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What is typography? "True spontaneity, however, seems to come from working by rule, but not being bound by it." Edward Johnston, Writin g, & Il luminating, & Lettering . 1906. (Johnson's emphasis)
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Page 1: What is typography?llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_130066.pdf · 8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy 14 The nature of typography 18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

What is typography?

"True spontaneity, however, seems to come from

working by rule, but not being bound by it."

Edward Johnston, Writing, & Il luminating, & Lettering . 1906. (Johnson's emphasis)

Page 2: What is typography?llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_130066.pdf · 8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy 14 The nature of typography 18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

Anatomy

What is typography? The nature of typography Speaking and typography Reading and typography Writing and typography Change and typography Authority and convention Printing, composing, and house-style manuals Rules and conventions Craft and typography Hypermedia Vision impairment Print for partial sight Business communication Rural communication Urban communication

70 Anatomy

72 Semiotics 74 Linguistics 76 Rhetoric 78 Semantics

80 Graphology

82 Legibility 84 Readability 86 Spelling 88 Alphabets 90 Punctuation 92 Numerals 94 Spatial cues

96 Linear texts

100 Justified setting 102 - Nonarbitrary line breaks 104 Ranged-left setting 106 Dividing words 108 Type on screen

110 Nonlinear texts 11 4 Information 118 Ephemera 122 Novelty 128 Lists

130 Grids

134 Kerning, tracking, and ligatures 138 Space between words 140 Space between lines 142 Space around text 144 Italic and sloped letterforms

146 Numerals and small caps 148 Dashes and virgules 150 Parentheses and brackets

Issues Anatomy

8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy

14 The nature of typography

18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

20 Reading and typography 74 linguistics

24 Wri t ing and typography 76 Rhetoric

28 Change and typography 78 Semantics

32 Authority and convention 80 Graphology

38 Printing, composing, and house-style manuals

42 Rules and conventions 82 Legibility

44 Craft and typography 84 Readability 48 Hypermedia 86 Spelling

50 Vision impairment 88 Alphabets

52 Print for partial sight 90 Punctuation 54 Business communication 92 Numerals

60 Rural communication 94 Spatial cues

64 Urban communication

96 Linear texts

100 Justified setting

102 Nonarbitrary line breaks

104 Ranged-left setting 106 Dividing words lOB Type on screen

110 Nonlineartexts

114 Information

118 Ephemera

122 Novelty

128 Lists

130 Grids

134 Kerning, tracking, and ligatures

138 Space between words

140 Space between lines

142 Space around text

144 Italic and sloped letterforms

146 Numerals and small caps

148 Dashes and virgules

150 Parentheses and brackets

6 Contents

Page 3: What is typography?llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_130066.pdf · 8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy 14 The nature of typography 18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

Portfolios Etcetera

152 Portfolios

~2-Craphics/SW/HK

Paul Belford AI Mohtaraf Atelier David Smith

Atelier Works Boag Associates Baumann & Baumann Cartlidge Levene

David Jury and Fox Ash Jannuzzi Smith

Thirteen Lucienne Roberts @ sans+baum

SAS UNA (Amsterdam) designers Webb & Webb Design Sam Winston

246 References 249 Glossary o f punctuation and letter parts 250 General glossary 252 Further reading 254 Index 256 Acknowledgments

Portfolios Etcetera

152 Portfolios 246 References 249 Glossary of punctuation and letter parts

154 A2·Graphics/SW/HK 250 General glossary

160 Paul BeJford 252 Further reading

166 AI Mohtaraf 254 Index

172 Atelier David Smith 256 Acknowledgments

178 Atelier Works

184 Boag Associates

188 Baumann & Baumann

196 (artlidge Levene

202 David Jury and Fox Ash

208 Jannuui Smith

214 Thirteen

218 lucienne Roberts @sans+baum

224 SA5 230 UNA (Amsterdam) designers

238 Webb & Webb Design

244 SamWinston

Content> 7

Page 4: What is typography?llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_130066.pdf · 8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy 14 The nature of typography 18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

Index

M-Graphics/SW/HK 154-9 abbreviations 146 acronyms 146-7 allographs 80 alphabets86,88-9,136 American English 86-7,106 anatomy 70-1 Arabic numerals 92-3, 146 Aristophanes 90 Arts and Crafts movement

