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What s new and improved in Phytoremediation? · Aspen in Phytoremediation • Aspen represent...

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Whats new and improved in … Phytoremediation? Dr Donald Payne (Fife Council) Peter Livingstone (Eadha Enterprises)
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What’s new and improved in …

Phytoremediation?

Dr Donald Payne (Fife Council)Peter Livingstone (Eadha Enterprises)

Scottish Executive Circular 1/20007(b) to seek to bring damaged land back into beneficial use;

Common problems with urban soils:

• compaction• contamination• loss of nutrients• loss of water holding capacity

Advantages of temporary greening:

• sequester metals• degrade organics• reduce air pollution• lower noise pollution• mitigate heat island

Derelict Sites10‐15 years            15‐40 years              40‐50 years

Hall IG, 1957, “The ecology of disused pit heaps in England”, Journal of Ecology 45, 689‐720.

©PAYNE

©PAYNE

©PAYNE

Opportunistic VegetationInvasiveSpecies• Giant 

hogweed• Japanese 

knotweed• Himalayan 

balsam

Photographs are taken from the Wikimedia Commons. Commons is a freely licensed media file repository.

Other Pioneers• Fireweed

InjuriousWeeds• Common 

ragwort• Spear or 

field thistle• Curled or 

broad dock

• Dandelion • Buddleja

I’ve heard you can use plants to extract heavy metals from the soil.  

Can you?

Yes, but…The amounts are smallThe timescales are longYou risk creating a pathwayYou may increase leachabilityYou’re still left with a waste

So, what’s new?Phyto‐transformation• pesticides (e.g. DDT)

• explosives (e.g. TNT)

• solvents     (e.g. TCE)

Phyto‐stabilisation• coal bings• closed landfills

• any industrial site

• temporary greening

Phyto‐extraction• Must not 

create a new pollutant pathway

SOURCE

RECEPTOR PATHWAY

shift in emphasis

Central Scotland Green Network

• 6 projects proposed in Fife

http://www.centralscotlandgreennetwork.org/

• aims to make a significant contribution to Scotland's sustainable economic development

• Scottish Natural Heritage• Forestry Commission• 19 Local Authorities• 38 funded projects 2012‐15

Reed Canary Grass Garden+ foodwaste

Fife Council’s Anaerobic Digestion Plantis due to come online in 2013, usingreed canary grass as winter additive.

©PAYNE

Biodiversity

Industrial use phytotoxic chemicalsunusual flora  unique nicheS.S.S.I.

©PAYNE

Evapotranspiration Covers• Clay caps fail to limit percolation of water into the refuse due to cracking and drying

• Clay covers do not allow for optimal interaction of methane with oxygen

• Alternative:  natural, self‐renewing and low‐cost evapotranspiration covers for landfills...

• Thick, unconsolidated soil acts as a storage sponge• Plants (trees) are bio‐pumps for methane oxidation

Venkatraman K & Ashwath N 2009, “Can phytocapping reduce methane emission from municipal landfills?', Int J Env Tech Man 10:1, 4‐14

• Not‐for‐profit social enterprise (2011) • Support from Oxfam and Scottish 

Environmental Technology Network (SETN)

• “We unlock the potential of marginal land through the use of rare native pioneer trees to deliver social, economic and environmental benefits.”

Aspen Project

Why Aspen?

• One of the rarest trees in Scotland• First coloniser post ice‐age – very tolerant 

pioneer species• Biodiversity: Keystone Species• Rarely sets seed: Clonal Forestry approach• “The Neglected Tree in Scottish Forestry”  • Superior clones for niche commercial uses

Aspen Project – Action Points• Promote conservation of species ‐ LBAPs

Scottish Aspen Project• Conserve rare native aspen• Refine propagation techniques:

Root cuttings – Community tree nurseries

Root cuttings in Nursery

Scottish Aspen Project• Conserve rare native aspen• Refine propagation techniques:

Root cuttings – Community tree nurseries

Micropropagation – Plant Tissue Culture

www.scottishaspen.org.uk

Micropropagation

Scottish Aspen Project• Conserve rare native aspen• Refine propagation techniques:

Root cuttings – Community tree nurseries

Micropropagation – Plant Tissue Culture

• Develop National Clone Collection

www.scottishaspen.org.uk

Scottish Aspen Project• Conserve rare native aspen• Refine propagation techniques:

Root cuttings – Community tree nurseries

Micropropagation – Plant Tissue Culture

• Develop national clone collection• Testing and selection of superior clones for 

niche applications

Niche Economic Uses

• Phytoremediation• Biofuels• Bioengineering• Construction• Fine Paper Making• Fibreboards• Biochar

Field Trials• Land Reclamation ‐ Skares Opencast Site, East Ayrshire,    

3 Ha Trial (FC/ATH Mining) • Phytoremediation ‐ Bothwell Park  (FC/NLC/JHI)

‐ East Renfrewshire Council sites (CSGN)

Contaminated Land Legacy

• Glasgow has 1300 Ha of Vacant & Derelict land (4% of its area) much of which could be contaminated ...

