What is the Collaborative Classroom

8/12/2019 What is the Collaborative Classroom

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What Is the Collaborative Classroom?

M.B. Tinzmann, B.F. Jones, T.F. Fennimore, J. Bakker, C. Fine, and J. PierceNCREL, Oak Brook, 1990

New Learning and Thinking Curricula RequireCollaboration

In Guidebook1, e e!"#ored a $ne$ %ision o& #earnin' and s(''es)ed &o(rc*arac)eris)ics o& s(ccess&(# #earners+ T*e are kno#ed'ea-#e, se#&de)ermineds)ra)e'ic, and em"a)*e)ic )*inkers. Researc* indica)es s(ccess&(# #earnin' a#soin%o#%es an in)erac)ion o& )*e #earner, )*e ma)eria#s, )*e )eac*er, and )*e con)e!).

/""#in' )*is researc*, ne '(ide#ines in )*e maor con)en) areas s)ress )*inkin'.Guidebook descri-es )*ese ne '(ide#ines and "ro%ides &o(r c*arac)eris)ics o&

$a )*inkin' c(rric(#(m$ )*a) c() across con)en) areas. T*e c*ie& c*arac)eris)ic o& a)*inkin' c(rric(#(m is )*e d(a# a'enda o& con)en) and "rocess &or a## s)(den)s.C*arac)eris)ics )*a) deri%e &rom )*is a'enda inc#(de inde")* #earnin'2 in%o#%in's)(den)s in rea#or#d, re#e%an) )asks2 en'a'in' s)(den)s in *o#is)ic )asks &romkinder'ar)en )*ro('* *i'* sc*oo#2 and ()i#izin' s)(den)s3 "rior kno#ed'e.E&&ec)i%e comm(nica)ion and co##a-ora)ion are essen)ia# )o -ecomin' a s(ccess&(##earner. I) is "rimari# )*ro('* dia#o'(e and e!aminin' di&&eren) "ers"ec)i%es )*a)s)(den)s -ecome kno#ed'ea-#e, s)ra)e'ic, se#&de)ermined, and em"a)*e)ic.Moreo%er, in%o#%in' s)(den)s in rea#or#d )asks and #inkin' ne in&orma)ion )o"rior kno#ed'e re4(ires e&&ec)i%e comm(nica)ion and co##a-ora)ion amon')eac*ers, s)(den)s, and o)*ers. Indeed, i) is )*ro('* dia#o'(e and in)erac)ion )*a)

c(rric(#(m o-ec)i%es come a#i%e. Co##a-ora)i%e #earnin' a&&ords s)(den)s enormo(sad%an)a'es no) a%ai#a-#e &rom more )radi)iona# ins)r(c)ion -eca(se a 'ro("*e)*er i) -e )*e *o#e c#ass or a #earnin' 'ro(" i)*in )*e c#asscan accom"#is*meanin'&(# #earnin' and so#%e "ro-#ems -e))er )*an an indi%id(a# can a#one.T*is &oc(s on )*e co##ec)i%e kno#ed'e and )*inkin' o& )*e 'ro(" c*an'es )*e ro#eso& s)(den)s and )eac*ers and )*e a )*e in)erac) in )*e c#assroom. 5i'ni&ican)#,a 'ro(ndse## o& in)eres) e!is)s amon' "rac)i)ioners )o in%o#%e s)(den)s inco##a-ora)ion in c#assrooms a) a## 'rade #e%e#s.T*e "(r"ose o& )*is GuideBookis )o e#a-ora)e *a) c#assroom co##a-ora)ionmeans so )*a) )*is 'rassroo)s mo%emen) can con)in(e )o 'ro and o(ris*. 6ei## descri-e c*arac)eris)ics o& )*ese c#assrooms and s)(den) and )eac*er ro#es,

s(mmarize re#e%an) researc*, address some iss(es re#a)ed )o c*an'in' ins)r(c)ion,and 'i%e e!am"#es o& a %arie) o& )eac*in' me)*ods and "rac)ices )*a) em-od)*ese c*arac)eris)ics.

Characteristics o a Collaborative Classroom

Co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms seem )o *a%e &o(r 'enera# c*arac)eris)ics. T*e &irs) )oca")(re c*an'in' re#a)ions*i"s -e)een )eac*ers and s)(den)s. T*e )*ird


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c*arac)erizes )eac*ers3 ne a""roac*es )o ins)r(c)ion. T*e &o(r)* addresses )*ecom"osi)ion o& a co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom.

!" #hared knowledge among teachers and students

In )radi)iona# c#assrooms, )*e dominan) me)a"*or &or )eac*in' is )*e )eac*er asin&orma)ion 'i%er2 kno#ed'e os on# one a &rom )eac*er )o s)(den). Incon)ras), )*e me)a"*or &or co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms is s*ared kno#ed'e. T*e)eac*er *as %i)a# kno#ed'e a-o() con)en), ski##s, and ins)r(c)ion, and s)i## "ro%ides)*a) in&orma)ion )o s)(den)s. 7oe%er, co##a-ora)i%e )eac*ers a#so %a#(e and -(i#d("on )*e kno#ed'e, "ersona# e!"eriences, #an'(a'e, s)ra)e'ies, and c(#)(re )*a)s)(den)s -rin' )o )*e #earnin' si)(a)ion.Consider a #esson on insec)ea)in' "#an)s, &or e!am"#e. Fe s)(den)s, and "er*a"s&e )eac*ers, are #ike# )o *a%e direc) kno#ed'e a-o() s(c* "#an)s. T*(s, *en)*ose s)(den)s *o do *a%e re#e%an) e!"eriences are 'i%en an o""or)(ni) )os*are )*em, )*e *o#e c#ass is enric*ed. Moreo%er, *en s)(den)s see )*a) )*eir

e!"eriences and kno#ed'e are %a#(ed, )*e are mo)i%a)ed )o #is)en and #earn inne as, and )*e are more #ike# )o make im"or)an) connec)ions -e)een )*eiron #earnin' and $sc*oo#$ #earnin'. T*e -ecome em"oered. T*is same"*enomenon occ(rs *en )*e kno#ed'e "aren)s and o)*er comm(ni) mem-ers*a%e is %a#(ed and (sed i)*in )*e sc*oo#.

/ddi)iona##, com"#e! )*inkin' a-o() di&&ic(#) "ro-#ems, s(c* as or#d *(n'er, -e's&or m(#)i"#e ideas a-o() ca(ses, im"#ica)ions, and "o)en)ia# so#()ions. In &ac), near#a## o& )*e ne c(rric(#ar 'oa#s are o& )*is na)(re&or e!am"#e, ma)*ema)ica#"ro-#emso#%in'as are ne re4(iremen)s )o )eac* )o"ics s(c* as /I85. T*ere4(ire m(#)i"#e as )o re"resen) and so#%e "ro-#ems and man "ers"ec)i%es oniss(es.

$" #hared authorit% among teachers and students

In co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms, )eac*ers s*are a()*ori) i)* s)(den)s in %er s"eci&icas. In mos) )radi)iona# c#assrooms, )*e )eac*er is #ar'e#, i& no) e!c#(si%e#,res"onsi-#e &or se))in' 'oa#s, desi'nin' #earnin' )asks, and assessin' *a) is#earned.Co##a-ora)i%e )eac*ers di&&er in )*a) )*e in%i)e s)(den)s )o se) s"eci&ic 'oa#s i)*in)*e &rameork o& *a) is -ein' )a('*), "ro%ide o")ions &or ac)i%i)ies andassi'nmen)s )*a) ca")(re di&&eren) s)(den) in)eres)s and 'oa#s, and enco(ra'es)(den)s )o assess *a) )*e #earn. Co##a-ora)i%e )eac*ers enco(ra'e s)(den)s3

(se o& )*eir on kno#ed'e, ens(re )*a) s)(den)s s*are )*eir kno#ed'e and )*eir#earnin' s)ra)e'ies, )rea) eac* o)*er res"ec)&(##, and &oc(s on *i'* #e%e#s o&(nders)andin'. T*e *e#" s)(den)s #is)en )o di%erse o"inions, s(""or) kno#ed'ec#aims i)* e%idence, en'a'e in cri)ica# and crea)i%e )*inkin', and "ar)ici"a)e ino"en and meanin'&(# dia#o'(e.5(""ose, &or e!am"#e, )*e s)(den)s *a%e (s) read a c*a")er on co#onia# /mericaand are re4(ired )o "re"are a "rod(c) on )*e )o"ic. 6*i#e a more )radi)iona# )eac*ermi'*) ask a## s)(den)s )o ri)e a )en"a'e essa, )*e co##a-ora)i%e )eac*er mi'*)


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ask s)(den)s )o de&ine )*e "rod(c) )*emse#%es. 5ome co(#d "#an a %ideo)a"e2 someco(#d drama)ize e%en)s in co#onia# /merica2 o)*ers co(#d in%es)i'a)e ori'ina#so(rces )*a) s(""or) or do no) s(""or) )*e )e!)-ook c*a")er and dra com"arisonsamon' )*em2 and some co(#d ri)e a )en"a'e "a"er. T*e "oin) *ere is )o&o#d+ 1:s)(den)s *a%e o""or)(ni)ies )o ask and in%es)i'a)e 4(es)ions o& "ersona# in)eres),

and : )*e *a%e a %oice in )*e decisionmakin' "rocess. T*ese o""or)(ni)ies areessen)ia# &or -o)* se#&re'(#a)ed #earnin' and mo)i%a)ion.

&" Teachers as mediators

/s kno#ed'e and a()*ori) are s*ared amon' )eac*ers and s)(den)s, )*e ro#e o&)*e )eac*er increasin'# em"*asizes media)ed #earnin'. 5(ccess&(# media)ion*e#"s s)(den)s connec) ne in&orma)ion )o )*eir e!"eriences and )o #earnin' ino)*er areas, *e#"s s)(den)s &i'(re o() *a) )o do *en )*e are s)(m"ed, and*e#"s )*em #earn *o )o #earn. /-o%e a##, )*e )eac*er as media)or ad(s)s )*e #e%e#o& in&orma)ion and s(""or) so as )o ma!imize )*e a-i#i) )o )ake res"onsi-i#i) &or

#earnin'. T*is c*arac)eris)ic o& co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms is so im"or)an), e de%o)ea *o#e sec)ion )o i) -e#o.

'" (eterogeneous grou)ings o students

T*e "ers"ec)i%es, e!"eriences, and -ack'ro(nds o& a## s)(den)s are im"or)an) &orenric*in' #earnin' in )*e c#assroom. /s #earnin' -eond )*e c#assroom increasin'#re4(ires (nders)andin' di%erse "ers"ec)i%es, i) is essen)ia# )o "ro%ide s)(den)so""or)(ni)ies )o do )*is in m(#)i"#e con)e!)s in sc*oo#s. In co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms*ere s)(den)s are en'a'ed in a )*inkin' c(rric(#(m, e%erone #earns &rome%erone e#se, and no s)(den) is de"ri%ed o& )*is o""or)(ni) &or makin'

con)ri-()ions and a""recia)in' )*e con)ri-()ions o& o)*ers.T*(s, a cri)ica# c*arac)eris)ic o& co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms is )*a) s)(den)s are no)se're'a)ed accordin' )o s(""osed a-i#i), ac*ie%emen), in)eres)s, or an o)*erc*arac)eris)ic. 5e're'a)ion serio(s# eakens co##a-ora)ion and im"o%eris*es )*ec#assroom - de"ri%in' a## s)(den)s o& o""or)(ni)ies )o #earn &rom and i)* eac*o)*er. 5)(den)s e mi'*) #a-e# (ns(ccess&(# in a )radi)iona# c#assroom #earn &rom$-ri'*)er$ s)(den)s, -(), more im"or)an)#, )*e soca##ed -ri'*)er s)(den)s *a%e (s)as m(c* )o #earn &rom )*eir more a%era'e "eers. Teac*ers -e'innin' )o )eac*co##a-ora)i%e# o&)en e!"ress de#i'*) *en )*e o-ser%e )*e insi'*)s re%ea#ed -)*eir s(""osed# eaker s)(den)s.T*(s, s*ared kno#ed'e and a()*ori), media)ed #earnin', and *e)ero'eneo(s

'ro("s o& s)(den)s are essen)ia# c*arac)eris)ics o& co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms. T*esec*arac)eris)ics, *ic* are e#a-ora)ed -e#o, necessi)a)e ne ro#es &or )eac*ers ands)(den)s )*a) #ead )o in)erac)ions di&&eren) &rom )*ose in more )radi)iona#c#assrooms.

