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UseCases and Business Cases: Utilities Prerequisite for Acceptance of Electricity Storage by Pramod Kulkarni California Energy Commission 1
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Page 1: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Use‐Cases and Business Cases: Utilities Prerequisite for Acceptanceof Electricity Storage 

byPramod Kulkarni

California Energy Commission

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Page 2: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

What Can Electricity Storage Do?

• Reliably store electrical energy in mechanical, chemical, magnetic or electrical form to be retrieved at a different time from its generation for operational needs.

• Availability from seconds to days, and from a kWh to hundreds of MWh makes electricity portable across time and distance and allows for multiple forms of ownerships and business models.

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Page 3: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Types of Energy Storage

Electrochemical

• Lead Acid Battery

• Sodium‐Sulfur Battery (NaS)

• Flow Batteries

Vanadium Redox Zinc Bromine Battery 

• Nickel Cadmium (NiCd) Battery

• Nickel Metal Hydride (NiMh)

• Lithium Ion (Li‐ion) Battery

Non‐Electrochemical

• Pumped Hydroelectric

• Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES)

• Flywheel

• Ultra‐Capacitor

• Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)

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Page 4: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Storage Technologies’ Capabilities Vary By Power Rating & Duration

PumpedStorage

1 MW1 kW 100 kW 10 MW 100 MW

Max

imum

Dis

char

ge

Tim

e

High Energy Fly Wheels

Power Rating

Compressed-AirFlow Batteries

NAS Battery

Metal-Air Batteries

Advanced Batteries

Lead-Acid Batteries

Super Capacitors

Seco

nds

10 kW

Low Energy Fly Wheels SMES

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Page 5: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

ELECTRIC ENERGY STORAGE FOR VARIOUS UTILITY FUNCTIONS(All Boundaries Of Regions Displayed Are Approximate)

1.0

0.1

10

100

0.1 Cycle 10 Cycle 5 Hour

Power Quality

TemporaryPower Interruptions

15 Minutes

1000

Voltage Support byAbsorption or Injection ofVAR

Peak ShavingT&D Deferral

Load LevelingRamping

1 Hour15 Second

Spinning Reserve

Renewables- Wind- Solar

Community EnergyStorage &

Roof-top Solar Mgmt

Peak LoadManagement

Congestion Management

BlackStartFrequency

Regulation

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Page 7: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Drivers for Utility Interest in Energy Storage

• Efficient integration of renewable resources

• Peak load management

• Distribution reliability & asset management

• Improve & maintain power quality

• Defer distribution or transmission system upgrades

• Transmission & distribution congestion

• Need for capacity, energy & ancillary services7

Page 8: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Peak Shaving Benefit of Battery StorageSource: American Electric Power Presentation to Southwest Distribution 

Exchange, May 2009

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Page 9: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Load Leveling Using A Sodium Sulfur Battery Source: American Electric Power Presentation to Southwest Distribution Exchange, May 2009 

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Page 10: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Different Value Streams Affect Business CaseSource: American Electric Power Presentation to Southwest Distribution Exchange, May 

2009

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Page 11: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Utility Approach to Energy Storage • Use Case: Possible technology use in the context of operational needs & demonstration that a storage system performs in utility’s operational setting.

• Business Case: If a use‐case is established, a storage system must make an economic sense in the business context unique to utility’s circumstances.

– Benefit/Cost ratio compared to other options.

– Benefits analysis is difficult due to multiple benefit streams, some not easily quantifiable. Uncertain costs. Methodologies are evolving.

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Southern California Edison (SCE) Business Case Approach

• An application specific benefits/cost analysis

• Identify operational Issues

• Develop practical application

• Match application to storage technology

• Evaluate application/technology pair for B/C Ratio

• Sensitivity analysis for different scenarios 

Source: www.edison.com/files/WhitePaper_SCEsApproachtoEvaluatingEnergyStorage.pdfAuthor: Johannes Ritterhausen, et al. May 2011

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Operational Uses of Storage TechnologiesSource: SCE Approach to Evaluating Energy Storage. Author: Johannes Ritterhausen, et al. May 2011 

Grid Location Minimum Duration of Output Energy (Continuous)

Short (< 2 minutes) Medium (2min‐1 hr) Long (1 hour +)

Generation (1) Provide spinning or non spinning power 

(4) Provide capacity

(2) Provide ramping (5) Firm renewable output

(3) Provide frequency regulation services 6) Shift Energy

(10)Smooth intermittent resource output(11) Improve short‐duration

performance(12) Provide System Inertia                                                

(7) Avoid dump energy,  minimum load issues

(13) Avoid Congestion feeTransmission

Distribution (16) Improve Power Quality ( 15) Improve system reliability

(17) Defer System Upgrade

(18) Mitigate Outages

(19) Integrate Intermittent distributed generation 

End User (21) Maintain power quality

(20) Optimize retail rates 13

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Rationale for Application Specific Business Case Analysis

• It defines role of storage, its location in the system & mode of operation

• Informs value of benefits accrued and location

• Helps asses cost and performance target for technologies

• Impact of storage ownership and business models in context of Benefit/cost ratio

• Points to needed regulatory action, rules & forum for discussion

Source: SCE Approach to Evaluating Energy Storage. Author: Johannes Ritterhausen, et al. May 2011 

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Page 15: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Implementation of Application Specific Business Case Analysis

Applications selected, matched with technology & calculated NPV of the benefits streams.

