WHAT IS SCIENCE? WHAT IS SCIENCE? An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the...

WHAT IS SCIENCE?WHAT IS SCIENCE?

An organized way of gathering An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the and analyzing evidence about the

natural world.natural world.


Science is a way of observingScience is a way of observing “ “ “ “ a way of thinkinga way of thinking “ “ “ “ a way of knowing a way of knowing


Science only deals with the Science only deals with the Natural World.Natural World.Never concern the supernatural phenomena Never concern the supernatural phenomena

of any kindof any kind


Scientist collect and organize information Scientist collect and organize information in an orderly wayin an orderly wayLooking for patterns and connections among Looking for patterns and connections among

eventsevents


Scientist propose explanations that are Scientist propose explanations that are based on evidence.based on evidence.Then test those explanations with more Then test those explanations with more

evidenceevidence

The Process of ScienceThe Process of Science

Science is the quest to understand nature. Science is the quest to understand nature.

Biology Biology

The Study of LifeThe Study of Life

Biology…Biology…

Explores life from the global to the Explores life from the global to the microscopic.microscopic.This is an enormous amount of information!This is an enormous amount of information!

Experimental DesignExperimental Design

Problem StatementProblem Statement

The question you are trying to solve. he The question you are trying to solve. he primary purpose of a problem statement is primary purpose of a problem statement is to focus the attention of the problem to focus the attention of the problem solving team. solving team.

Forming and Testing a HypothesisForming and Testing a Hypothesis

Hypothesis – a suggested answer to a Hypothesis – a suggested answer to a well-defined scientific question.well-defined scientific question.– An explanation on trialAn explanation on trial– Are usually concerned with natural Are usually concerned with natural

phenomenaphenomena– Often based on past experience of knowledge Often based on past experience of knowledge

gained from discoveries or other sourcesgained from discoveries or other sources

An Educated GuessAn Educated Guess

People normally use hypothesis to solve People normally use hypothesis to solve everyday problems.everyday problems.

After you propose a hypothesis – you test After you propose a hypothesis – you test these ideas by making additional these ideas by making additional observations or designing an experiment. observations or designing an experiment.

Hypothesis – If…. Then…..Hypothesis – If…. Then…..

Additional observations allows you to Additional observations allows you to make predictionsmake predictions

These predictions are tested.These predictions are tested.

A Hypothesis is written as an A Hypothesis is written as an If… Then… If… Then… Statement.Statement.

If a particular hypothesis is correct, and If a particular hypothesis is correct, and you test that hypothesis with a suitable you test that hypothesis with a suitable experiment, then you should expect a experiment, then you should expect a certain result for the experiment.certain result for the experiment.

HypothesisHypothesisAn incorrect hypothesis does not mean An incorrect hypothesis does not mean failurefailure– Just wrongJust wrong

The inquiry continues with test of The inquiry continues with test of alternative hypothesis.alternative hypothesis.

Even when an experiment supports a Even when an experiment supports a hypothesis curiosity can send you in a new hypothesis curiosity can send you in a new direction.direction.

What makes a Hypothesis Scientific?What makes a Hypothesis Scientific?

Even if a hypothesis that stand-up to Even if a hypothesis that stand-up to repeated testing may later be revised or repeated testing may later be revised or even rejected.even rejected.

A change can occur when new tools make A change can occur when new tools make new kinds of observations and new kinds of observations and experiments are possible.experiments are possible.

The magnet core of the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) particle accelerator in Geneva. Site of the discovery of the God particle

Observations & DataObservations & Data

The questions that drive scientific inquiry are The questions that drive scientific inquiry are based on observation.based on observation.

ObservationObservation – the use of senses; such as – the use of senses; such as

vision/hearing; to gather and vision/hearing; to gather and

record information about structures record information about structures

or process.or process.

DataData - recorded observation; items of information - recorded observation; items of information

All observations depend on human senses. All observations depend on human senses.

Scientific instruments vastly increase the range of Scientific instruments vastly increase the range of possible observationpossible observation

DataData

Quantitative Data – Recordable observationsQuantitative Data – Recordable observations– Metric SystemMetric System

Qualitative Data – data recorded as Qualitative Data – data recorded as

description instead of description instead of

measurementsmeasurements

Data can best support science when they are Data can best support science when they are clearly organized, consistently recorded, and clearly organized, consistently recorded, and reliable. ie. Use tablesreliable. ie. Use tables

Designing a Controlled ExperimentDesigning a Controlled ExperimentVariableVariable – A condition that can differ within the – A condition that can differ within the

experimentexperiment

Controlled Experiment Controlled Experiment – An experiment that test – An experiment that test

the effect of a singlethe effect of a single

variablevariable

In a controlled experiment scientist try to eliminate In a controlled experiment scientist try to eliminate (or control) other variables that could affect the (or control) other variables that could affect the outcomeoutcome

VariablesVariablesVariables could include temperature, Variables could include temperature, humidity (if outside), light, and other humidity (if outside), light, and other weather conditionsweather conditions

Even in a lab total regulation of all but one Even in a lab total regulation of all but one variable is not practical.variable is not practical.

