What is the goal of Science?

What is the goal of Science?

What is the goal of Science?

What is the goal of Science?

• To understand the world around us

• To discover• To study• The realm of Science is limited to strictly solving problems about the physical world.

• To understand the world around us

• To discover• To study• The realm of Science is limited to strictly solving problems about the physical world.

3 main branches of Science

3 main branches of ScienceLifeEarth

Physical

LifeEarth

Physical

What do scientists do?

What do scientists do?

What do scientists do?

What do scientists do?

• Make observations• Gather facts• Propose explanations/ hypothesize

• Perform experiments to test their explanations

• Make observations• Gather facts• Propose explanations/ hypothesize

• Perform experiments to test their explanations

Scientists use an organized,

systematic approach to problem solving

called the scientific method

Scientists use an organized,

systematic approach to problem solving

called the scientific method

Turn to page 25 in your workbook.

Look familiar? We will come back to this, but first we

need to identify the difference between description and explanation.

Turn to page 25 in your workbook.

Look familiar? We will come back to this, but first we

need to identify the difference between description and explanation.

Because description and explanation are crucial components to performing an experiment, it is important you know

the difference between them.

Because description and explanation are crucial components to performing an experiment, it is important you know

the difference between them.

DescriptionVs.

Explanation

DescriptionVs.

Explanation

DescriptionDescription

• Tells what scientists have actually observed, an account of events that tells what happens (summary)

• Tells what scientists have actually observed, an account of events that tells what happens (summary)

DescriptionDescription• Observation is the most important skill of a scientist.

• It is the skill of describing scientific events.

• Observations can be made with all 5 senses

• It is not always safe to use every sense when making observations.

• Observation is the most important skill of a scientist.

• It is the skill of describing scientific events.

• Observations can be made with all 5 senses

• It is not always safe to use every sense when making observations.

ExplanationExplanation

• A type of inference or logical guess

• An attempt to tell why or how something happens (significance)

• A type of inference or logical guess

• An attempt to tell why or how something happens (significance)

Description or Explanation?You decide!

Description or Explanation?You decide!• The scientist heated a beaker with

500 mL of water until it boiled.• The water boiled because it was moving faster.

• The temperature of the water was 100C when it boiled.

• The scientist used a stopwatch to measure how long the water took to boil.

• The scientist heated a beaker with 500 mL of water until it boiled.

• The water boiled because it was moving faster.

• The temperature of the water was 100C when it boiled.

• The scientist used a stopwatch to measure how long the water took to boil.

Let’s Review the Scientific MethodLet’s Review the Scientific Method

Scientific MethodScientific Method

• A systematic approach to problem solving used by scientists

• A systematic approach to problem solving used by scientists

ProblemProblem

• What you are trying to determine

• Written as a question

• What you are trying to determine

• Written as a question

Independent VariableIndependent Variable

• I.V.• What you are testing• Scientists should only choose one variable to test at a time.

• I.V.• What you are testing• Scientists should only choose one variable to test at a time.

Sample SizeSample Size• Sometimes it is impossible to bring all variables under control.

• For example, a scientist wants to know if a new drug will kill a disease, but since every patient is unique it is impossible to find two individuals who are the exact same.

• To overcome this, scientists often use large samples.

• The larger sample size the more accurate the results.

• Sometimes it is impossible to bring all variables under control.

• For example, a scientist wants to know if a new drug will kill a disease, but since every patient is unique it is impossible to find two individuals who are the exact same.

• To overcome this, scientists often use large samples.

• The larger sample size the more accurate the results.

Dependent VariableDependent Variable

• D.V.• What you are measuring

• D.V.• What you are measuring

HypothesisHypothesis

• Prediction that can be tested• What you think is going to happen

• Must be written as an IF…THEN statement

• IF statement includes I.V.• THEN statement includes D.V.

• Prediction that can be tested• What you think is going to happen

• Must be written as an IF…THEN statement

• IF statement includes I.V.• THEN statement includes D.V.

ControlsControls

• Factors to be held constant during the experiment

• Controls should not be equipment, the I.V., or D.V.

• Factors to be held constant during the experiment

• Controls should not be equipment, the I.V., or D.V.

Figure out the Problem, I.V., D.V., and Controls to the

scenario below.