44,46 ascenders 20,22,82,141 Atelier David Smith 172-7 Atelierworks 178-83 Austin, Richard 93 authority 32-7,39,68 authors 32.38-9,74,87,102,

124,144,147,150 avant-garde 28,30,44,46

Baroque l 5 0 Baskerville, John 22-3 Bauhaus 30.46 Baumann & Baumann 188-95 Baumann, Barbara l 8 8 Baumann, Gerd l 8 8 Belford, Paul 160-5 Belgium 121 Bell, John 93 Bill, Max 30 Bisticci, Vespasiano da 35 Boag Associates 184-7 Bockting, Hans 230 Bodoni, Giambattista 23,122,

124-5 body size 16.20.141 Bracciolini, Poggio 35 brackets l 5 0 brands64,184,208,214,224 business communication 54-9

calligraphy 25,80,84,93,122, 134,136,141,144,166

capitals 88-9, 94,134, 146-8 Cartlidge, lan 196 Cartlidge Levene 196-201 cartographers 113-14 casting off 58 character range l 4 '

Chartered Society of Designers 238

The Chicago Monuo/38,40 Chilvers, lan 178

Chinese language 88 chromolithography 121 Clarendon Press 38 colon 90, 136 comma 90.95.136.146-7 composing 38-42,58,87,

89,112 Constructivism 30 conventions 10,17,23,26,

28.32-7,42-3,48,57-8, 62-3,74,78,80,106,128, 136,178

Correct Composition 39 counters 20.82 craftsmanship 44-7,7U 26 Crouwel, Wim 109 Crystal, David 78

dashes 148-9 Day, Oran 172 De I'Ecluse, Will 230 De Vinne,Theodore Low

39-40 descenders 20,22,82,141 Design &Art Directors

(D&AD) Club 154,166 Design in Business Printing 39 desktop publishing (DTP)

36-7,54,57,60,62 diacritics l2,88 dialects 18-19 dictionaries86-7, 102,110,

128,144 digital technology 43,46-7,

58,62,86,108-9,126,132

Eco, Umberto 76 education 25-6.42-3'50 emphasis 90,94,140-1,144 English language 86,106 environmental design 50 ephemera 118-21 epigraphers l2,24-5 esthetics 42-3,96,108,114,

124,130,142 Estienne, Robert l 4 4 exclamation marks 95,136

fit 95,147 fixations 20,22 fonts 14,16,84,86,89-90,

93,108, 126, 134, 136, 144,146-8

foundries 58 Fox Ash 202-7 fractions 149 full point/stop 90, 95,

136,147 Fust, Johann 35

Gill, Eric44 glare 108 golden ratio 130, 132 Goudy, Fred@ric l 4 8 grammar8, 18,38,54,90 graphemes 80 graphic design 112.152, 154 graphology 73,80 graphs 80 grids 130-3,142 Gumbert, J. P. 73 Gutenberg, J. 18.35.89

hanging numerals 93 Hart's Rules 38-40 headings 106, 136, 142,

144,224 house-style manuals 38-41 hypermedia 48-9 hyphenation 102,104,148

identity 74,96,112,196 indents 24,94, 128 indexes l 2 8 Industrial Revolution 31,89 inflections 90,95 information 11 2, 114-1 8,

148,184 Institute of Creative

Advertising and Design 172 Institute of Designers 172 lnternational Societyof

Typographic Design (ISTD) 154,166,202

lsotype 110 italics 14,16,62,89,128, 136,

144,147,150

Jacobson, Egbert l l 2 Jannuzzi, Michele 208 Jannuzzi Smith 208-13 jargon 32.74 Jenkins, Danny 214 Jenson, Nicolas 18,35 Johnston, Edward 82 Jury, David 202-7

justified setting 36-7.100. 104,106,128,138,148

Keller, Peter 172 kerning 46,133-7.144.

