 3370040, Website: wwwebsite: wwwebsite: wwwebsite: wwwebsite: www.sopac.or.sopac.or.sopac.or.sopac.or.sopac.orggggg

SOPSOPSOPSOPSOPAAAAAC Miscellaneous RC Miscellaneous RC Miscellaneous RC Miscellaneous RC Miscellaneous Report 562, April 2004eport 562, April 2004eport 562, April 2004eport 562, April 2004eport 562, April 2004Taiwan (ROC)