Teacher Roles in a Collaborative Classroom


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need )o )eac*, and s)(den)s ma need )o "rac)ice, r(#es and &(nc)ions &or 'ro("in)erac)ion.Fina##, )eac*ers &aci#i)a)e co##a-ora)i%e #earnin' - crea)in' #earnin' )asks )*a)enco(ra'e di%ersi), -() *ic* aim a) *i'* s)andards o& "er&ormance &or a##s)(den)s. T*ese )asks in%o#%e s)(den)s in *i'*#e%e# )*o('*) "rocesses s(c* as

decision makin' and "ro-#em so#%in' )*a) are -es) accom"#is*ed in co##a-ora)ion.T*ese )asks ena-#e s)(den)s )o make connec)ions )o rea#or#d o-ec)s, e%en)s,and si)(a)ions in )*eir on and an e!"anded or#d, and )a" )*eir di%erse"ers"ec)i%es and e!"eriences. Learnin' )asks &os)er s)(den)s3 con&idence and a))*e same )ime, are a""ro"ria)e# c*a##en'in'.+odelMode#in' *as -een em"*asized - man #oca# and s)a)e '(ide#ines ass*arin' one3s )*inkin' and demons)ra)in' or e!"#ainin' some)*in'. 7oe%er, inco##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms, mode#in' ser%es )o s*are i)* s)(den)s no) on# *a)one is )*inkin' a-o() )*e con)en) )o -e #earned, -() a#so )*e "rocess o&comm(nica)ion and co##a-ora)i%e #earnin'. Mode#in' ma in%o#%e )*inkin' a#o(ds*arin' )*o('*)s a-o() some)*in': or demons)ra)in' s*oin' s)(den)s *o )o dosome)*in' in a s)e"-s)e" &as*ion:.In )erms o& con)en), )eac*ers mi'*) %er-a#ize )*e )*inkin' "rocesses )*e (se )omake a "redic)ion a-o() a scien)i&ic e!"erimen), )o s(mmarize ideas in a "assa'e,)o &i'(re o() )*e meanin' o& an (n&ami#iar ord, )o re"resen) and so#%e a "ro-#em,)o or'anize com"#ica)ed in&orma)ion, and so on. J(s) as im"or)an), )*e o(#d a#so)*ink a#o(d a-o() )*eir do(-)s and (ncer)ain)ies. T*is )"e o& me)aco'ni)i%e)*inkin' and )*inkin' a#o(d *en )*in's do no) 'o smoo)*# is in%a#(a-#e in *e#"in's)(den)s (nders)and )*a) #earnin' re4(ires e&&or) and is o&)en di&&ic(#) &or "eo"#e.6i)* res"ec) )o 'ro(" "rocess, )eac*ers ma s*are )*eir )*inkin' a-o() )*e %ario(sro#es, r(#es, and re#a)ions*i"s in co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms. Consider #eaders*i", &ore!am"#e. / )eac*er mi'*) mode# *a) *e or s*e )*inks a-o() s(c* 4(es)ions as*o )o mana'e )*e 'ro("3s )ime or *o )o ac*ie%e consens(s. 5imi#ar#, s*oin's)(den)s *o )o )*ink )*ro('* )o('* 'ro(" si)(a)ions and "ro-#ems o&comm(nica)ion is as in%a#(a-#e as mode#in' *o )o "#an an a""roac* )o anacademic "ro-#em, moni)orin' i)s "ro'ress, and assessin' *a) as #earned.

/ maor c*a##en'e in media)in' #earnin' is )o de)ermine *en i) is a""ro"ria)e )omode# - )*inkin' a#o(d and *en i) is (se&(# )o mode# - demons)ra)in'. I& a)eac*er is cer)ain )*a) s)(den)s *a%e #i))#e e!"erience i)*, sa, a ma)*ema)ica#"roced(re, )*en i) ma -e a""ro"ria)e )o demons)ra)e i) -e&ore s)(den)s en'a'e ina #earnin' )ask. T*is is no) )o sa )*a) )*e )eac*er ass(mes or s)a)es )*a) )*ere ison# one a )o "er&orm )*e "roced(re. I) is a#so im"or)an) )o a##o &or indi%id(a#%aria)ions in a""#ica)ion.: I&, on )*e o)*er *and, )*e )eac*er -e#ie%es s)(den)s cancome (" i)* )*e "roced(re )*emse#%es, )*en *e or s*e mi'*) e#ec) )o ask )*es)(den)s )o mode# *o )*e so#%ed )*e "ro-#em2 a#)erna)i%e# )*e )eac*er co(#d'i%e s)(den)s *in)s or c(es. 5ee -e#o.:Coac* Coac*in' in%o#%es 'i%in' *in)s or c(es, "ro%idin' &eed-ack, redirec)in's)(den)s3 e&&or)s, and *e#"in' )*em (se a s)ra)e'. / maor "rinci"#e o& coac*in' is)o "ro%ide )*e ri'*) amo(n) o& *e#" *en s)(den)s need i)nei)*er )oo m(c* nor )oo#i))#e so )*a) s)(den)s re)ain as m(c* res"onsi-i#i) as "ossi-#e &or )*eir on#earnin'.


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For e!am"#e, a co##a-ora)i%e 'ro(" o& (nior *i'* s)(den)s orked on )*e economicde%e#o"men) o& se%era# na)ions. T*e acc(m(#a)ed a #o) o& in&orma)ion a-o() )*eco(n)ries and decided )*a) )*e -es) a )o "resen) i) as )o com"are )*e co(n)ries.B() )*e ere s)mied as )o *o )o or'anize )*e in&orma)ion so )*e co(#d ri)ea-o() i) in a "a"er, )*e "rod(c) )*e c*ose )o "rod(ce. T*eir )eac*er *in)ed )*a)

)*e (se a ma)ri!a 'ra"*ic or'anizer )*e *ad #earned)o or'anize )*eirin&orma)ion. 6*en )*e 'ro(" &inis*ed )*e ma)ri!, )*e )eac*er 'a%e )*em &eed-ack.In so doin', *e did no) )e## )*em i) as ri'*) or ron', -() asked 4(es)ions )*a)*e#"ed )*em %er-a#ize )*eir reasons &or com"#e)in' )*e ma)ri! as )*e did. T*e"rinci"#e )*e )eac*er &o##oed as )o coac* eno('* so )*a) s)(den)s co(#d con)in(e)o #earn - drain' on )*e ideas o& o)*er 'ro(" mem-ers.

#tudent Roles in a Collaborative Classroom

5)(den)s a#so ass(me ne ro#es in )*e co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom. T*eir maor ro#esare co##a-ora)or and ac)i%e "ar)ici"a)or. I) is (se&(# )o )*ink *o )*ese ne ro#es

in(ence )*e "rocesses and ac)i%i)ies s)(den)s cond(c) -e&ore, d(rin', and a&)er#earnin'. For e!am"#e, -e&ore #earnin', s)(den)s se) 'oa#s and "#an #earnin' )asks2d(rin' #earnin', )*e ork )o'e)*er )o accom"#is* )asks and moni)or )*eir "ro'ress2and a&)er #earnin', )*e assess )*eir "er&ormance and "#an &or &()(re #earnin'. /smedia)or, )*e )eac*er *e#"s s)(den)s &(#&i## )*eir ne ro#es.Goal setting5)(den)s "re"are &or #earnin' in man as. Es"ecia## im"or)an) is'oa# se))in', a cri)ica# "rocess )*a) *e#"s '(ide man o)*er -e&ore, d(rin', andand a&)er#earnin' ac)i%i)ies. /#)*o('* )eac*ers s)i## se) 'oa#s &or s)(den)s, )*eo&)en "ro%ide s)(den)s i)* c*oices. 6*en s)(den)s co##a-ora)e, )*e s*o(#d )a#ka-o() )*eir 'oa#s. For e!am"#e, one )eac*er asked s)(den)s )o se) 'oa#s &or a (ni)on 'ar-a'e. In one 'ro(", a s)(den) an)ed )o &ind o() i& 'ar-a'e is a "ro-#em,

ano)*er an)ed )o kno *a) *a""ens )o 'ar-a'e, a )*ird an)ed )o kno *a) is-ein' done )o so#%e )*e "ro-#em o& 'ar-a'e. T*e &o(r)* mem-er co(#d no) )*ink o&a 'oa#, -() a'reed )*a) )*e &irs) )*ree ere im"or)an) and ado")ed )*em. T*eses)(den)s -ecame more ac)i%e# in%o#%ed in )*e (ni) a&)er )*eir disc(ssion a-o()'oa#s, and a) )*e end o& )*e (ni), co(#d -e))er e%a#(a)e *e)*er )*e *ad a))ained)*em.,esigning Learning Tasks and +onitoring6*i#e )eac*ers "#an 'enera# #earnin')asks, &or e!am"#e, )o "rod(ce a "rod(c) )o i##(s)ra)e a conce"), *is)orica#se4(ence, "ersona# e!"erience, and so on, s)(den)s ass(me m(c* moreres"onsi-i#i) in a co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom &or "#annin' )*eir on #earnin' ac)i%i)ies.Idea##, )*ese "#ans deri%e in "ar) &rom 'oa#s s)(den)s se) &or )*emse#%es.

T*o('*)&(# "#annin' - )*e )eac*er ens(res )*a) s)(den)s can ork )o'e)*er )oa))ain )*eir on 'oa#s and ca"i)a#ize on )*eir on a-i#i)ies, kno#ed'e, ands)ra)e'ies i)*in )*e "arame)ers se) - )*e )eac*er. 5)(den)s are more #ike# )oen'a'e in )*ese )asks i)* more "(r"ose and in)eres) )*an in )radi)iona#c#assrooms.5e#&re'(#a)ed #earnin' is im"or)an) in co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms. 5)(den)s #earn )o)ake res"onsi-i#i) &or moni)orin', ad(s)in', se#&4(es)ionin', and 4(es)ionin' eac*o)*er. 5(c* se#&re'(#a)in' ac)i%i)ies are cri)ica# &or s)(den)s )o #earn )oda, and


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)*e are m(c* -e))er #earned i)*in a 'ro(" )*a) s*ares res"onsi-i#i) &or #earnin'.Moni)orin' is c*eckin' one3s "ro'ress )oard 'oa#s. /d(s)in' re&ers )o c*an'ess)(den)s make, -ased on moni)orin', in *a) )*e are doin' )o reac* )*eir 'oa#s.For e!am"#e, a 'ro(" o& s)(den)s decided )*a) )*e so(rces o& in&orma)ion on )*eCi%i# 6ar )*e se#ec)ed ini)ia## ere no) as (se&(# as )*e *ad *o"ed, so )*e

se#ec)ed ne ma)eria#s. /no)*er 'ro(" (d'ed )*a) )*e "a"er )*e *ad "#anned )ori)e o(#d no) accom"#is* *a) )*e )*o('*) i) o(#d )*e a )*e *ad or'anizedi), so )*e "#anned a ne "a"er.5)(den)s can &(r)*er de%e#o" )*eir se#&re'(#a)in' a-i#i)ies *en eac* 'ro(" s*aresi)s ideas i)* o)*er 'ro("s and 'e)s &eed-ack &rom )*em. For e!am"#e, in )*e &irs)%ideo con&erence, e#emen)ar s)(den)s ere s*on co##a-ora)in' in sma## 'ro("s)o de&ine and re"resen) ma)* "ro-#ems. 6orkin' in sma## 'ro("s, )*e c*i#drende)ermined *a) as -ein' asked in s)or "ro-#ems and )*o('*) o& as )o so#%e)*e "ro-#ems. T*en eac* 'ro(" s*ared i)s ideas i)* )*e *o#e c#ass. Mem-ers o&)*e c#ass commen)ed on )*e ideas. /s s)(den)s de%e#o"ed "ro-#emso#%in' ski##si)* &eed-ack &rom o)*er 'ro("s, )*e #earned more a-o() re'(#a)in' )*eir on#earnin' *ic* )*e co(#d (se in )*e &()(re.-ssessment6*i#e )eac*ers *a%e ass(med )*e "rimar res"onsi-i#i) &orassessin' s)(den)s3 "er&ormance in )*e "as), co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms %ieassessmen) m(c* more -road#. T*a) is, a maor 'oa# is )o '(ide s)(den)s &rom )*eear#ies) sc*oo# ears )o e%a#(a)e )*eir on #earnin'. T*(s, a ne res"onsi-i#i) isse#&assessmen), a ca"a-i#i) )*a) is &os)ered as s)(den)s assess 'ro(" ork.5e#&assessmen) is in)ima)e# re#a)ed )o on'oin' moni)orin' o& one3s "ro'ress)oard ac*ie%emen) o& #earnin' 'oa#s. In a co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom, assessmen)means more )*an (s) assi'nin' a 'rade. I) means e%a#(a)in' *e)*er one *as#earned *a) one in)ended )o #earn, )*e e&&ec)i%eness o& #earnin' s)ra)e'ies, )*e4(a#i) o& "rod(c)s and decisions a-o() *ic* "rod(c)s reec) one3s -es) ork, )*e(se&(#ness o& )*e ma)eria#s (sed in a )ask, and *e)*er &()(re #earnin' is neededand *o )*a) #earnin' mi'*) -e rea#ized.Co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms are na)(ra# "#aces in *ic* )o #earn se#&assessmen). /nd-eca(se decisions a-o() ma)eria#s and 'ro(" "er&ormance are s*ared, s)(den)s&ee# more &ree )o e!"ress do(-)s, &ee#in's o& s(ccess, remainin' 4(es)ions, and(ncer)ain)ies )*an *en )*e are e%a#(a)ed on# - a )eac*er. F(r)*ermore, )*esense o& coo"era)ion as o""osed )o com"e)i)ion: )*a) is &os)ered in co##a-ora)i%eork makes assessmen) #ess )*rea)enin' )*an in a more )radi)iona# assessmen)si)(a)ion. Idea##, s)(den)s #earn )o e%a#(a)e )*eir on #earnin' &rom )*eire!"eriences i)* 'ro(" e%a#(a)ion.