148,150 Knoll International 11 2 Kubel, Henrik 154

Landis & Gyr 121 . language8,10,13,17-19,

26,32,48,73-4,76,78, 80,86,88,92,96,109, 113,128

large print books 50.52 Latin alphabet 86.88 leading 22,140-2 legibility 24,50-3.82.84,

108-9.126 letterpress 42,62,80, 126,

202,238 Levene, Adam l 9 6 ligatures 88, 134-7,178 line length 104 line-for-line setting 102 lineartexts 96-7.100 linguistics73-5,92,100, l 0 2 lining numerals93.146, 149 linotype 58 lists 128 lithography 125 logograms 88 lowercase 88-9.93-4. 136,

141.146-8

McGill, John 218 magnification 51 manuals 38-41,54,57-8,

112,148 Manutius, Aldus 18,35 maps114 margins 24,132,142,148 Matter, Herbert 112 Mechonick Exercises 13,38 media 86,109-1 0 Merriam Webster's Dictionary

86 modern numerals 93,146 Modern Printing 13.38 AI Mohtaraf 166-71 Monotype Corporation

58,150 Moxon, Joseph l3,38

Index

A2-Graphics/SW/HK 1 54-9

abbreviations 146 acronyms 146-7

allographslD alphabets 86, 88--9, 136 American Engl ish 66-7, 106

anatomy 70-1 Arabic numerals 91-3, 146 A,islophanes 90 AIlS and (rafts movement

"." ascencierl20, 22. 82. 141 AI~ ier DavidSmith 172-7

Atelier Works 178-83

Austin, Richa rd93 authority 32-7. 39, 68 autllors 32. 38-9, 74, 87, 102,

124,144. 147,150 avant-garde 28, 30, 44, 46

Baroque 150

Baskerville, John 22- 3

Baunaus 30, 46

Baumann 8. B"urn"nn 188- 9$ Baurn"nn. B.,ba,. 188 aOUrn"nn, Cerci 188

6elfOfd, Paul 160-5

Belgium 111 Belt John 93 8ill, Ma. 30

B~ticci. \/espa,iano d.3S 1\0.19 As:;ociate-; 184- 7 Bocklir>g. Ha", 230

6odoni, GiarnbaltiS!il23. 122. 124-5

bodysi!c16,20.141

BracciQlinL Poggio 3S bracket, 150 br.nds64. 184, 208, 214, 224

business communicali<ln 54- 9

calligraphy 25, SO, 84, 93, 121, 134, 136.141,144,166

capita ls88-9,94, 134, 146--£

Cartlidge, lOIn 196

Canlidge Lever>\' 196-201

(a rtograph"" 113- 14

castirlg 011 58 cha racter ral1ge 14

Chartered Society 01 Designers

'" TfJe (hkogo MantKJl 38. 40

Chilver"lan 178

Ch ine\.(' language88

chromolithog raphy 111

Clarendon Pr~s 38

colon 90, 136

comma9O, 95, 136, 146-7

composing 38-42, 58, 87,

89, 112

ConstructMsm 30

convenlians 10, 17, 23,16,

28,31-7,41-3,48,57--£,

62-3,74, 78, eo, 106, 128,

136,178

Car"",/ (ampositjoo 39

counters 20, 81

craftsmanship44- 7,78,116

CfQ~, Wim 109

Crystal, David 78

dash~ 148-9

Day, Oran 171

De rEcluse, Will 130 De V,nne, Theodore Low

30-<0 descenders 10,11, 82, 14 1

D~ign &Art Dire<:tars

(D&AD)Club 1S4, 166

Design jn Busjness Printing 39

desktop publishil19 (OTP)

36-7, S4, 57, 60, 62

diacrit ics 12, 88

dialects 18- 19

dictionaries86-7,102,11O,

118, 144

dig italle<:hnology 43,46-7,

58,62,86,106-9, 126,132

Eco, Umberto 76

education 15-6, 41-3, SO

empha~s90, 94, 140-1, 144

Er>gl ish language 86, 106

environmenta l design SO

ephe"""aI18-21

epig raphers 11, 24-5

esthetics42-3,96,I08,11 4,

114, 130.142

Estienne, RoI>e<t 144

e, daffiilt ion mark' 95, 136

lit 95, 147

fixations 20, 22

fonts 14, 16, 84, 86, 89-90,

93, 106. 126, 134, 136.

144, 146--£

foundries 58

f<l. Ash202-7

fractions 149

full point/stop90, 95,

136,147

FItSt. Johann 35

Gill, Eric44

glare 1<11

golden ralio DO, 132

Gaudy, Fred~ric 148

grammar 8, 18, 38, S4, 90

graphemes 110 graphic desi<jn 112. 152, 1 S4 graphalogy73,80

graphs80

grids 130-3, 142

Gumberl, J, P, 73

Gutenberg, J, 18. 35. 89

hangirlg numera ls 93

Horrs Rules 38- 40

head ings 106,136, 141.