Eliminating Unwanted VariablesEliminating Unwanted Variables

A Control GroupA Control Group

Equals Cancelled outEquals Cancelled out

Experimental GroupExperimental Group

TheoryTheory

A well tested explanation that makes A well tested explanation that makes sense of a great variety of scientific sense of a great variety of scientific observationsobservations

Compared to hypothesis, a theory is much Compared to hypothesis, a theory is much broader in scope.broader in scope.

ModelsModels

Are physical, mental, or mathematical Are physical, mental, or mathematical representations of how people understand representations of how people understand a process or an idea.a process or an idea.

Communication in ScienceCommunication in Science

Many scientist work in teams and are good Many scientist work in teams and are good communicatorscommunicators

They share information:They share information:

The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living Things

Living Things ReproduceLiving Things Reproduce

All organisms reproduce.All organisms reproduce.– They produce new similar organismsThey produce new similar organisms

Sexual Reproduction Sexual Reproduction – Cells from two – Cells from two parents unite to form the first cell of a new parents unite to form the first cell of a new organismorganism

Asexual Reproduction Asexual Reproduction – a single organism – a single organism produces offspring identical to itself.produces offspring identical to itself.


Interaction with the EnvironmentInteraction with the Environment

We are not isolated from our environment, We are not isolated from our environment, No One Is!No One Is!– All organisms in an environment interacts All organisms in an environment interacts

continuously with its environment.continuously with its environment.

StimulusStimulus – a signal to which organism – a signal to which organism

respondsresponds


EnergyEnergy

Moving, growing, reproducing, and other Moving, growing, reproducing, and other activities of life require organisms to activities of life require organisms to perform work.perform work.

Work depends on a source of energyWork depends on a source of energy– We obtain energy in the chemical form, sugar, We obtain energy in the chemical form, sugar,

fats, etc.fats, etc.

Metabolism Metabolism – the combination of chemical – the combination of chemical reactions through which an organism reactions through which an organism builds up or breaks down materialsbuilds up or breaks down materials

The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living ThingsLiving Things are Made of CellsLiving Things are Made of Cells• Organisms are composed of one or more Organisms are composed of one or more

cellscells• The smallest units considered fully alive.The smallest units considered fully alive.• Cells can grow Cells can grow • Respond to the environmentRespond to the environment• Despite their small size they are highly Despite their small size they are highly

organizedorganized

The Characteristics of Living ThingsThe Characteristics of Living ThingsRegulationRegulation

Organisms have the ability to regulate their Organisms have the ability to regulate their internal conditionsinternal conditions– Sweating on a warm daySweating on a warm day– Dogs panting to cool offDogs panting to cool off

Homeostasis Homeostasis – internal stability or “steady state” – internal stability or “steady state” maintained by the bodymaintained by the body

Mechanisms of homeostasis enables organisms Mechanisms of homeostasis enables organisms to regulate internal environment, despite to regulate internal environment, despite changes in their external environment.changes in their external environment.


Adaptation and EvolutionAdaptation and Evolution• Taken as a group living things evolve.Taken as a group living things evolve.• Over generations, groups of organisms Over generations, groups of organisms

evolve, or change over timeevolve, or change over time


Living things Grow and DevelopLiving things Grow and Develop– During development a single egg divides During development a single egg divides

again and againagain and again– As cells divide they differentiateAs cells divide they differentiate

They begin to look differentThey begin to look different

– They perform different functionsThey perform different functions


Living Things are Based on a Universal Living Things are Based on a Universal CodeCode– All organisms store the information they need All organisms store the information they need

to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code to live, grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written on a molecule called written on a molecule called DNA.DNA.

– This information is passed from parent to This information is passed from parent to offspringoffspring

10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas

Information and HeredityInformation and HeredityGenetic code and DNAGenetic code and DNA

Matter and EnergyMatter and EnergyLife requires nutrientsLife requires nutrientsCreates a web of interdependent relationships Creates a web of interdependent relationships

between living thingsbetween living things


Growth, Development, and Reproduction Growth, Development, and Reproduction All living things growAll living things growGeneralized cells become specialized Generalized cells become specialized Babies become adultsBabies become adults

HomeostasisHomeostasisStable environment Stable environment


Cellular Basis of LifeCellular Basis of LifeAll living things are made of cellsAll living things are made of cellsThe human body has more than 200 different The human body has more than 200 different

types of cellstypes of cells

EvolutionEvolutionLiving things evolve as a groupLiving things evolve as a group

10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas Structure and FunctionStructure and Function

Structures that make a function possibleStructures that make a function possibleWings on a birdWings on a bird

Unity and Diversity of LifeUnity and Diversity of LifeLife variety of life and life formsLife variety of life and life formsAll are the same at the molecular levelAll are the same at the molecular levelAll made of carbon based moleculesAll made of carbon based moleculesStore information in DNAStore information in DNAUse proteinsUse proteins

10 Big Ideas 10 Big Ideas Interdependence in NatureInterdependence in Nature

All forms of life on Earth are connected into a All forms of life on Earth are connected into a BiosphereBiosphere

Relationships depend on the cycling of matter Relationships depend on the cycling of matter and the flow of energyand the flow of energy

Science as a way of KnowingScience as a way of KnowingScience is not a list of factsScience is not a list of factsExplains the natural world in terms of natural Explains the natural world in terms of natural

forcesforcesExplains and predictsExplains and predicts

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WHAT IS SCIENCE? WHAT IS SCIENCE? An organized way of gathering and analyzing evidence about the...

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