Interactions in a Collaborative ClassroomT*e cri)ica# ro#e o& dia#o'(e in co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms *as -een s)ressed)*ro('*o() )*is GuidebookT*e co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom is a#i%e i)* )oacomm(nica)ion. / maor mode o& comm(nica)ion is dia#o'(e, *ic* in aco##a-ora)i%e c#assroom is )*inkin' made "(-#ic. / maor 'oa# &or )eac*ers is )omain)ain )*is dia#o'(e amon' s)(den)s.


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and ac)i%i)ies )*a) are easi# im"#emen)ed in a co##a-ora)i%e c#assroom.F(r)*ermore, )eac*ers can -e'in s#o#, makin' c*an'es in one s(-ec) area or(ni) i)*in a s(-ec) area, "ro-a-# one )*e are a#read %er com&or)a-#e )eac*in',and )*en add o)*er s(-ec)s and (ni)s. Teac*ers can a#so s*are )*eir "#ans i)*eac* o)*er. Indeed, i& e e!"ec) s)(den)s )o co##a-ora)e, e s*o(#d enco(ra'e

)eac*ers )o do )*e same? Princi"a#s and c(rric(#(m s"ecia#is)s can a#so co##a-ora)ei)* )eac*ers )o "#an e&&ec)i%e se'men)s o& ins)r(c)ion. Moreo%er, )*ere is a)radeo&& -e)een )*e e!)ra "#annin' )ime needed and -ene&i)s s(c* as #ess )imecorrec)in' #essons, increased s)(den) mo)i%a)ion, and &eer a))endance anddisci"#ine "ro-#ems.Individual ,ierences -mong #tudents6e *a%e )o(c*ed on )*is concern in )*esec)ion on *e)ero'eneo(s 'ro("in'. Ne%er)*e#ess, man "eo"#e i## s)i## do(-) )*a)indi%id(a# di&&erences can -e -e))er addressed in co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms )*an in)radi)iona# c#assrooms i)* *omo'eneo(s 'ro("in'.

/ maor 4(es)ion "eo"#e *a%e concerns )*e ad%an)a'e co##a-ora)ion a&&ords 'i&)edor *i'*ac*ie%in' s)(den)s. T*ere are )o )o('* iss(es *ere. Firs), man )eac*ersdo no) -e#ie%e )*a) #oac*ie%in' s)(den)s *a%e m(c* )o con)ri-()e )o )*e #earnin'si)(a)ion2 in e&&ec), )*a) )*e *a%e no "rior e!"eriences or kno#ed'e o& %a#(e.5econd, )eac*ers orr )*a) *i'*ac*ie%in' s)(den)s i## -e *e#d -ack.In res"onse )o )*e &irs) iss(e, man co##a-ora)i%e )eac*ers *a%e e!"ressed s(r"rise*en seemin'# #essa-#e s)(den)s *ad insi'*)s and ideas )*a) en) a -eond*a) )eac*ers e!"ec)ed. F(r)*er, i& eac* s)(den) con)ri-()es some)*in', )*e "oo# o&co##ec)i%e kno#ed'e i## indeed -e ric*. In anser )o )*e second concern, da)as(''es) )*a) *i'*ac*ie%in' s)(den)s 'ain m(c* &rom )*eir e!"os(re )o di%ersee!"eriences and a#so &rom "eer )()orin' e.'., Jo*nson and Jo*nson, 19@9:. /#so,s)(den)s *o ma -e *i'* ac*ie%in' in one area ma need *e#" in o)*er areas.Teac*ers and o)*ers a#so onder *e)*er s* s)(den)s can &(## "ar)ici"a)e in ac#assroom )*a) de"ends so m(c* on dia#o'(e. 6e s(''es) )*a) )*ese s)(den)smi'*) &ee# more com&or)a-#e )a#kin' in sma## 'ro("s )*a) s*are res"onsi-i#i) &or#earnin'. F(r)*ermore, in)erac)ion -e)een #earners can *a""en in as o)*er )*anora# dia#o'(e, &or e!am"#e, ri)in' and ar).

/ re#a)ed concern is )*a) man sc*oo#s are s)r(c)(red *omo'eneo(s# so )*a) anindi%id(a# )eac*er canno) &orm *e)ero'eneo(s 'ro("s i)*o() in%o#%in' c*an'es in)*e en)ire sc*oo#. / *o#e c#ass o& $#o$ readers are )a('*) - one )eac*er,$a%era'e$ - ano)*er. 7i'* sc*oo# )racks are e%en more ss)ema)ica##en)renc*ed. C#ear#, )*ese "rac)ices are no) cond(ci%e )o co##a-ora)i%e #earnin'and re4(ire ss)emide res)r(c)(rin'. Indi%id(a# )eac*ers or 'ro("s o& )eac*erscan ini)ia)e dia#o'(e on )*e "ro-#em, *oe%er.Individual Res)onsibilit% or LearningT*is concern is a di&&ic(#) one )o so#%e(n#ess maor c*an'es in o)*er areas o& sc*oo#in' are a#so (nder)aken. 5)(den)sare (sed )o -ein' 'raded &or indi%id(a# ork2 "aren)s e!"ec) )o kno *o )*eirs)(den)s &are in sc*oo#. 5c*oo# s)a&& and s)a)e de"ar)men)s de"end on )radi)iona#assessmen)s. In co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms, i) is o&)en di&&ic(#) )o assi'n indi%id(a#'rades. 5ome )eac*ers 'i%e 'ro(" 'rades, -() man s)(den)s and "aren)s are(ncom&or)a-#e i)* )*ese.Idea##, assessmen) "rac)ices s*o(#d -e c*an'ed so )*a) )*e are consis)en) i)*co##a-ora)ion, i)* a ne %ie o& #earnin' and i)* a )*inkin' c(rric(#(m. ;ideo


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Con&erence A addresses recen) researc* and "rac)ice on assessmen). In )*emean)ime, e&&ec)i%e as *a%e -een de%e#o"ed *ere- indi%id(a# s)(den)s can-e e%a#(a)ed in co##a-ora)i%e c#assrooms. For e!am"#e, 8a%id Jo*nson and Ro'erJo*nson, as e## as Ro-er) 5#a%in, ad%ise makin' indi%id(a#s res"onsi-#e &ors(-)asks in 'ro(" ork and )*en de)erminin' -o)* 'ro(" and indi%id(a# 'rades.

Conlict o /alues5(san F#orioR(ane *as o-ser%ed )*a) man )eac*ers do no)&ee# com&or)a-#e a##oin' s)(den)s )o ini)ia)e dia#o'(e, de)ermine )o"ics, or e!"#ore"ers"ec)i%es o)*er )*an )*e )eac*er3s. T*is re#(c)ance conic)s i)* )*e ae&&ec)i%e care'i%ers )eac* )*eir c*i#dren in )*e *ome. F#orioR(ane and o)*ers,s(c* as /nnemarie Pa#incsar, *a%e &o(nd )*a) )eac*ers o&)en *a%e di&&ic(#)*e#"in' s)(den)s cons)r(c) meanin', es"ecia## #inkin' )*e ne in&orma)ion )o )*e"rior kno#ed'e and c(#)(re o& )*e s)(den)s. In "ar) )*is is -eca(se man )eac*ers-e#ie%e )*a) )*eir ro#e is )o )ransmi) kno#ed'e2 in "ar) i) is -eca(se )*e are *e#dacco(n)a-#e &or )eac*in' discre)e ski##s. In one "oi'nan) e!am"#e, a s)(den))eac*er3s concern &or 'rammar and "(nc)(a)ion "re%en)ed *er &rom seein' )*eso"*is)ica)ion and meanin' in *a) )*e c*i#d as ac)(a## comm(nica)in' in a -ookre"or).T*e re#(c)ance "eo"#e &ee# *en asked )o make maor c*an'es in )*e a )*e do)*in's is c#ear# )*e mos) serio(s iss(e o& )*ose disc(ssed *ere. 7ard# a "ersone!is)s *o ea'er# 'i%es (" &ami#iar as o& -e*a%in' )o a))em") some)*in' )*a) is(nknon and is #ike# )o *a%e man c*a##en'es o& im"#emen)a)ion.T*is "ro-#em re4(ires #eaders*i", s(""or), and )ime )o address. 5)a&& de%e#o"men)needs )o address )eac*ers3 concerns. 6e (r'e )*a) ed(ca)ors &irs) e!amine )*eirass(m")ions a-o() #earnin' and )*en consider ne c(rric(#(m '(ide#ines. T*ere isan in)ima)e re#a)ions*i" amon' one3s de&ini)ion o& #earnin', one3s %ie o& )*econ)en) and sco"e o& c(rric(#a, and ins)r(c)iona# "rac)ices. E!aminin' one3sass(m")ions *ones)# and &or)*ri'*)#, in a s(""or)i%e 'ro(", o&)en s"(rs ed(ca)ors)o c*an'e. T*e a#readcon%inced m(s) a##o )ime &or )*e #esscon%inced )o reec)and 'ra""#e i)* im"#ica)ions &or )*e %ies e!"ressed in )*is GuidebookT*em(s) a#so acce") )*e "ossi-i#i) )*a) some ed(ca)ors ma no) c*an'e. 6e are(r'in' )*a) s)(den)s -e )rea)ed i)* s(c* res"ec)2 e m(s) (r'e )*e same res"ec)&or ad(#)s.

What Is the Research Base orCollaborative Learning?

/%gotskian Theor%;'o)sk, a de%e#o"men)a# )*eoris) and researc*er *o orked in )*e 190s andear# 3=0s, *as in(enced some o& )*e c(rren) researc* o& co##a-ora)ion amon's)(den)s and )eac*ers and on )*e ro#e o& c(#)(ra# #earnin' and sc*oo#in'. 7is"rinci"a# "remise is )*a) *(man -ein's are "rod(c)s no) on# o& -io#o', -() a#so o&)*eir *(man c(#)(res. In)e##ec)(a# &(nc)ionin' is )*e "rod(c) o& o(r socia# *is)or,and #an'(a'e is )*e ke mode - *ic* e #earn o(r c(#)(res and )*ro('* *ic*


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e or'anize o(r %er-a# )*inkin' and re'(#a)e o(r ac)ions. C*i#dren #earn s(c**i'*er &(nc)ionin' &rom in)erac)in' i)* )*e ad(#)s and o)*er c*i#dren aro(nd )*em.Inner #)eechC*i#dren #earn *en )*e en'a'e in ac)i%i)ies and dia#o'(e i)*o)*ers, (s(a## ad(#)s or more ca"a-#e "eers. C*i#dren 'rad(a## in)erna#ize )*isdia#o'(e so )*a) i) -ecomes inner s"eec*, )*e means - *ic* )*e direc) )*eir on