144, 224

house-style manuals 38-41

hypermedia 48-g

hyphenatioo 101, 10<1, 148

identity74,96, Ill, 196

indents 14, 94, 128

indexes 128

Indust ria l Revolution 31 89 inflections 90, 95

information 111, 114- 18,

148.184

Institute of Creative

Advertisil19 and ~esign 171

Institute of Designers 1 n International Soc iety 01

Typographic Design (lSTD)

1 S4, 166, 202

lsalype 110

italics 14, 16, 61, 89, 118, 1)6,

144,147, ISO

JiKobson, Egl>ert 112

JannulZi, Michele 208 Jannuu; Smith 208-13

ja rgon32,74

Jenkin" Danny 214

Jensol\ Nicol .. 18, 35

loh",ton, Edward81

Jury, Oavid 201-7

just ified setting 36-7. 100,

104, 106, 128,13il, 148

Keller, Peter 172

~erning46, 133- 7, 144,

148, I SO

Knol ll nternationall11

Kul>el, Henrik 1 S4

undis & Gyr 121

lar>gu~ge8, 10, 13, 17-19,

26, 32, 48, 73-4, 76, 78,

80,86. 88,92,96, 109,

113,118

l~rge print boo'" SO, 52

Latin alphal>et 86, 88

leading 12, 14()-2

legibility 14. 50-3,81, 84, 106-9, 126

letterpresl 42, 61, BO, 126.

201,238

Levene, Adam 196

ligatures88,134-7,178

line length 104

line-for-line setting 102

linearte><ls96-7.100

lingUist iCS 73-5, 92, 100, 102

lin ingnumerals93, 146, 149

linotype 58

lisls 118

li tf\ography115

logogramsB8

lowercase 88-9, 93-4, 136,

141,146-8

McG i11, John 218

m~gnir.cation 51

manuals38-41.54,57-8,

111,148

Manutius, Aldus 18, 35

map' 114

margins24, 132,142. 148

Matter, Herbe" 112

MedlOnk;k Exercises 13, 38

media 86, 109-10

Merri<lm Webster~ Djcfiol1Ory

" modern numera~93, 146

Modem Printjl19 13, 38

AI Moh!araf 166-71

Moootype Cor~ation

58,150

Moxon, Josepn 13, 38

Page 5: What is typography?llrc.mcast.edu.mt/digitalversion/Table_of_Contents_130066.pdf · 8 What is typography? 70 Anatomy 14 The nature of typography 18 Speaking and typography 72 Semiotics

neoclassicism 23,122 neologisms 74 Neurath, Otto 110 New Rhetoric76-7 Newark, Quentin 178 newsbills 67-8 Niccoli, Niccold dS 35 nonarbitrary line breaks 102-3 nonlineartexts 110-13

nonlining numerals93, 146-7 notices 60,67,126 novelty 122-6 Noyes, Eliot 1 12 numerals 92-3.134 136,146-7

l old-style numerals 93,146

i optical aids 50 ' oraltradition 18.74.113.118 : I paleographers l2,24

pantographs l 2 6 l

paragraphs10,24,94,96,104 1 parentheses l 5 0 Pearman, Hugh l 7 8 Penguin Composition Rules 38 Pepys, Samuel 89 ' phonology 80 phototypesetting 58 physiology l 0 0

S pictographs l 1 0 Pitman 57 portfolios 152-245 posters 60,62,64,68,121,

126,153,208 PostScript 144 Powner, John l 7 8 Prang, Louis l 2 1 Print for PartiolSight 51 -3 The Printer's Crommor 39 printing 8,35,38-42,48,58,

62-3,72,80,87,90,110, 125,133

pronunciation 106 proofreading 87 psychology 100,108 public relations 46 publishers 98, l 0 0 punctuation 54,57,80,84,

87-8,90,94-5,128,136

QuarkXPress l 4 4 question marks 95,136 quotation marks 144

ragged right 104,106 Rand, Paul l l 2 random letters 20 ranged-left setting 37,102.