Figure out the Problem, I.V., D.V., and Controls to the

scenario below.Your parent bought Tide

detergent this week instead of Cheer because

the stains from your clothes weren’t coming

out all the way.

Your parent bought Tide detergent this week

instead of Cheer because the stains from your

clothes weren’t coming out all the way.

MaterialsMaterials

• List of equipment and materials needed to perform the lab.

• List of equipment and materials needed to perform the lab.

ProceduresProcedures• This is the process you went through to complete the experiment.

• These are written so someone could also do your experiment exactly the way you did it.

• Procedures are numbered.

• This is the process you went through to complete the experiment.

• These are written so someone could also do your experiment exactly the way you did it.

• Procedures are numbered.

ResultsResults

• Your data organized in a chart and a graph.

• Your data organized in a chart and a graph.

ChartsCharts• A table to record your data

• Contains columns and rows

• Displays more words than a graph

• A table to record your data

• Contains columns and rows

• Displays more words than a graph

Expenses Used Each Month

Month Food Gas Motel

Jan. $150 $450 $250

Feb. $75 $300 $0

Mar. $1,430 $0 $2,550

Apr. $300 $325 $175

May $285 $389 $142

June $1,789 $7,500 $350

GraphsGraphs• Display your results in a way to reveal trends or patterns.

• X and Y axis• Key/ Legend is included in most graphs.

• Display your results in a way to reveal trends or patterns.

• X and Y axis• Key/ Legend is included in most graphs.

Both Charts and Graphs…

Both Charts and Graphs…

• Display data/ information in an organized way

• Compare data• Reader friendly• Use color, shapes, pictures

• Display data/ information in an organized way

• Compare data• Reader friendly• Use color, shapes, pictures

When scientists are recording their results they are

looking for trends and patterns. By

using mean, median, and/or mode they are able to interpret

the data.

When scientists are recording their results they are

looking for trends and patterns. By

using mean, median, and/or mode they are able to interpret

the data.

MeanMean

• The sum of a set of data divided by the number of data.

• Another name for mean is average

• Find the mean of the following:

3, 7, 22, 8

• The sum of a set of data divided by the number of data.

• Another name for mean is average

• Find the mean of the following:

3, 7, 22, 8

ModeMode• The data value that occurs most often.In each set of data below find the mode:

a) 25, 24, 19, 33, 26, 34, 46, 37, 33, 22

b) 59, 61, 66, 66, 67, 68, 70, 70, 73, 83

c) 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40

• The data value that occurs most often.In each set of data below find the mode:

a) 25, 24, 19, 33, 26, 34, 46, 37, 33, 22

b) 59, 61, 66, 66, 67, 68, 70, 70, 73, 83

c) 19, 22, 23, 25, 28, 34, 35, 37, 39, 40

MedianMedian• The middle value of a set of data.• Put the data in ascending or descending order and find the middle.

• If there is an odd number of data, the median is the middle number.

• If there is an even set of data, the median is found by adding the two middle numbers and dividing by two.

• The middle value of a set of data.• Put the data in ascending or descending order and find the middle.

• If there is an odd number of data, the median is the middle number.

• If there is an even set of data, the median is found by adding the two middle numbers and dividing by two.

Find the medianFind the median

9, 17, 15, 9, 8, 12, 13, 8

9, 17, 15, 9, 8, 12, 13, 8

Let’s take a survey on Technology

Let’s take a survey on Technology

With this information you will create a chart and a graph as well as finding mean, median, and mode.

(Use Graph Paper!)

With this information you will create a chart and a graph as well as finding mean, median, and mode.

(Use Graph Paper!)

ConclusionConclusion

• A way of bringing all the data collected and results found in the experiment together to determine if your hypothesis was correct.

• A way of bringing all the data collected and results found in the experiment together to determine if your hypothesis was correct.

BiasBias• The possibility that a scientist’s personal feelings have influenced the results.

• A scientist maybe trying to prove or disprove a theory and without realizing it, the scientist’s attitude may influence how the experiment is conducted or the results are interpreted.

• The risk is reduced when the experiment is repeated many times by different individuals.

• The possibility that a scientist’s personal feelings have influenced the results.

• A scientist maybe trying to prove or disprove a theory and without realizing it, the scientist’s attitude may influence how the experiment is conducted or the results are interpreted.

• The risk is reduced when the experiment is repeated many times by different individuals.