-e*a%ior and )*inkin'. For e!am"#e, as ad(#)s (se #an'(a'e s(c* as, $T*a) "iecedoes no) &i) )*ere2 #e)3s )r i) some"#ace e#se,$ c*i#dren ma ini)ia## (s) imi)a)e )*iss)ra)e'. 7oe%er, )*e 'rad(a## (se i) )o re'(#a)e )*eir on -e*a%ior in a %arie)o& con)e!)s. E%en)(a##, )*is dia#o'(e -ecomes in)erna#ized as inner s"eec*.T*ere seems )o -e a 'enera# se4(ence in )*e de%e#o"men) o& s"eec* &or onese#&.6*en a#one, %er o(n' c*i#dren )end )o )a#k a-o() *a) )*e *a%e done a&)er )*ecom"#e)e an ac)i%i). La)er, )*e )a#k as )*e ork. Fina##, )*e )a#k )o )*emse#%es-e&ore )*e en'a'e in an ac)i%i). 5"eec* no *as ass(med a "#annin' &(nc)ion.La)er )*e in)erna#ize )*is s"eec*. Inner s"eec*con%ersa)ions e carr on i)*o(rse#%es -e'ins as a socia# dia#o'(e i)* o)*er "eo"#e and is a maor mode oearnin', "#annin', and se#&re'(#a)ion.;ario(s e!"erimen)s demons)ra)e )*is se#&re'(#a)in' &(nc)ion o& inner s"eec*.;'o)sk reasoned )*a) *en "eo"#e are asked )o so#%e di&&ic(#) "ro-#ems or )o"er&orm di&&ic(#) )asks, inner s"eec* i## 'o e!)erna#, )*a) is, )ake i)s more "rimi)i%e&orm. In o)*er ords, "eo"#e &re4(en)# )a#k )o )*emse#%es *en )*e &ace a"ro-#em. T*is e!)erna#iza)ion o& inner s"eec* is o&)en o-ser%ed in c*i#dren. 6*en)*e en'a'e in &ami#iar, sim"#e ac)i%i)ies, )*e (s(a## do so i)*o() )a#k, -() &acedi)* di&&ic(#) )asks, )*e ma *is"er or )a#k o() #o(d )o )*emse#%es. /d(#)s do )*is,)oo. 6*en )*e are &aced i)* "er"#e!in' or (n&ami#iar )asks s(c* as &i'(rin' o()*o )o ork a ;CR)*e o&)en )a#k )*emse#%es )*ro('* s(c* )asks.;'o)sk no)ed )*a) c*i#dren in)erac)in' )oard a common 'oa# )end )o re'(#a)eeac* o)*er3s ac)ions. O)*er researc*ers e.'., Forman Cazden, 19@: *a%eo-ser%ed )*a) *en s)(den)s ork )o'e)*er on com"#e! )asks, )*e assis) eac*o)*er in m(c* )*e same a ad(#)s assis) c*i#dren. In s(c* )asks, dia#o'(e consis)so& m()(a# re'(#a)ion. To'e)*er, )*e can so#%e di&&ic(#) "ro-#ems )*e canno) so#%eorkin' inde"enden)#.#caolding and ,evelo)mentE&&ec)i%e care'i%ers en'a'e in re'(#a)in' dia#o'(ei)* c*i#dren a#mos) na)(ra##. / ke "*enomenon o& s(c* in)erac)ions is )*a)care'i%ers main)ain )*e dia#o'(e (s) a-o%e )*e #e%e# *ere c*i#dren can "er&ormac)i%i)ies inde"enden)#. /s c*i#dren #earn, ad(#)s c*an'e )*e na)(re o& )*eirdia#o'(e so )*a) )*e con)in(e )o s(""or) )*e c*i#d -() a#so 'i%e )*e c*i#d increasin'res"onsi-i#i) &or )*e )ask &or e!am"#e, )*e ad(#) mi'*) sa, $No see i& o( can&ind )*e ne!) "iece o& )*e "(zz#e o(rse#&.$:. Jerome Br(ner and *is co##ea'(esca##ed )*is scaolding. I) )akes "#ace i)*in a c*i#d3s 0one o )ro1imaldevelo)ment, a #e%e# or ran'e in *ic* a c*i#d can "er&orm a )ask i)* *e#".Pia'e) re&ers )o )*is as $)eac*a-#e momen)s$ *en ad(#)s s)re)c* a c*i#d3sca"aci), -() s)a i)*in *a) )*e are ca"a-#e o& (nders)andin'.:T*e zone o& "ro!ima# de%e#o"men), sca&&o#din', and dia#o'(e are es"ecia## (se&(#conce")s or &rameorks &or sc*oo# #earnin'. ;'o)sk o-ser%ed )*a) e&&ec)i%e)eac*ers "#an and carr o() #earnin' ac)i%i)ies i)*in c*i#dren3s zones o& "ro!ima#de%e#o"men), )*ro('* dia#o'(e and sca&&o#din'. F#orioR(ane dre &i%e ma!ims


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&rom s)(dies o& care'i%erc*i#d in)erac)ions )*a) i##(s)ra)e )*ese "oin)s and s*o(#dc*arac)erize sc*oo# ins)r(c)ion.1. /ss(me )*e c*i#d #earner: is com"e)en). Dno )*e c*i#d #earner:=. 5*are an in)eres) in )*e )ask a) *and i)* )*e c*i#d #earner:

A. Fo##o )*e c*i#d3s #earner3s: #ead>. Ca"i)a#ize on (ncer)ain);er &e )eac*ers *a%e )*e #(!(r o& )eac*in' c*i#dren on a one)oone -asis.For)(na)e#, e no kno )*a) )()orin' is no), in &ac), )*e on#or e%en )*e -es)a &or s)(den)s )o #earn in mos) si)(a)ions. 8ia#o'(e, sca&&o#din', and orkin' inone3s zone o& "ro!ima# de%e#o"men) can -e accom"#is*ed in co##a-ora)i%ec#assrooms, and are -ein' accom"#is*ed in man c#assrooms )oda.Connecting school learning to ever%da% lie;'o)sk a#so "ro%ides (s i)* a&rameork &or )*inkin' a-o() an im"or)an) &(nc)ion o& )eac*in' and )*e m(#)ic(#)(ra#"ers"ec)i%e. 7is researc* s(''es)s )*a) sc*oo# #earnin' ena-#es s)(den)s )oconnec) )*eir $e%erda conce")s$ )o $scien)i&ic conce")s.$ In o)*er ords, sc*oo#s*e#" s)(den)s dra 'enera#iza)ions and cons)r(c) meanin' &rom )*eir one!"eriences, kno#ed'e, and s)ra)e'ies. Dno#ed'e #earned in )*e comm(ni) andkno#ed'e 'ained &rom sc*oo# are -o)* %a#(a-#e. Nei)*er can -e i'nored i&s)(den)s are )o en'a'e in meanin'&(# #earnin'.E&&ec)i%e )eac*ers *e#" s)(den)s make )*ese connec)ions - sca&&o#din' anddia#o'(e. In &ac), )*ese are )*e essence o& media)in'. Teac*ers "#an #earnin'ac)i%i)ies a) "oin)s *ere s)(den)s are c*a##en'ed. Teac*ers "#an ac)i%i)ies ande!"erimen)s )*a) -(i#d on )*e #an'(a'e o& s)(den)s3 e%erda #i%es )*ro('* &ami#iare!am"#es and -e*a%iors, ana#o'ies and me)a"*ors, and )*e (se o& common#&o(nd ma)eria#s. Teac*ers demons)ra)e, do "ar)s o& )*e )ask s)(den)s canno) do,ork co##a-ora)i%e# i)* s)(den)s *ere )*e need *e#", and re#ease res"onsi-i#i))o s)(den)s *en )*e can "er&orm )*e )ask inde"enden)#.

2ther Research

/ n(m-er o& researc*ers in recen) ears *a%e demons)ra)ed )*e *i'* de'ree oearnin' "ossi-#e *en s)(den)s can co##a-ora)e in #earnin' )asks and *en )*e(se )*eir on kno#ed'e as a &o(nda)ion &or sc*oo# #earnin'. 6*i#e )*ere are man)*a) e co(#d ci)e, e *a%e c*osen )*ree di&&eren) "ers"ec)i%es *ere+ L(is Mo##3sork on )eac*ers3 (se o& s(ccess&(# c(#)(ra# "a))erns in Me!ican/merican &ami#ies2

/nnemarie Pa#incsar3s and /nne Bron3s ork on sca&&o#din', dia#o'(e, andreci"roca# )eac*in'2 and researc* on coo"era)i%e #earnin'. La)er e "ro%ide

addi)iona# researc* in con)en) area e!am"#es.Luis +ollMo##, an ed(ca)or, and *is co##ea'(es in an)*ro"o#o', Car#os ;e#ez#-anez and James reen-er', *a%e s)(died Me!ican/merican &ami#ies *o *a%es(r%i%ed s(ccess&(## in s"i)e o& de-i#i)a)in' circ(ms)ances s(c* as "o%er) anddiscrimina)ion. Par)ic(#ar cons)e##a)ions o& c(#)(ra# "a))ernss)ra)e'ies i& o( i##)*a) %a#(e #earnin' and )*e )ransmission o& kno#ed'e )o c*i#dren dis)in'(is* )*ese&ami#ies. Mo## e) a#. ar'(e )*a) sc*oo#s can dra on )*e socia# and co'ni)i%econ)ri-()ions )*a) "aren)s can make )o )*eir c*i#dren3s academic #earnin'.


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Mo## and *is co##ea'(es disco%ered )*a) Me!ican/merican *o(se*o#ds arec#(s)ered accordin' )o kins*i" )ies and e!c*an'e re#a)ions*i"s. T*ese c#(s)ers o&*o(se*o#ds de%e#o" ric* unds o knowledge)*a) "ro%ide in&orma)ion a-o()"rac)ices and reso(rces (se&(# in ens(rin' )*e e##-ein' o& )*e *o(se*o#ds. Eac**o(se*o#d in )*e c#(s)er is a "#ace *ere e!"er)ise in a "ar)ic(#ar domain can -e

accessed and (sed2 e!am"#es o& domains inc#(de re"air o& %e*ic#es anda""#iances, "#(m-in', kno#ed'e o& ed(ca)ion, *er-a# medicine, and &irs) aid.To'e)*er, )*e *o(se*o#ds &orm a c#(s)er &or )*e e!c*an'e o& in&orma)ion andreso(rces. O&)en, e%erone seems )o con're'a)e a) one core *o(se*o#d.Fami#ies crea)e se))in's in *ic* c*i#dren carr o() )*e )asks and c*ores in )*em(#)i"#e domains o& c#(s)ered *o(se*o#ds. T*e c*i#dren3s ac)i%i)ies *a%e im"or)an)in)e##ec)(a# conse4(ences. T*e o-ser%e, 4(es)ion, and assis) ad(#)s as %ario(s)asks are done. For e!am"#e, )*e son ma indica)e in)eres) in &i!in' a car - askin'4(es)ions. T*e &a)*er )akes *is c(e &rom )*e c*i#d and )*en decides *e)*er or no))*e c*i#d is ca"a-#e o& doin' a )ask2 i& no), *e ma s(''es) a )ask )*a) )*e c*i#d canaccom"#is*. E%en )*o('* )*e son3s *e#" ma -e minima#, s(c* as *e#"in' )o "() inscres or c*eckin' )*e oi#, *is "ar)ici"a)ion in )*e *o#e )ask is enco(ra'ed as anessen)ia# "ar) o& #earnin'. 7e is a##oed )o a))em") )asks and )o e!"erimen) i)*o()&ear o& "(nis*men) i& *e &ai#s. In s(c* &ami#ies, #earnin' and 4(es)ionin' are in )*e*ands o& )*e c*i#d.6i)* )ime c*i#dren de%e#o" e!"er)ise as e##. T*e *a%e man o""or)(ni)ies in )*ec#(s)er o& *o(se*o#ds )o a""# *a) )*e *a%e #earned )o )asks o& )*eir on desi'n.For e!am"#e, )*e son ma *a%e a ork"#ace *ere )*ere are man $(nk$ en'ines)*a) *e can mani"(#a)e and i)* *ic* *e can e!"erimen). 7e ma (se *a) *e*as #earned in o-ser%in' and assis)in' *is &a)*er )o re-(i#d a sma## en'ine &or a$'ocar)$ *e is cons)r(c)in'.Mo## and *is co##ea'(es are e!"#orin' as o& (sin' )*e comm(ni) )o enric*c*i#dren3s academic de%e#o"men). To accom"#is* )*is, )eac*ers *a%e de%e#o"ed ana&)ersc*oo# #a-ora)or. One )eac*er crea)ed a mod(#e on cons)r(c)in' *o(ses*ic* is a )*eme o& 'rea) in)eres) )o )*e s)(den)s in )*is )eac*er3s c#assroom anda#so one o& )*e mos) "rominen) &(nds o& kno#ed'e &o(nd in )*e s)(den)s3*o(se*o#ds. T*e s)(den)s s)ar)ed - #oca)in' in&orma)ion on -(i#din' orcons)r(c)ion in )*e #i-rar. /s a res(#) o& )*eir researc*, )*e -(i#) a mode# *o(se oro)*er s)r(c)(re as *omeork and ro)e re"or)s descri-in' )*eir researc* ande!"#ainin' )*eir cons)r(c)ion. To e!)end )*is ac)i%i), )*e )eac*er in%i)ed "aren)sand o)*er comm(ni) mem-ers *o ere e!"er)s )o s*are in&orma)ion on s"eci&icas"ec)s o& cons)r(c)ion. For e!am"#e, one "aren) descri-ed *is (se o& cons)r(c)ion)oo#s and *o *e meas(red )*e area and "erime)er o& *is ork si)e. T*(s, )*e)eac*er as mo-i#izin' )*e &(nds o& kno#ed'e in )*e comm(ni) )o ac*ie%e )*eins)r(c)iona# 'oa#s )*a) s*e and *er s)(den)s *ad ne'o)ia)ed )o'e)*er.T*e s)(den)s )*en )ook )*e mod(#e one s)e" &(r)*er. T*e an)ed )o consider *o)*e co(#d com-ine )*ese indi%id(a# s)r(c)(res )o &orm a comm(ni). T*is )askre4(ired -o)* a""#ica)ion o& )*eir ear#ier #earnin's and considera-#e researc*.5)(den)s en) o() )o do researc*, ro)e s(mmaries o& )*eir &indin's, and s*ared)*e res(#)s ora## i)* o)*ers in )*e c#ass. T*(s, s)(den)s &(#&i##ed )*eir on in)eres)sand desi'ned )*e #earnin' )ask, *i#e )*e )eac*er &aci#i)a)ed and media)ed )*e#earnin' "rocess and &(#&i##ed *er c(rric(#ar 'oa# o& )eac*in' #an'(a'e ar)s.