104,106,138 ranging numerals 93 Ratdolt, Erhard 35 readability 24,50-2,58,82,

84.95, 100,108-9, 1 24, 140,142

reading 20-3,26,28,32,52, 63,72,78,84,96-8,100, 102-3,106,108,110, 113-14,116,128,133-4, 138,140,142,146,152

Renaissance 93,132 residual vision 50,52 rhetoric 32,72-3,76-7,

90,104 Roberts, Lucienne 21 8-23 Roberts, Nigel160 roman 14.89.136.144.150 Roman numerals92-3,146 Rudofsky, Bernard 4 rules 42-3,48,58,72 rural communication 60-3

saccades 20 sans+baum 218-23 sans serif 52,84,134,141 SAS 224-9 Sassoon, Rosemary25 Saussure, F. de 72 Schoffer, Peter 35 screens 48,80,108-9 secretaries 54,89 semantics 72-3,78,100,102.

104,112 semicolon 90,136 semiotics 72-3,76,142 serif 52,82,84, 140,148 setting 22,37,84,89,

100, 102,104. 106, 126,128,138

shorthand 89 signage 64.67-9,84, l 12,

114,116,153,214 sloped letterforms 144 small capitals 146-7 Smith, David 172 Smith, John 39-40 Smith, Richard 208 solidus 149

Southward, John 38 spacing 14,22,52,57-8, 67,

94-5,100,104 134,136, 138.140-3.146

speaking 18-1 9,26,80,86, 9 9 9 2

specialists 12,17,23, 31 -2, 48,80,113

spelling 19,24,54,86-7 Spencer, Herbert 39 )

Spender, Humphrey 202 spreads 130 standards28,38,42-3,

46,152 Stephenson Blake 178 style guides 38-41 Style Monuol forAuthors 38 subheadings 106,142,144 syllables 106 symbols 72-3,77,80,88-9,

92,110

technology 4,8,16-18,30, 37,42-3,46,48,58,62-3, 80,108,121,126,133

Teige, Karel30 text numerals 93 Thirteen 214-17 tight setting 22 timetables 114,116,146,244 titling numerals 93 tonality 82,138 tracking 133-8 Trickett & Webb 238 Tschichold, Jan 38-9,218 type size 20,52,82,126,

133,138 type-specimen books 36 typewriters 36.54.57-8.62.

80,93,112,146,148

typography change 28-31 craft 44-7 definition 8-13 nature 14-17 reading 20-3 speaking 18-1 9 writing 24-7

UNA (Amsterdam) designers 172,230-7

uncials 88 underlining 62

Underwood, John 214 unjustified setting 104 uppercase 93,134,141,

146-7 urban communication 64-9

virgules 148-9 vision impairment 50-1

Warde, Frederic 148 wayfinding 64.11 0,144, 196 Web sites 108,184,196, 208 Webb & Webb Design 238 Webb, Brian 238 weight 14,16,52, 58,89,

126,133,138,141,144, 147-8,150

Widmer, Jean l 7 2 Wilkinson, Bob 218 Williams, Scott 154 Winston, 5am 244-5 word breaks 106,138 words per line 22,138 World War 11 39,42,62,

110,136 writing 8, 18,24-7,35, 60,

74,80,90,92,96

neoclassicism 23, 112 ragged right 104, 106 Southward, John 38 Underwood, John 21 4 ne-ologisms 74 Rand, Paul 112 ~piIcir>g 14, 22. 52, 57-8, 67, unjustified settir>g 104 Neurath, Ono 110 random leu*", 20 94-S, lOO, 104, 134,136, upperca",93, 134, 141, New Rhetoric 7&-7 ranged-left sett ing 37, 102, 136, 140-3,146 ,%-, New. rk, Quentin 176 104, 106,136 ~pe. king 16- 19, 26, 80, 86, urban communiGltion 64--9 flm'Sbills67-6 rang ing numerals93 90, 92

