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Contemporary Issues in Sport
and Exercise Psychology
Missouri Western State UniversityWilliam Russell, PhD, Dept. of HPER
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What is Sport Psychology?
2 main objectives:1. To understand how
psychological factors affect inindividuals performance
2. To understand how participationin sport and exercise affectsones psychological
development, health, and well-being.
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What Sport and Exercise PsychologistsDo:
Research role
Teaching role
Consulting role
Policy Making / advocating role
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Global Sport Psychology Specialties:
1. Clinical Sport Psychology
Have training in PSYCHOLOGY to learn about diagnose and treatemotional disorders
Licensed by state boards to treat clinical conditions
Have additional training in sports & exercise sciences
2. Educational Sport Psychology:
Extensive training in sport sciences have large background inpsychology
Serves as mental coach / mental trainer works throughindividual/group sessions and teaches the development of
psychological skills
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Sport and Exercise PsychologyOrientations:1. Psychophysiological
Orientation:
Best way to study behaviorduring sport / exercise is byexamining physiological
processes in the brain; brain-body connections
EX: using biofeedback to trainbiathletes to shoot betweenheartbeats; examiningchanges in serotonin asexplanation for psychological
benefit of exercise
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Sport and Exercise PsychologyOrientations:2. Social Psychological
Orientation
Assumption is behavior isdetermined by interchangebetween person and theirenvironment
EX: How does leader behaviorinfluence team cohesion; Arepeople with high SPA morecomfortable in same-genderexercise settings?
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Sport and Exercise PsychologyOrientations:3. Cognitive-Behavioral
Orientation:
Emphasis is on athletes /
exercisers thoughts andbehaviors
EX: Is there a self-fulfillingprophecy linking self-talk andbatting slumps?
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Main Organizations involved in Sport andExercise Psychology:
International Society of Sport Psychology (ISSP)
www.issponline.org
North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and PhysicalActivity (NASPSPA)
www.naspspa.org
The Sport Psychology Academy (SPA) www.aahperd.org
Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP)
www.aaasponline.org
American Psychological Association Div. 47 (APA, Div. 47)
www.psyc.unt.edu/apadiv47
American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM)
www.acsm.org
The United States Olympic Committee (USOC)
www.usoc.org
http://www.issponline.org/http://www.naspspa.org/http://www.aahperd.org/http://www.aaasponline.org/http://www.psyc.unt.edu/apadiv47http://www.acsm.org/http://www.usoc.org/http://www.usoc.org/http://www.acsm.org/http://www.psyc.unt.edu/apadiv47http://www.aaasponline.org/http://www.aahperd.org/http://www.naspspa.org/http://www.issponline.org/8/3/2019 What is Sport Psychology Presentation
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Membership Comparisons of AAASP andNASPSPA:
Interest Areas
Ex. & Sp Psych Motor Learning / Control Motor Development
n = 258 n=266 n=155
38% 39% 23%
Psychologists Sport Science Others:
N=495 N=572 N=40
45% 52% 3%
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Applied Sport Psychology: Sport
Psychology and Its Growing Pains: Concerned with extending theory/research to educate coaches,
athletes, and parents regarding goals for facilitating optimal sportinvolvement and performance,
Usually involves individual/group consulting and counseling
Many specific concepts (goal setting, imagery, concentration, relaxation,
imagery) BUT General goal is teaching athletes mental skills necessary to perform consistently
and realize their potential as people and athletes.
Focal Areas of Applied Sport Psychology:
1. Performance enhancement / intervention
2. Social Psychology
3. Health and Exercise
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1. Performance Enhancement /Intervention: Focus is on performance
improvements in anyachievement setting
Also concerned with effectsof interventions on well-being of sport / exerciseparticipants
Examples:
Stress Inoculation
Training (SIT) withathletes
Attentional Trainingeffectiveness
Flow experiences in sport
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2. Social Psychology Emphasis
Uses theory / research to focus ongroup processes in sport & exercisesettings
Social factors are examined as theyrelate to athletes, coach, team, andspectators
Examples of special interests:
Achievement motivation(Achievement Goal Theory)
Moral development through sport
Peer relationships in physical activityand sport
Youth sports (The reverse-dependency trap)
Social Physique Anxiety in Sport andExercise Settings (A problem at bothends of the spectrum)
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3. Health and Exercise:
Focuses on role of psych. Factors inexercise; as they pertain to resistanceto disease development & remediation,coping with stress, and healthpromotion
Primary interest is link between mentaland physical health.
Examples of special interest areas:
Problem-focused vs. emotion focusedcoping and health
Hardiness and disease risk (Control,Challenge, Commitment)
Exercise and Psychoneuroimmunology Psychological benefits of exercise
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Major Splits in Recent Years within theField:
Sport Psychology
HealthPsychology
ExercisePsychology
SportPsychology
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Why the Need for Exercise Psychology?
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Physical
Inactivity
Smoking
Chol
HighBP
Prevalence of risk factors for CHD in the generalUS population for 1980 - 2005
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Why the Need for Exercise Psychology?
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Behaviors are easier to maintain in environments that are
supportive of that behavior- for better .. Or worse
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Sample Interest Areas within ExercisePsychology: Designing exercise programs to maximize
psych. Benefits
Exercise addictions
Exercise adoption, maintenance, andadherence
Exercise as a stress management technique
Gender / Sex-role influences on exercise
Overuse injuries in exercise settings
The runners/exercisers high
Psychotherapeutic influences of exercise for
depression
Psychological benefits for specificpopulations
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The Certification Issue: AAASPRequired Coursework for becoming an AAASP certified consultant
EITHER SPORT SCIENCE OR PSYCHOLOGY COURSES
Courses Description
1. Professional ethics 1 course
2. Sport psychology 3 courses in all subdisciplines
3. Research Design, Stats or 1 course in any of these areas
psychological assessment4. Biological bases of behavior 1 course in comparative
psychology; physio psychology
5. Cognitive Affective bases Course in cognition, motordevelopment or motor learning
6. Social Bases of behavior 1 course in social psychology
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Achievement Goal Theory:
3 major factors in determining the motivation levelsof children in youth sport settings:
1. Goal Orientation
Task-orientation success is defined as self-referentimprovement
Ego-orientation success is defined by social comparison andout-doing others
2. Motivational Climate Mastery climate focus is on learning, effort, cooperative strategies, and
skill development
Performance climate competitive, beating teammates, demonstrating
superiority over others3. Perceived ability
High greater competence
Low less competence
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Ego-oriented children seek competence through comparison
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Ego orientation may undermine the value attached to fairness and justiceinsport settings
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Who would you most want to have as ayoung athlete?
Hi task/hi ego?
Hi task/low ego?
Low task/High ego?
Low task/Low ego?