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.alincsarand Bron Pa#incsar and Bron *a%e a""#ied ;'o)sk3s )*eories a-o()dia#o'(e and sca&&o#din' )o c#assroom ins)r(c)ion. T*e reasoned )*a) i& )*e na)(ra#dia#o'(e )*a) occ(rs o()side o& sc*oo# -e)een a c*i#d and ad(#) is so "oer&(# &or"romo)in' #earnin', i) o('*) )o "romo)e #earnin' in sc*oo# as e##. In "ar)ic(#ar, )*eere in)eres)ed in )*e "#annin' and se#&re'(#a)ion s(c* dia#o'(e mi'*) &os)er in

#earners as e## as )*e insi'*)s )eac*ers mi'*) 'ain a-o() )*eir s)(den)s3 )*inkin'"rocesses as )*e en'a'e in #earnin' )asks. In addi)ion, dia#o'(e amon' s)(den)smi'*) -e es"ecia## e&&ec)i%e &or enco(ra'in' co##a-ora)i%e "ro-#em so#%in'.Pa#incsar and Bron no)ed )*a), in con)ras) )o e&&ec)i%e ad(#)c*i#d in)erac)ionso()side o& sc*oo#, c#assroom )a#k does no) a#as enco(ra'e s)(den)s )o de%e#o"se#&re'(#a)ion. T*(s, a 'oa# o& )*eir researc* as )o &ind as )o make dia#o'(e amaor mode o& in)erac)ion -e)een )eac*ers and s)(den)s )o enco(ra'e se#&re'(#a)ed #earnin'.T*eir c#assroom researc* re%ea#ed increased se#&re'(#a)ion in c#assrooms *ere,s(-se4(en) )o )rainin', dia#o'(e -ecame a na)(ra# ac)i%i). 6i)*in a oin) dia#o'(e,)eac*ers mode#ed )*inkin' s)ra)e'ies e&&ec)i%e#, a""aren)# in "ar) -eca(ses)(den)s &e#) &ree )o e!"ress (ncer)ain), ask 4(es)ions, and s*are )*eir kno#ed'ei)*o() &ear o& cri)icism. T*e s)(den)s 'a%e )*e )eac*ers c#(es, so )o s"eak, as )o)*e kind o& #earnin' )*e ere read &or. For e!am"#e, one s)(den) in)err(")ed *er)eac*er *en s*e did no) (nders)and some)*in' )*e )eac*er as readin'. T*e)eac*er )ook )*is o""or)(ni) )o mode# a c#ari&in' s)ra)e'. I) a#so o(#d *a%e-een a""ro"ria)e )o *a%e asked o)*er s)(den)s )o mode# )*e "rocess.: In a n(m-ero& c#assrooms, s)(den)s &ree# disc(ssed *a) )*e kne a-o() )o"ics, )*(sre%ea#in' "ersis)en) misconce")ions. 5(c* re%e#a)ions do no) a#as *a""en inmore )radi)iona# c#assrooms. F(r)*ermore, )eac*ers *e#"ed s)(den)s c*an'e )*eirmisconce")ions )*ro('* con)in(ed dia#o'(e.One "ar)ic(#ar a""#ica)ion as in readin' com"re*ension &or s)(den)s iden)i&ied as"oor readers. T*e researc*ers "ro"osed )*a) "oor readers *a%e *ad im"o%eris*ede!"eriences i)* readin' &or meanin' in sc*oo# and conc#(ded )*a) )*e mi'*)#earn com"re*ension s)ra)e'ies )*ro('* dia#o'(e. To enco(ra'e oin) res"onsi-i#i)&or dia#o'(e, )*e asked s)(den)s )o )ake increasin' res"onsi-i#i) &or #eadin'disc(ssion, i.e., )o ac) as )*e )eac*er. T*is )(rn)akin' is ca##ed reci"roca# )eac*in'.T*e &o(r com"re*ension s)ra)e'ies )*a) are s)ressed are+ "redic)in', 4(es)ion'enera)in', s(mmarizin', and c#ari&in'. T*e $)eac*er$ #eads dia#o'(e a-o() )*e)e!). Predic)in' ac)i%a)es s)(den)s3 "rior kno#ed'e a-o() )*e )e!) and *e#"s )*emmake connec)ions -e)een ne in&orma)ion and *a) )*e a#read kno, and'i%es )*em a "(r"ose &or readin'. 5)(den)s a#so #earn )o 'enera)e 4(es)ions)*emse#%es ra)*er )*an res"ondin' on# )o )eac*er 4(es)ions. 5)(den)s co##a-ora)e)o accom"#is* s(mmarizin', *ic* enco(ra'es )*em )o in)e'ra)e *a) )*e *a%e#earned. C#ari&in' "romo)es com"re*ension moni)orin'. 5)(den)s s*are )*eir(ncer)ain)ies a-o() (n&ami#iar %oca-(#ar, con&(sin' )e!) "assa'es, and di&&ic(#)conce")s.Reci"roca# )eac*in' *as -een s(ccess&(#, -() on# *en )eac*ers -e#ie%e )*e(nder#in' ass(m")ion )*a) co##a-ora)ion amon' )eac*ers and s)(den)s )o cons)r(c)meanin', so#%e "ro-#ems, and so &or)*, #eads )o *i'*er 4(a#i) #earnin'. Be#ie%in')*is is on# a -e'innin'. En'a'in' in )r(e dia#o'(e re4(ires "rac)ice &or -o)*)eac*ers and s)(den)s. 7oe%er, )*e "rinci"#es o& co##a-ora)i%e dia#o'(e and


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sca&&o#din' &or "(r"oses o& se#&re'(#a)ed #earnin' o('*) )o -e e&&ec)i%e acrossman con)en) areas. 6*a) ma di&&er, o& co(rse, are )*e cri)ica# s"eci&ic s)ra)e'ies&or di&&eren) s(-ec) areas. For e!am"#e, de&inin' "ro-#ems seems cri)ica# inma)*ema)ics2 (d'in' )*e re#ia-i#i) o& reso(rces a""ears im"or)an) in socia#s)(dies2 and seekin' em"irica# e%idence is essen)ia# in science. In &ac), Pa#incsar is

c(rren)# in%es)i'a)in' "ro-#em so#%in' in science.Coo)erative LearningCoo"era)ion, a &orm o& co##a-ora)ion, is $orkin' )o'e)*er)o accom"#is* s*ared 'oa#s$ Jo*nson Jo*nson, 19@9, ". :. 6*ereasco##a-ora)ion *a""ens in -o)* sma## and #ar'e 'ro("s, coo"era)ion re&ers "rimari#)o sma## 'ro("s o& s)(den)s orkin' )o'e)*er. Man )eac*ers and *o#e sc*oo#sare ado")in' coo"era)ion as )*e "rimar s)r(c)(re &or c#assroom #earnin'.Researc* s)ron'# s(""or)s )*e ad%an)a'es o& coo"era)i%e #earnin' o%ercom"e)i)ion and indi%id(a#ized #earnin' in a ide arra o& #earnin' )asks. Com"ared)o com"e)i)i%e or indi%id(a# ork, coo"era)ion #eads )o *i'*er 'ro(" and indi%id(a#ac*ie%emen), *i'*er4(a#i) reasonin' s)ra)e'ies, more &re4(en) )rans&er o& )*ese&rom )*e 'ro(" )o indi%id(a# mem-ers, more me)aco'ni)ion, and more ne ideasand so#()ions )o "ro-#ems. In addi)ion, s)(den)s orkin' in coo"era)i%e 'ro("s )end)o -e more in)rinsica## mo)i%a)ed, in)e##ec)(a## c(rio(s, carin' o& o)*ers, and"sc*o#o'ica## *ea#)*. T*a) is no) )o sa )*a) com"e)i)ion and indi%id(a# orks*o(#d no) -e %a#(ed and enco(ra'ed, *oe%er. For e!am"#e, com"e)i)ion isa""ro"ria)e *en )*ere can -e on# one inner, as in a s"or)s e%en), andindi%id(a#is)ic e&&or) is a""ro"ria)e *en )*e 'oa# is "ersona## -ene&icia# and *asno in(ence on )*e 'oa#s o& o)*ers.n&or)(na)e#, sim"# "())in' s)(den)s in 'ro("s and #e))in' )*em 'o is no) eno('*)o a))ain )*e o()comes #is)ed a-o%e. Indeed, man )eac*ers and sc*oo#s *a%e&ai#ed )o im"#emen) coo"era)ion -eca(se )*e *a%e no) (nders)ood )*a)coo"era)i%e ski##s m(s) -e #earned and "rac)iced, es"ecia## since s)(den)s are(sed )o orkin' on )*eir on in com"e)i)ion &or 'rades. /) #eas) )*ree condi)ionsm(s) "re%ai#, accordin' )o Jo*nson and Jo*nson, i& coo"era)ion is )o ork. Firs),s)(den)s m(s) see )*emse#%es as "osi)i%e# in)erde"enden) so )*a) )*e )ake a"ersona# res"onsi-i#i) &or orkin' )o ac*ie%e 'ro(" 'oa#s. 5econd, s)(den)s m(s)en'a'e in considera-#e &ace)o&ace in)erac)ion in *ic* )*e *e#" eac* o)*er,s*are reso(rces, 'i%e cons)r(c)i%e &eed-ack )o eac* o)*er, c*a##en'e o)*ermem-ers3 reasonin' and ideas, kee" an o"en mind, ac) in a )r(s)or)* manner,and "romo)e a &ee#in' o& sa&e) )o red(ce an!ie) o& a## mem-ers. 7e)ero'eneo(s'ro("s o& s)(den)s (s(a## accom"#is* )*is second condi)ion -e))er )*an do*omo'eneo(s 'ro("s.T*e )*ird condi)ion, e&&ec)i%e 'ro(" "rocess ski##s, is necessar &or )*e &irs) )o )o"re%ai#. In &ac), 'ro(" ski##s are ne%er $mas)ered.$ 5)(den)s con)in(a## need )oreec) on )*eir in)erac)ions and e%a#(a)e )*eir coo"era)i%e ork. For e!am"#e,s)(den)s need )o #earn ski##s -o)* &or accom"#is*in' )asks, s(c* as s(mmarizin'and consens(s )akin', and &or main)ainin' 'ro(" co*esi%eness, s(c* as ens(rin')*a) e%erone *as a c*ance )o s"eak and com"romisin'.5ome "eo"#e, s(c* as 5#a%in, *a%e de%e#o"ed s"eci&ic coo"era)i%e #earnin'me)*ods )*a) em"*asize indi%id(a# res"onsi-i#i) &or 'ro(" mem-ers. 6*i#e 'ro("ss)i## ork )o ac*ie%e common 'oa#s, eac* mem-er &(#&i##s a "ar)ic(#ar ro#e or


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accom"#is*es an indi%id(a# )ask. Teac*ers can )*en assess -o)* 'ro(" andindi%id(a# ork.8i&&ic(#) as i) ma -e )o im"#emen) coo"era)i%e #earnin', )*ose *o *a%e areen)*(sias)ic. 5ee )*e e!am"#e &rom Jo#ie) 6es) 7i'* 5c*oo# in )*e ne!) sec)ion.:T*e see im"ro%ed #earnin', more e&&ec)i%e socia# ski##s, and *i'*er se#&es)eem &or

mos) o& )*eir s)(den)s. In addi)ion, )*e reco'nize )*a) o(r c*an'in' or#ddemands more and more coo"era)ion amon' indi%id(a#s, comm(ni)ies, andna)ions, and )*a) )*e are indeed "re"arin' s)(den)s &or )*is or#d.

What -re 2ther 31am)les oCollaborative Instruction?

The 4amehameha 3arl% 3ducation .rogram

5ome )eac*ers in 7aaiian c#assrooms, in coo"era)ion i)* researc*ers s(c* asDa)*erine /(, *a%e de%e#o"ed a a )o )eac* e#emen)ar readin', E!"erienceTe!)Re#a)ions*i" ETR:, )*a) &oc(ses on com"re*ension and dras on )*es)ren')*s o& )*e 7aaiian c(#)(re. T*e -asic e#emen) o& )*e ETR me)*od isdisc(ssion o& a )e!) and )o"ics re#a)ed )o )*e )e!), es"ecia## s)(den)s3 one!"eriences.Teac*ers cond(c) disc(ssion o& s)ories in )*ree "*ases. Firs), )*e '(ide s)(den)s)o ac)i%a)e *a) )*e kno )*a) i## *e#" )*em (nders)and *a) )*e read, make"redic)ions, and se) "(r"oses. T*is is )*e E!"erience "*ase. Ne!), )*e read )*es)or i)* )*e s)(den)s, s)o""in' a) a""ro"ria)e "oin)s )o disc(ss )*e s)or,de)ermine *e)*er )*eir "redic)ions ere con&irmed, and so on. T*is is )*e Te!)