Niccoli, NkcolO d~ 35 Ratdolt, Erhard 35 specia lists 12, 17, 23, 31-2, virgules 148-9 non.rbit rary line break. 102-3 re~dabi lity24, 50-2, sa, 62, 48,80.113 vision impairment 50-1 nonlir>ear texts 11 0-13 84, 95, lOO, 108-9, 124, ~l ling 19, 24, 54, 86--7

nonlining numerals93, 146-7 140,142 Spencer, Herbert 39 Warde, FrederK 148 notkes6O, 67, 126 read ir>g 20-3, 26, 28, 32, 52, Spender, Humph rey 201 wayfinding64, 110, 144, 196 novelty 122-6 63, n 76, 84, 96-8, lOO, spreads 130 Web Sites lOO, 184, 196, 200 Nayes, Eliot 112 102-3,106,108, 110, mndards26, 38, 42-3, Webb & Webb Design 238 numerals92-3, 134, 136, 146-7 113- 14, 116, 126, 133-4, 46. 152 Webb, Brian 238

138. 140, 142, 146, 152 Stephenson Bla~e 176 weight 14, 16,52, '>8, 89, 0Id -styienumerals 93,146 Renaissar.ce93,132 style gu ides 36--41 126, 133. 138, 141 , 144, optical aid, SO residual vision SO, 52 5ty1e Manual for Aulhoo 36 147-6, ISO oral tradition 16, 74, 113, 116 rhetoric 32, 72-3, 76-7, subhead ings 106, 142.144 Widmer, Jean 172

90,104 syllables 106 Wi lkinson, 6ob218

paleogfilphers 12, 24 Robert', L",ienne 218-23 symbols 72-3, 77, 80, 68-9, Wi lliams, Swu 154

pilntog raphs 126 Roberts, Nigel160 92, 110 Winstan, 5am 244-5

pilra9raphs 10, 24, 94, 96,104 roman 14, 89, 136, 144, ISO word breaks 106, 138

parentheses ISO Roman numerals 92- 3, 146 te<:hnology4, 8, 16-18, 30, words per line 22, 138 Pearman, Hugh 176 Rudof~ky, Bernard 4 37,42-3. 46,48, '>8, 62-3, World Wa r 11 39, 42, 62, Penguin Composition Rules 36 rules 42-3, 48, '>8, 72 SO, 100, 121, 126, 133 110,136

Pepys, Samuel89 rural commun ication 60-3 Teige, Karel30 writin96, 16, 24-7, 35, 60,

phonology 80 text nume<als93 74, SO. 90, 92, 96

phototypeo;ening '>8 saccades 20 Thirteen 214-17

physiology 100 sans+baum 218--23 tight setting 22 x-heig ht 16, 20, 22, 82, 95,

pictographs 110 sans:>erif 52,84,134,141 timetables 114, 116, 146.244 140-1,148 Pitman 57 SAS224-9 t~ ling nUme<al,93

portfolios 152- 245 Saswon, Rosemary 25 tona lityB2,138

posters 60,62. 64,68. 121, Saussure, F. de 72 tracking 133-6

126,153,lffi Sdwffer, Peter 35 Tric ken&Webb238

PostScript 144 scteens 48, 80, 100-9 Tschic~ld. Jan 36-9, 216

Pilwne<, John 176 secretaries 54, 89 ty~ ~ile 20, 52, 82, 126,

Prang, Louis 121 -emanties 72-3,78, lOO, 102, 133,138

Prim for Par/iol Sight S 1- 3 104,112 type-specimen books 36

The Primer's Gmmmar 39 -emicolon 90, 136 typewriters36, 54, 57- 6, 62,

print ing 6, 35, 36--42, 48, 58, :>emiotics 72-3,76,142 80, 93, 112. 146, 148

62- 3. 72, 80, 87. 90, 110, :>erif52,B2,B4,I40, I48 typography

125,133 :>ett ing 22, 37, 84, 89, change 28-31

pronunciation 106 100,102, 104,106, craft 44--7

proofreading 87 126, 128, 138 definition6-13

p'Y'hology lOO, 1<11 shorthand89 natu re 14-17

publ ic re latioos46 signage64, 67-9, 84, 112, readir>g 20-3

publ ishers98, loo 114,116, 153, 21 4 sJI!'aking 18-19

punctuat ion 54, 57, 80, 84, sloJl!'d lenerform' 144 writing 14-7

67- 6,90, 94-5.128, 136 small capitals 146-7 Smith, David 172 UNA (Amsterdam) designers

Qu.rIJ(Pres, 144 Smith, John39-40 172, 230-7

question mar1<s95, 136 Smith, Richard 200 ur.ci. r,88

quotation ma rks 144 solidus 149 uooerl ining 62

Index 2SS


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