• 60% of Glasgow's population lives within 500 m of a derelict site 

• Health Impacts of Contaminated Land?

Linking Environment and Health: Derelict Lands, Deprivation and Health Inequality in Glasgow and New York City;Juliana Maantay Fulbright Distinguished Chair Glasgow Urban Lab; Hops Annual Conference 2012.

Is Phytoremediation a Solution? 

Economic ££££££• Private sector – Stalled Development Sites• Public Sector – Stretched budgets

Policy Drivers• Central Scotland Green Network• Scottish Forestry Strategy• Renewable Energy Targets• Biomass sector growth (SRF trials) but issue of loss of productive farmland?

Aspen in Phytoremediation• Aspen represent optimal plants for absorption,

accumulation, storage, and degradation ofenvironmental pollutants such as heavy metals,mercury, PCBs, nitrates, pesticide and herbicideresidues, aromatics, wood preservatives, explosivesand other waste products.

• Not aware of any trials with native aspen in UK butcommonly used in North America and EasternEurope; green caps for landfills, mining tailings,nitrate buffer zones etc.

Phytostablization

“Phyto‐stabilization is the immobilization of acontaminant in soil through absorption andaccumulation by roots, adsorption onto roots, orprecipitation within the root zone of plants, andthe use of plants and plant roots to preventcontaminant migration via wind and water erosion,leaching, and soil dispersion. (USEPA, Introductionto Phytoremediation) ”

SoilsBenefits of Pioneer Species (Aspen):1. Nitrogen fixer2. “Facultative” ‐ doesn't require soil mycorrhiza to survive3. No soil amendment required? However......• May not be suitable growing medium?• Soil mycorrhiza and micro‐organisms are beneficial in protecting plants from toxins and in chemical degradation

• Amendments: compost, biochar ‒ can be made on site• Composts help to stabilize soil structure, improve water holding capacity and are a source of nutrients and microorganisms

Advantages of Phytoremediation

• Reduces mobility and therefore risk from inorganic contaminants 

• Increased microbial action can breakdown organics

• No generation of contaminated secondary waste that needs treatment.

• Materials handling is limited so costs are much lower.

Benefit of Woodlands

• Ecosystem restoration• Carbon Sequestration• Improved air quality• Temporary greening• Amenity value• Community benefits

Community Benefits

• Phytostabilisation makes sites safe for community uses:Allotments and community gardensCommunity woodlands for recreation Community tree nursery – Eadha networkTraining and environmental educationWoodfuel resources

Able Project, Wakefield

Disadvantages of Phytoremediation• Contaminants remain in‐situ so continuous

monitoring may be required• The fate of the resulting contaminated plant

parts need to be consideredreturn to soil of contaminated leaf fallincineration of contaminated harvested biomass 

and release to the atmosphereconsumption by herbivores of contaminated 

leaves / shoots / bark

Eadha Model• Eadha ‐ site establishment and management in partnership with LA/landowner and local community/stakeholders

• Funded management agreements / other funding sources?

• Establish or work with existing community composting projects

• Commercial collaboration with waste companies• Training and education – woodland management • Community allotments and tree nursery to supply sites

• Network of sites supplying trees/compost

Biomass Cropping• Short Rotation Forestry (SRF): 10‐15 yr rotations• Chemical lab testing of timber: guidance required on safe thresholds for domestic/uncontrolled use

• Identify industrial users of contaminated wood (power generators, Irvine Paper Mill etc)

• Profits from biomass reinvested into other sites on not‐for‐profit basis

• Clean biomass provided freely to local community (environmental justice)

• Large scale – work with LAs to develop biomass sector

Suitable sites wanted!

• 2Ha – 500Ha• V & D land• Contaminated Land• Former mineral workings• Closed landfills• Windfarms• Stalled developments sites• Any marginal ground

Further InformationDr Donald Payne, Technical Officer, Fife Council

Peter Livingstone, CEO, Eadha Enterprises

www.fife.gov.uk/

contaminatedland

www.eadha.co.uk

[email protected]


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