"*ase. /&)er )*e *a%e &inis*ed )*e s)or, )eac*ers '(ide s)(den)s )o re#a)e ideas&rom a )e!) )o )*eir on e!"eriences. T*is is )*e Re#a)ions*i" "*ase. Teac*ers&aci#i)a)e com"re*ension, mode# "rocesses, and ma coac* s)(den)s as )*een'a'e in readin' and com"re*ension ac)i%i)ies.7aaiians en'a'e in $)a#k s)or$ as a &a%ored a )o narra)e s)ories. 6*i#e somec(#)(res e!"ec) on# one "erson )o re#a)e a s)or, 7aaiians coo"era)e - )akin')(rns re#a)in' sma## "ar)s o& a s)or. Enco(ra'in' s(c* s)ra)e'ies in readin' #essons"romo)es co##a-ora)ion amon' s)(den)s and )*e )eac*er and in%o#%es, indirec)#,)*e comm(ni) as e##. Coo"era)ion amon' &ami# and 'ro(" mem-ers is a#soim"or)an) in o)*er as"ec)s o& )*e c(#)(re.: /s a res(#), )*e ETR me)*od no) on#a))ends )o s)(den)s3 e!"eriences re#a)ed )o )*e con)en) o& a )e!), -() a#so *onors

comm(nica)ion s)ra)e'ies s)(den)s *a%e #earned in )*eir on c(#)(res.Content -rea Reading7aro#d 7er-er de%e#o"ed a se) o& )eac*in' s)ra)e'ies &orcon)en) area readin' &or o#der s)(den)s, "ar)ic(#ar# *i'* sc*oo# s)(den)s, in *ic*)eac*ers s*o s)(den)s *o )o com"re*end )e!) )*ro('* sim(#a)ion mode#in' and&aci#i)a)in': ra)*er )*an askin' reci)a)ion 4(es)ions )*a) mere# assess *e)*ers)(den)s *a%e (nders)ood a )e!).In addi)ion, (se o& sma##, *e)ero'eneo(s, co##a-ora)i%e 'ro("s in con)en) areareadin' increases s)(den)s3 in%o#%emen) in #earnin'. T*e are more i##in' )o )ake


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risks and )o #earn ne s)ra)e'ies and ideas &rom )*eir "eers. Teac*ers *o (se7er-er3s s)ra)e'ies re"or) )*a) a## s)(den)s seem )o -ene&i) &rom co##a-ora)i%e ork.T*e &ind )*a) i) is cri)ica#, *oe%er, )o )eac* s)(den)s *o )o ork in 'ro("s..rocess WritingT*e "rocess ri)in' a""roac* e descri-e *ere as de%e#o"edin a r(ra# sc*oo# in Ne 7am"s*ire (nder )*e direc)ion o& 8ona#d ra%es. I) *as

-een incor"ora)ed in man e#emen)ar sc*oo# c#assrooms -() is (s) as a""ro"ria)e&or o#der c*i#dren.Process ri)in' )eac*ers *o (se ra%es3 a""roac* make cer)ain ass(m")ionsa-o() s)(den)s and )*e ri)in' "rocess. One is )*a) s)(den)s *a%e or)**i#e ideas)o comm(nica)e in ri)in'. /no)*er is )*a) *en s)(den)s se#ec) )*eir on )o"ics)*e i## #earn more a-o() ri)in' )*an i& )eac*ers a#as assi'n )o"ics. / )*ird is)*a) ri)in' s*o(#d -e read - rea# a(diences, )*a) is, )*a) ri)in' is cons)r(c)in'meanin' - a comm(ni) o& ri)ers and readers.Bo)* )eac*ers and s)(den)s en'a'e in ri)in' as a cra&). Teac*ers3 main &(nc)ionsare )o &aci#i)a)e, mode#, and coac*. 5)(den)s dia#o'(e i)* o)*er s)(den)s incon&erences and as "ar) o& an a(dience. T*e mode o& in)erac)ion is co##a-ora)ionamon' s)(den)s and )*e )eac*er.Teac*ers &(#&i## )*eir media)in' ro#es in man as. T*e &aci#i)a)e - "ro%idin' )ime)o ri)e e%er da and - se))in' s)andards i)* )*e s)(den)s &or con&erencin',s*arin', and -ein' an a(dience. T*e mode# - ri)in' a#on' i)* )*e s)(den)s and)*inkin' a#o(d a-o() *o )o so#%e "ro-#ems ri)ers enco(n)er s(c* as se#ec)in')o"ics and makin' re%isions. Coac*in' o&)en )akes "#ace in )eac*ers)(den)con&erences, and s)(den)s)(den) con&erences mirror )*e )eac*ers)(den)con&erence. Con&erences are conce")(a#ized as dia#o'(es -e)een an edi)or andan a()*or. T*e $edi)or$ mi'*) "oin) o() "#aces *ere )*e a()*or3s ri)in' orkses"ecia## e##, or mi'*) "oin) o() a con&(sin' "assa'e )*a) )*e a()*or co(#d re%ise.ra%es "ro%ides man "rac)ica# '(ide#ines &or, and e!am"#es o&, s(ccess&(#con&erencin'.Man im"or)an) in)erac)ions are "romo)ed in "rocess ri)in'. 5)(den)s ork on)*eir on, -() a#so s*are )*eir ri)in' i)* o)*er s)(den)s and )*e )eac*er. 6*en as)(den) decides )o s*are *is or *er ork i)* )*e *o#e c#ass, *e or s*e is )rea)edas a rea# a()*or. G(es)ions )*a) o)*er s)(den)s ask )*e s)(den) a()*or o(#d -e )*esame ones )*e mi'*) ask a $rea#$ a()*or2 &or e!am"#e, $6*ere did o( 'e) o(ridea &or )*a) s)orH$ 6*en s)(den)s &ee# a "iece is &inis*ed, )*e "(-#is* i) and"#ace i) on )*e c#assroom s*e#%es a#on'side -ooks - )*eir "eers and $rea#$a()*ors.*inding +athematical .atterns Ma)*ema)ics is &(## o& o""or)(ni)ies &or s)(den)s )oco##a-ora)e on )asks )*a) re4(ire com"#e! )*inkin'. 6e##desi'ned "ro-#ems re4(irein)er"re)a)ion, a##o &or m(#)i"#e so#()ion s)ra)e'ies, and *a%e so#()ions )*a) can -ede-a)ed, e!)ended, and 'enera#ized )o o)*er con)e!)s. T*omas ood and *isco##ea'(es a) )*e ni%ersi) o& Misso(riCo#(m-ia *a%e iden)i&ied e!em"#ar"rac)ices in sma##'ro(" ma)*ema)ics ins)r(c)ion.

/s an i##(s)ra)ion, )*e s(mmarize a #esson de%e#o"ed - a )*ird'rade )eac*er.5*e -e'an )*e #esson - askin' )*e *o#e c#ass a## )*e di&&eren) as o& ri)in' =as a s(m &or e!am"#e, 1 1 1, 1, = 0:. 5*e ro)e )*e res"onses on )*e-oard and no)ed )*e n(m-er o& "ossi-i#i)ies. 5*e )*en asked s)(den)s )o ork in"airs )o iden)i& a## )*e as )o make s(ms o& A. T*e )eac*er enco(ra'ed )*e


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s)(den)s )o con&er and "oo# so#()ions )o de)ermine *e)*er )*e *ad &o(nd a##"ossi-#e so#()ions. Ne!) s*e asked sma## 'ro("s o& s)(den)s )o consider )*en(m-er >. Be&ore )*e 'ro("s s)ar)ed, s*e asked )*em )o "redic) *o manso#()ions )*ere o(#d -e. 6i)* en)*(siasm and e!ci)emen), )*e 'ro("s com"e)ed)o &ind )*e 'rea)es) n(m-er o& so#()ions, and m(c* )askre#a)ed con%ersa)ion

ens(ed. T*e )eac*er )*en #ed a &o##o(" disc(ssion, askin' eac* 'ro(" )odescri-e )*e ss)em i) *ad (sed )o 'enera)e "ossi-#e so#()ions. T*e c#ass )*endecided *ic* ss)em )*e )*o('*) as -es).T*e )eac*er )*en *e#"ed s)(den)s #ook &or "a))erns in )*e n(m-ers o& so#()ions &or=, A, and >. Ne!), s*e asked )*em )o (se )*eir $-es)$ ss)em )o 'enera)e a##"ossi-#e "a))erns &or )*e n(m-er . /'ain, s*e asked i& a "a))ern as a""aren) andi& )*e co(#d (se i) )o "redic) so#()ions &or )*e n(m-er . 5e%era# s(''es)ions eremade, -() no conc#(sions a'reed on. 5*e ended - enco(ra'in' s)(den)s )o )*inkmore a-o() )*is "ro-#em.-))lication in +athematics. /s "ar) o& )*e ni%ersi) o& C*ica'o 5c*oo#Ma)*ema)ics Proec), a com"#e)e ma)*ema)ics c(rric(#(m *as -een de%e#o"ed &ora%era'e s)(den)s in 'rades 1. 8e%e#o"men) o& )*is c(rric(#(m, *ic* -e'an in19@=, is (nder )*e direc)ion o& Ka#man siskin and 5*aron 5enk, and *as in%o#%edsc*oo# "ersonne# a) e%er s)a'e o& "#annin', ri)in', and )es)in'. T*e c(rric(#(maims )o "re"are s)(den)s &or an a'e in *ic* ma)*ema)ics *as an in)e'ra# ro#e incon)em"orar iss(es, comm(nica)ion, and commerce, as e## as i)s )radi)iona# ro#ein science, en'ineerin', and )ec*no#o'. C(rric(#ar con)en) &oc(ses on (sin'ma)*ema)ics )o so#%e rea#or#d "ro-#ems.For e!am"#e, ins)ead o& -ein' asked )o &ind a so#()ion )o an a-s)rac) $"ro-#em$s(c* as A00 di%ided - 11.=, s)(den)s mi'*) -e asked, $5(""ose a car 'oes A00mi#es -e)een 'as &i##("s and i) )akes 11.= 'a##ons )o &i## (" )*e )ank. 6*a) *as-een )*e mi#ea'e "er 'a##onH$ In c#asses *ere )*is 4(es)ion is asked and )*eanser a-o() =>.A mi#es "er 'a##on: is &o(nd, )*ere are na)(ra# 4(es)ions s(c* as+$6* is )*is n(m-er im"or)an)H$ $Is )*is "ossi-#e do cars 'e) )*is m(c* mi#ea'eHI& so, *a) cars doH$ $6*a) is a 'ood 'as mi#ea'e )*ese dasH$ $7o m(c* #ess'as o(#d -e (sed on a 10,000mi#e )ri" - a car a%era'in' => mi#es "er 'a##on)*an a car a%era'in' > mi#es "er 'a##onH 7o m(c* #ess o(#d i) cos)H$T*is em"*asis on (sin' ma)*ema)ics )o so#%e rea#or#d "ro-#ems &orces )*ec(rric(#(m )o make (se o& )ec*no#o'. T*e (se o& )ec*no#o'in )*is case, aca#c(#a)or ena-#es )*e )eac*er and s)(den)s )o -e more e&&icien) in (sin' ma)* )oso#%e "ro-#ems, &reein' (" )*e )ime &ormer# s"en) in ca#c(#a)ion &or so#%in'addi)iona# "ro-#ems re#e%an) )o s)(den)s3 #i%es. In )*e 5c*oo# Ma)*ema)ics Proec),scien)i&ic ca#c(#a)ors are re4(ired in a## co(rses -eca(se )*e are a%ai#a-#e )oa#mos) anone *o (ses ma)*ema)ics in )*e or#d o()side o& sc*oo#. Com"()erork is recommended in a## co(rses and is re4(ired in one ad%anced co(rse-eca(se )*e con)en)&(nc)ions and s)a)is)ics is no) co%ered ade4(a)e# )oda(n#ess one *as a()oma)ic 'ra"*ic and da)a *and#in' ca"a-i#i)ies.In )*ese as, ins)r(c)ion is c*an'ed no) -eca(se o& an a "riori decision )o (seco##a-ora)i%e 'ro("s or coo"era)i%e #earnin' -() -eca(se )*e con)en) and)ec*no#o' #end )*emse#%es )o disc(ssion and )eamork. 5)(den)s are (s(a## no)sa)is&ied mere# i)* a ri'*)ron' anser )o an in)eres)in' "ro-#em2 )*e is* )odisc(ss i), )*e an) )o s*are )*eir me)*ods o& so#()ion, and )*e an) )o kno


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*e)*er o)*ers )*o('*) )*e same a. One o& )*e sa#ien) &indin's &rom )*e )es)in'o& )*is c(rric(#(m is )*a) s)(den)s no #on'er ask, $7o does )*is )o"ic a""# )o )*erea# or#dH$ or $6* am I s)(din' )*isH$In )*e a#'e-ra c(rric(#(m, siskin and 5enk *a%e inc#(ded on# )*ose $ord"ro-#ems$ )*a) s*o )*e im"or)ance o& ma)*ema)ics in )oda3s or#d. T*e

c(rric(#(m de%e#o"ers "oin) o() )*e "i)&a##s o& "ro-#ems s(c* as )*e &o##oin', o&)en&o(nd in a#'e-ra )e!)s+ $Re%ersin' )*e )o di'i)s in )*e cos) o& an i)em, asa#es"erson o%erc*ar'es a c(s)omer - cen)s. I& )*e s(m o& )*e di'i)s as 1>,*a) as )*e ori'ina# cos) o& )*e i)emH$ 5(c* "ro-#ems %io#a)e )o "rinci"#es o&a""#ica)ion o& ma)*ema)ics. Firs), )*e are re%erse 'i%en&ind, in )*a) one *as )okno )*e anser -e&ore one can make (" )*e 4(es)ion. In )*e rea# or#d, oneo(#d ne%er so#%e a "ro-#em &or *ic* one a#read as so#()ion. 5econd, s(c*"ro-#ems are easier )o so#%e i)* ari)*me)ic )*an a#'e-ra. siskin, 5enk, and )*e)eac*ers )*e ork i)* -e#ie%e i) is -eca(se o& )*ese )o eaknesses )*a) s(c*$ord "ro-#ems$ are %ieed i)* s(c* an)i"a)* )*a) man s)(den)s ask * )*eare s)(din' )*e s(-ec). Ma)*ema)ics, siskin, "oin)s o(), *as -een in%en)ed )o do)*in's more easi#, no) )o make )*in's more di&&ic(#).T*e 5c*oo# Ma)*ema)ics Proec) )eac*es a#'e-raic conce")s (sin' rea#or#d"ro-#ems. For e!am"#e, #inear e4(a)ions are )a('*) i)* a ide %arie) o& cons)an)increase or cons)an) decrease "ro-#ems, s(c* as, $T*e "o"(#a)ion o& )*e "ro%inceo& G(e-ec in Canada as ,=9@,000 in 19@0. I& )*e "o"(#a)ion is increasin' -A0,000 "eo"#e "er ear, &ind an e4(a)ion re#a)in' )*e "o"(#a)ion )o )*e ear.$ /ne!am"#e o& a #inear com-ina)ion "ro-#em is+ $I& o( ea) a 4(ar)er"o(nder *ic**as @0 ca#ories "er o(nce, *o man 111ca#orie Frenc* &ries can o( ea) i& o(don3) an) o(r #(nc* )o e!ceed >00 ca#oriesH$ /n e!am"#e in%o#%in' da)a )*a)needs a #ine 'ra"* is+ $i%en )*e #a)i)(des and mean /"ri# )em"era)(res o& someci)ies in )*e nor)*ern *emis"*ere, &ind an e4(a)ion a""ro!ima)e# re#a)in' #a)i)(deand )em"era)(re. ra"* )*is e4(a)ion. E!"#ain * )*e "oin) &or Me!ico Ci) &a##s&ar &rom )*e #ine.$ 5imi#ar "ro-#ems are (sed )o )eac* o)*er conce")s in a#'e-ra ando)*er co(rses. T*e 'oa# o& )*e c(rric(#(m de%e#o"ers is )o s*o )*a) i) is im"or)an)no) on# )o *a%e ski##s, )o see )*e re#a)ions*i"s amon' ma)*ema)ica# ideas, and )ore"resen) )*ese ideas concre)e# or "ic)oria##, -() a#so )o see * ma)*ema)ics isso im"or)an) in so man as in )oda3s or#d.5oliet6es) 7i'* 5c*oo#, Jo#ie), IL Jo#ie) is a comm(ni) o& a""ro!ima)e# 100,000"eo"#e di%erse in )erms o& racia# -ack'ro(nd and income #e%e#. 6*i)es, -#acks, and7is"anics reside in Jo#ie). I) is *ome )o &ami#ies #i%in' in "o%er) as e## as &ami#ies#i%in' in a&(ence. In )*e mid3@0s, Jo#ie) 6es) 7i'* sc*oo# *ad a *i'* &ai#(re ra)e= "ercen) o& )*e &res*men c#ass &ai#ed one or more c#asses: and a *i'* ra)e o&re&erra#s &or disci"#ine "ro-#ems. 8e)ermined )o e4(i" s)(den)s i)* kno#ed'e andski##s )o s(cceed -o)* in sc*oo# and o(), )*e *i'* sc*oo# ins)i)()ed a coo"era)i%e#earnin' "ro'ram e!em"#i&in' co##a-ora)i%e ins)r(c)ion.Basic )o Jo#ie) 6es) 7i'* 5c*oo#3s "ro'ram are )*e TE/M To'e)*er Eac*

/ccom"#is*es More: 5eminars in *ic* a## &res*men "ar)ici"a)e dai#. 5eminars"ro%ide s)(den)s i)* o""or)(ni)ies )o e!"erience sma##'ro(", coo"era)i%e#earnin'. 6*i#e #earnin' "ro-#emso#%in' and decisionmakin' ski##s, s)(den)s,'ro("ed *e)ero'eneo(s# i)* re'ard )o race, economic #e%e#, and a-i#i), -e'in )oa""recia)e di%erse c(#)(res, a))i)(des, and a-i#i)ies. TE/M a#so in%o#%es )*e


20/26

comm(ni)+ Loca# *os"i)a# s)a&& )a#k i)* &res*men a-o() s)ress mana'emen) anddr(' a-(se "re%en)ion2 o)*er comm(ni) mem-ers in)rod(ce s)(den)s )o career"ossi-i#i)ies.

/are )*a) co##a-ora)ion "romo)es #earnin' in man se))in's, Jo#ie) 6es) 7i'*5c*oo# )rains man o& i)s con)en)area )eac*ers )o make )*eir c#assrooms

comm(ni)ies o& co##a-ora)ion. In En'#is*, *is)or, &orei'n #an'(a'e, and ind(s)ria#)ec*no#o', &or e!am"#e, s)(den)s co##a-ora)e in sma## 'ro("s or as an en)irec#assroom2 )*e s*are "rior kno#ed'e, se) #earnin' 'oa#s, moni)or )*eir "ro'ress,and s*are res"onsi-i#i) &or res(#)s. 7e)ero'eneo(s 'ro("in' ma )eam s)(den)s&rom %ario(s socioeconomic 'ro("s and s)(den)s i)* %arin' e!"erien)ia#-ack'ro(nds. i&)ed s)(den)s and &ormer 5"ecia# Ed(ca)ion s)(den)s maco##a-ora)e. C#assrooms are o"en comm(ni)ies *ere a## ideas are e#come2s)(den)s c*a##en'e eac* o)*er and s*are "osi)i%e cri)icism. Teac*ers o&&er "osi)i%erein&orcemen) and comm(nica)e s(ccesses )o "aren)s.Co##a-ora)i%e )ec*ni4(es e!)end )o disci"#ine. 5)(den) 'ro("s, )rained in media)ionand ar-i)ra)ion, co(nse# s)(den)s *o are *a-i)(a## )ard or disr(")i%e.Jo#ie)3s s(ccess is e%iden) no) on# in academic "er&ormance, -() a#so in s)(den)a))i)(des, mo)i%a)ion, and se#&es)eem. 5ince )*e "ro'ram3s ince")ion )*ree earsa'o, )*e n(m-er o& s)(den)s earnin' 'rades in )*e / )o C #e%e# *as increased - 0"ercen), and )*ere *as -een a si'ni&ican) red(c)ion in )*e n(m-er o& &ai#(res amon')*e academica## a)risk 'ro(". Teac*er commen)s i##(s)ra)e o)*er )"es o& 'ains+ $I(se i) in a()o )ec*no#o'. 5)(den)s c*an'e oi# in )riads+ one "icks (" )*e )oo#s, one"()s )*em aa, *i#e one ac)(a## does )*e o-. /## a)c* and are res"onsi-#e )*a))*e o- is done "ro"er#.$ $I &ind )*a) )*ere seem )o -e &eer disci"#inar re&erra#son )*e &res*man #e%e#.$ $In &res*man seminar m s)(den)s are &ormin' )*eir on'ro("s )o s)(d -e&ore maor )es)s. T*e 4(iz eac* o)*er. T*e eno orkin')o'e)*er so m(c*, )*e *a%e e%en made (" )*eir on 'ames and asked me )o -e"ar) o& )*eir 'ro(".$5)(den) commen)s ma -e )*e mos) insi'*)&(#+ $I rea## #ike s*arin' ansers. Ine%er s*ared ansers -e&ore.$ $I rea## #ike orkin' in 'ro("s -eca(se o( can-rin' o(r 'rade (".$ $6*i#e orkin' in 'ro("s )*ere are no ar'(men)s. I& o(disa'ree i)* someone o( &ind a a )o so#%e )*e "ro-#em.$ $I #earned no) )oar'(e and a#as *e#" o() and s*are ideas )*a) o( )*ink o& and do no) s)ar)&i'*)s.$ $6orkin' i)* 'ro("s is &(n -eca(se o( 'e) )o s*are o(r &ac)s i)*someone e#se.$Beau)re 3lementar% #chool6 -urora6 ILT*is sc*oo#3s s)(den) "o"(#a)ion isa""ro!ima)e# AA "ercen) 7is"anic, A "ercen) -#ack, 9 "ercen) *i)e, and 1"ercen) /sian. Mos) s)(den)s are mem-ers o& #oincome &ami#ies. J(s) a &eears a'o, man /(rora ci)izens *ad &e e!"ec)a)ions o& Bea("re s)(den)s. T*ecomm(ni) re'arded man s)(den)s as #i))#e more )*an )ro(-#emakers. 5c*oo#"ersonne# ere &r(s)ra)ed i)* )*eir s)(den)s3 #ack o& #earnin' s(ccess, "ar)ic(#ar#in readin'.

/## )*a) *as c*an'ed. T*e "ro'ram )*a) made a## )*e di&&erence is ca##ed Reading6Reading6 3ver%where"Far more )*an a readin' "ro'ram, i) demons)ra)es *oco##a-ora)ion i)*in )*e c#assroom, )*e sc*oo#, and )*e comm(ni) can "rod(ces(ccess&(# #earners.


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Ra)*er )*an con)in(in' )o re# on *omo'eneo(s 'ro("in' and en)ire# on -asa#readers, Bea("re ado")ed a *o#e#an'(a'e a""roac* and co##a-ora)i%e #earnin'.T*e c(rric(#(m "ro%ides s)(den)s i)* o""or)(ni)ies )o read man )"es oi)era)(re - a()*ors &rom %ario(s c(#)(ra# -ack'ro(nds, o""or)(ni)ies )o %isi) )*e"(-#ic #i-rar, and di%erse ri)in' e!"eriences. /n ins)r(c)iona# )ec*ni4(e knon as

D6L as in)rod(ced in c#assrooms.Teac*ers ac)i%a)e s)(den)s3 "rior kno#ed'e - askin' )*em *a) )*e a#readDNO62 )*en s)(den)s co##a-ora)in' as a c#assroom (ni) or i)*in sma## 'ro("s: se)'oa#s s"eci&in' *a) )*e 6/NT )o #earn2 and, a&)er readin', s)(den)s disc(ss*a) )*e *a%e LE/RNE8. 5)(den)s a""# *i'*erorder )*inkin' s)ra)e'ies *ic**e#" )*em cons)r(c) meanin' &rom *a) )*e read and *e#" )*em moni)or "ro'ress)oard )*eir 'oa#s.

/) Bea("re, s)(den)s o&)en ork in coo"era)i%e 'ro(" in *ic* eac* s)(den) *as as"eci&ic res"onsi-i#i))o com"#e)e a "rod(c) s(c* as a s)or ma". Fi&)* and si!)*'rade )eac*ers *a%e seen *o e&&ec)i%e# "eer in(ence re'(#a)es -e*a%ior *en'ro(" mem-ers m(s) coo"era)e )o com"#e)e a science e!"erimen) or o)*er )"e o&assi'nmen).Bea("re *as 'ained res"ec) in )*e comm(ni) - ()i#izin' )*e )a#en)s o& comm(ni)mem-ers )o &(r)*er s)im(#a)e #earnin'. /mon' )*e n(mero(s co##a-ora)i%e e&&or)sare+ %isi)s )o senior cen)ers *ere o(n's)ers and senior ci)izens read )o eac*o)*er2 %isi)s )o ear# ed(ca)ion cen)ers *ere Bea("re s)(den)s s*are )*eirkno#ed'e i)* )*e )odd#ers2 a *omeork #a- o"era)ed - )eena'ers and seniors&rom a #oca# c*(rc*2 and an r-an Lea'(e )()orin' "ro'ram o"era)ed - "aren)sand *i'* sc*oo# s)(den)s. / "ro'ram e!em"#i&in' co##a-ora)ion as e## as a *o#e#an'(a'e a""roac* is )*e sc*oo#3s Read /#o(d "ro'ram. 5)(den)s in eac*c#assroom ri)e )o comm(ni) mem-ers in%i)in' )*em )o -e )*e $comm(ni) reader$&or )*e da. Comm(ni) mem-ers o& %ario(s e)*nic 'ro("s and occ("a)ions *a%eacce")ed in%i)a)ions and ser%e as ro#e mode#s &or )*e s)(den)s.In addi)ion )o *ei'*)ened in%o#%emen) and res"ec) &rom "aren)s and )*e comm(ni)a) #ar'e, Bea("re *as o-ser%ed im"ro%emen) in s)(den)s3 readin' *a-i)s anda-i#i)ies+ a&)ersc*oo# readin' as (" 0 "ercen)2 )*e n(m-er o& s)(den)s *o#din'#i-rar cards increased - @ "ercen)2 nes"a"er readers*i" - s)(den)sincreased si'ni&ican)#. On s)a)e readin' com"re*ension and %oca-(#arassessmen)s, )*e sc*oo# rose &rom #as) in )*e sc*oo# dis)ric) )o &irs) in )*e co(n)2)*e "ercen) o& s)(den)s in )*e -o))om 4(ar)i#e on s)andardized )es)s &or 'rade 1decreased &rom @0 "ercen) )o "ercen)2 and o%era## readin' scores o& a)risks)(den)s )()ored )*ro('* )*e r-an Lea'(e Proec) increased =A "ercen). In &ac), >o& 1> s)(den)s mo%ed o() o& )*e a)risk ca)e'or.Redwood *alls (igh #chool6 Redwood *alls6 +NRedood Fa##s, a comm(ni)o& >,000 "eo"#e, is ra"id# c*an'in'. 6*a) as once a %er s)a-#e comm(ni) isno c*arac)erized - ins)a-i#i)+ Man &armers &o(nd i) necessar )o #ea%e )*earea, o)*ers remained and )ook #o income o-s, and a n(m-er o& ne "eo"#e aremo%in' in)o )*e area. T*e ran'e o& income #e%e#s is ider no )*an *ena'ric(#)(re as )*e main en)er"rise.T*ese c*an'es *a%e crea)ed a #ack o& co*esi%eness and &ee#in's o& insec(ri) in)*e comm(ni). 7i'* sc*oo# s)(den)s, es"ecia##, &ear &or )*eir &()(re and onder i&)*e i## &ind o-s. T*e )on3s #imi)ed man(&ac)(rin' en)er"rises, re)ai# s)ores, and


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remainin' &arms canno) "ro%ide em"#omen) &or a## )*e )on3s o()*. Mos) i##"ro-a-# seek o-s in sma## ci)ies near-.To address )*ese "ro-#ems, in )*e #a)e 19@0s )*e sc*oo# ss)em a""#ied )o )*e

/merican For(m in )*e #a)e 19@0s and as aarded a &i%eear Ed(ca)ion 000'ran). Ed(ca)ion 000 &(nds ena-#e comm(ni)ies )o res)r(c)(re sc*oo#s so )*a)

s)(den)s are "re"ared &or a c*an'in' socie). To accom"#is* )*is aim, )*e en)ireRedood Fa##s comm(ni) co##a-ora)ed )o se) 'oa#s and de%e#o" a res)r(c)(rin'"#an.T*ese e&&or)s *a%e #ed )o man "osi)i%e c*an'es. Peo"#e -e'an re'ardin' )*esc*oo#s as )*e cen)er o& in)e##ec)(a# #i&e &or )*e comm(ni) a) #ar'e. Ear# c*i#d*ood,&ami# ed(ca)ion, and (ni%ersi) #e%e# ad(#) ed(ca)ion co(rses are amon' )*ose"ro'rams a%ai#a-#e )o e%erone in )*e comm(ni).C(rric(#(m and ins)r(c)ion *a%e a#so c*an'ed. Ins)r(c)ion is m(c* moreco##a-ora)i%e, and c(rric(#(m &oc(ses more on *i'*er order )*inkin' ski##s needed&or s(ccess in sc*oo# and in #i&e. Teac*ers )a" s)(den)s3 "rior kno#ed'e and *e#"s)(den)s $#earn *o )o #earn,$ )*ro('* co##a-ora)i%e "ro-#em so#%in' and decisionmakin'. 6*en s)(den)s need in&orma)ion, )*e ask an $e!"er)$ c#assma)e orcon)ac) a comm(ni) e!"er). 5)(den)s de%e#o" )*eir on )oo#s )o $)es)$ *o e##)*e *a%e #earned. T*e c(rric(#(m *as a#so -ecome more in)erdisci"#inar and-(i#ds on )*e m(#)ic(#)(ra# reso(rces in )*e comm(ni) Na)i%e /mericans, 5edes,and Nore'ians:.In Larr a%in3s *i'* sc*oo# En'#is* c#ass, &or e!am"#e, s)(den)s ork in sma##'ro("s )o cri)i4(e eac* o)*er3s ri)in'. 6*en s)(den)s ri)e narra)i%e, )*e cons(#)8ako)a Indian s)(den)s *o are ski##&(# in ri)in' narra)i%e -eca(se in )*eir c(#)(re,no)*in' is an $e%en)$ (n)i# someone )e##s a stor% about it. 6*en s)(din' a-o()conic)s on )*e rea) P#ains in )*e 1@00s -e)een Na)i%e /merican and *i)e'ro("s, s)(den)s *eard re"resen)a)i%es o& -o)* 'ro("s "resen) )*eir "oin) o& %ie.a%in, )*e drama )eac*er, and )*e m(sic )eac*er co##a-ora)ed )o assis) s)(den)s inri)in' and "rod(cin' an ori'ina# oneac) "#a.Reerences

/#%ermann, 8.E., 8i##on, 8.R., O3Brien, 8.. 19@:. Using discussion to promotereaching comprehension. Neard, 8E+ In)erna)iona# Readin' /ssocia)ion.

/, D.7., Croe##, 8.C., Jordon, C., 5#oa), D.C.M., 5"iede#, .E., D#ien, T.6., T*ar", R.. 19@:. 8e%e#o"men) and im"#emen)a)ion o& )*e DEEP Readin'Pro'ram. In J. Orasan( Ed,:. Reading comprehension: From research to practice "". =>>=:. 7i##sda#e, NJ+ Larence Er#-a(m /ssocia)es.Brand), R.5., Meek, /. Eds.:. 1990:. Coo"era)i%e #earnin' En)ire iss(e.Educational Leadership, 47A:.Bron, /.L., Pa#inscar, /.5., P(rce##, L. 19@:. Poor readers+ Teac*, don3) #a-#e.In . Neisser Ed.:, The academic performance of minority children: New

perspectives"". 10>1A=:. 7i##sda#e, NJ+ Larence Er#-a(m /ssocia)es.Br(ner, J.5. 19@:.ctual !inds" possi#le worlds. Cam-rid'e, M/+ 7ar%ardni%ersi) Press.Co*en, E.. 19@:. / m(#)ia-i#i) a""roac* )o )*e in)e'ra)ed c#assroom. $ournalof Reading %ehavior, &4, A=9A0.Co*en, E.. 19@:. 'esigning group wor(: )trategies for the heterogeneousclassroom. Ne


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Co##ins, /., Bron, J.5., Neman, 5.E. 19@9:. Co'ni)i%e a""ren)ices*i"+Teac*in' )*e cra&)s o& readin', ri)in', and ma)e*ma)ics. In L.B. Resnick Ed.:,*nowing" learning" and instruction: Essays in honor of Ro#ert +laser"". A>=A9A:. 7i##sda)e, NJ+ Larence Er#-a(m /ssocia)es.8i##on, T.J. 19@A:. Researc* on 4(es)ionin' and disc(ssion. Educational

Leadership, 4,=:, >0>.8oise, 6., M('n, ., Perre)C#ermon), /.N. 19>:. 5ocia# in)erac)ion and )*ede%e#o"men) o& co'ni)i%e o"era)ions. European $ournal of )ocial -sychology, .,==@=.Fe(ers)ein, R., Jensen, M.R. 19@0:. Ins)r(men)a# enric*men)+ T*eore)ica# -asis,'oa#s, and ins)r(men)s. The Educational Forum, 4/, A01A=.F#orioR(ane, 5. in "ress:. Ins)r(c)iona# con%ersa)ions in #earnin' )o ri)e and#earnin' )o )eac*. In B.F. Jones L. Ido# Eds.:, 'imensions of thin(ing andcognitive instruction: 0mplications for educational reform. 7i##sda#e, NJ+ LarenceEr#-a(m /ssocia)es.Forman, E./., Cazden, C.B. 19@:. E!"#orin' ;'o)skian "ers"ec)i%es ined(ca)ion+ T*e co'ni)i%e %a#(e o& "eer in)erac)ion. In J.;. 6er)sc* Ed.:, 1ulture"communication" and cognition: 2ygots(ian perspectives. Ne


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Jo*nson, 8.6., Jo*nson, R.T. 19@9:. 1ooperation and competition: Theory andresearch. Edina, MN+ In)erac)ion Book Com"an.Jo*nson, 8.6., Jo*nson, R.T., 7o#(-ec, E.J. 19@:. 1ircles of learningnded.:. Edina, MN+ In)erac)ion Book Com"an.Jo*nson, 8.6., Jo*nson, R.T., 7o#(-ec, E.J. 19@:. )tructuring cooperative

learning: Lesson plans for teachers. Edina, MN+ In)erac)ion Book Com"an.Jo*nson, 8.6., Jo*nson, R.T., 7o#(-ec, E.J. 19@@:. 1ooperation in theclassroomre%. ed.:. Edina, MN+ In)erac)ion Book Com"an.Damii, C., 8e;ries, R. 19@0:. +roup games in early education. 6as*in')on, 8C+T*e Na)iona# /ssocia)ion &or )*e Ed(ca)ion o& >9:. Ne 1A=:. 7i##sda#e, NJ+ Larence Er#-a(m /ssocia)es.Pa#inscar, /.5. Bron, /.L. 19@9:. C#assroom dia#o'(es )o "romo)e se#&re'(#a)ed com"re*ension. In J. Bro"* Ed.:, Teaching for understanding and self9regulated learning;o#. 1, "". =>1:. ;o#(me 1. reenic*, CT+ J/I Press.Pa#inscar, /.5., Ramson, D., 8er-er, 5. 19@@19@9:. Co##a-ora)i%e researc* andde%e#o"men) o& reci"roca# )eac*in'. Educational Leadership, 4/A:, =A0.Pia'e), J. 19>A:. The construction of reality in the child. Ne


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Ro'ers, T., reen, J.L., N(ss-a(m, N.R. in "ress:. /skin' 4(es)ions a-o()4(es)ions. In 5. 7nds 8. R(-in Eds.:, -erspectives on tal( and learning.r-ana, IL+ Na)iona# Co(nci# o& Teac*ers o& En'#is*.5cardama#ia, M., Berei)er, C. 19@>:. Fos)erin' )*e de%e#o"men) o& se#&re'(#a)ion in c*i#dren3s kno#ed'e "rocesses. In J.6. 5e'a#, 5.F. C*i"man, R.

#aser Eds.:, Thin(ing and learning s(ills: Research and open uestions "". >=>:. 7i##sda#e, NJ+ Larence Er#-a(m /ssocia)es.5c*oen&e#d, /.7. 19@>:. !athematical pro#lem solving. Ne >:. Bos)on+Birk*a(ser.siskin, K. 19@=:. Po#ic im"#ica)ions o& "ro-#em so#%in' and ma)*ema)ics#earnin'. The )chool dministrator, 461:, ===>.siskin, K. 19@>:. 6e need ano)*er re%o#()ion in sc*oo# ma)*ema)ics. In)econdary )chool !athematics"". 11:. Res)on, ;/+ Na)iona# Co(nci# o&Teac*ers o& Ma)*ema)ics.siskin, K. 19@9:. T*e se4(encin' o& a""#ica)ions and mode#in' in )*e ni%ersi)o& C*ica'o 5c*oo# Ma)*ema)ics Proec) C5MP: 1 c(rric(#(m. In 6. B#(m,J.5. Berr, R. Bie*#er, J.8. 7(n)#e, . DaiserMessmer, L. Pro&ke Eds.:,

pplications and modeling in learning and teaching mathematics"". 11@1:.C*ic*es)er, En'#and+ E##is 7orood, L)d.;e#ezI-anez, C.. 19@9, /"ri#:. Transmission and patterning of funds of(nowledge: )haping and emergence of U8)8 !e;ican children in conte;t. Pa"er"resen)ed a) )*e 5ocie) &or /""#ied /n)*ro"o#o' 19@9 /nn(a# Mee)in', 5an)a Fe,NM.;e#ezI-anez, C.., reen-er', J.B. 19@9, No%em-er:. Formation andtransformation of funds of (nowledge among U8)8 !e;ican households in theconte;t of the #orderlands. Pa"er "resen)ed a) )*e /merican /n)*ro"o#o'ica#

/ssocia)ion 19@9 /nn(a# Mee)in', 6as*in')on, 8C.;e#ezI-anez, C.., reen-er', J.B., Jo*ns)one, B. 19@A, Fe-r(ar:. T*ee)*nic, economic, and ed(ca)iona# s)r(c)(re o& T(cson, /rizona+ T*e #imi)s o&"ossi-i#i) &or Me!ican /mericans in 19@. -roceedings of the &A1A.


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;'o)sk, L.5. 19@:. !ind in society. M.Co#e, ;. Jo*n5)einer, 5. 5cri-ner, E.5o(-erman Eds.:. Cam-rid'e, M/+ 7ar%ard ni%ersi) Press.;'o)sk, L.5. 19@:. Thought and languagere%. ed.:. / Doz(#in Ed.:.Cam-rid'e, M/+ T*e MIT Press.6er)sc*, J.;. 19@>:. 2ygots(y and the social formation of mind. Cam-rid'e,

M/+ 7ar%ard ni%ersi) Press.6ood, 8., Br(ner, J., Ross, . T*e ro#e o& )()orin' in "ro-#emso#%in'. $ournal of1hild -sychology and -sychiatry, 1, @9100./ideo #ourcesLearnin' Media)ed T*ro('* 8ia#o'(e. T*is %ideo)a"e as de%e#o"ed andco"ri'*)ed - NCREL 1990:.Incor"ora)in' Comm(ni) Dno#ed'e in 5c*oo#s. T*is %ideo)a"e as de%e#o"edand co"ri'*)ed - NCREL 1990:.

/""#ica)ions in Ma)*ema)ics. T*is %ideo)a"e as de%e#o"ed and co"ri'*)ed -NCREL 1990:.

Con)en) and 'enera# commen)s+ in&oncre#.or' Tec*nica# in&orma)ion+"a)ec*con)ac).ncre#.or'

Co"ri'*) Q Nor)* Cen)ra# Re'iona# Ed(ca)iona# La-ora)or. /## ri'*)s reser%ed.8isc#aimer and co"ri'*)in&orma)ion.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ncrel.org/info/copyr/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.ncrel.org/info/copyr/

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