(1) Off‐to‐on peak intermittent energy shifting, firming

(2) On‐peak intermittent energy smoothing & shaping

(3) Ancillary service provision

(4) Transportable distribution‐level outage mitigation

(5)Peak load shifting downstream of distribution system

(6) End‐user retail rate optimizationSource: SCE Approach to Evaluating Energy Storage. Author: Johannes Ritterhausen, et al. May 2011 

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Page 16: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Results of Application Based AnalysisSCE matched application to specific storage technology. Quantified the net present value (NPV) of total lifetime benefits (application value streams) and costs (technology installed and operating)

Application Storage Characteristics & Value Streams

Current Benefit cost Ratio

ChangedAssumptions B/C  in 2020

Off‐to‐on peak intermittent energy shifting firming

300 MW pumped hydro, transmission avoided cost, arbitrage

0.5 1.1

On‐peak intermittent energy smoothing & shaping

10 MW, 30 min flywheel, Market rents from smoothing

0.1 1.1

Ancillary service provision 20 MW, 30 minute flywheel, ramping regulation up/down, spinning reserves

0.3 1.1

Transportable distribution‐level outage mitigation

Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage

0.2 1.1

Peak shaving downstream of the “secondary” distribution 

25 kW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery;  Defer T&D system upgrade, arbitrage

0.4 1.5

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Page 17: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Observations from SCE Methodology

• 2020 B/C ratio encouraging depending on storage costs reductions & different revenue streams based on favorable regulations & market rents.

• Business case analysis & outcome depend on assumptions and utilities’ unique conditions.

• Applied to a different utility some other applications could be more cost‐effective than for SCE. Several have strong business cases. 

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Page 18: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

CASE Study of a Utility in Western US*• Applications included in benefits analysis:

– Distribution Deferral

– PV Load Shifting

– Customer‐side Energy Management

• Application analyzed under different ownerships, net benefits varied depending on how benefits were aggregated and allocated (to utility, customer or entire system) 

*Case study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute for members only. Data and  

other details are proprietary the Electric Power Research Institute 

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CASE Study of a Utility in Western US*

Battery storage by location for benefit analysis:– Community energy storage based on customer‐side of meter (battery)

– Storage in neighborhood but on utility side of meter (several small batteries)

– Storage at a substation using transportable battery system (battery)

*Case study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute for members only. Data and other details are proprietary 

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Page 20: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Value Associated with Storage Locations on the Grid

Source: American Electric Power Presentation to Southwest Distribution Exchange, May 2009

120/240 V69 kV 4 to 34 kV 480 V138 kV345 kV765 kV

Storage Value

Devaluators:• Limited Value to Customer• High Security Risk• Does not remove Grid Constraints

Devaluators:• Aesthetics• O&M?

CES(Community Energy Storage

(Substation Battery)

CentralGeneration

Load

Distribution circuits appear to offer most value for hosting storage

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Presenter
Presentation Notes
Utilities can deploy energy storage anywhere from central generation to residential customers but it appears that highest value could be realized if the storage is closer to the varying and demanding load but at the control of utility for dispatch
Page 21: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Methodology for Assessing Business CaseBenefits Streams Calculated:

– Distribution Deferral– System Capacity – Regulation (up & down)– Reliability– Lowering Customer’s electricity bill

• Based on time‐of‐use rates & demand charges.

– Avoided cost of mitigating photovoltaic on grid.

Net Present Value of aggregated benefits (when applicable) compared to $/kWh storage cost 

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Page 22: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

Findings of the Case Study

• Substation based mobile battery storage had the highest NPV due to value of capacity and regulation realized by the utility

• Distribution deferral had little value due to preponderance of networked circuits

• Aggregation of customer‐side storage had system wide benefits but not under utility ownership.

*Case study conducted by the Electric Power Research Institute for members only. Data and other details are proprietary 

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Page 23: What - Smart Energy InternationalTransportable distribution‐ level outage mitigation. Transportable 2 MW, 4 hour Li‐ion battery, Defer T&D upgrade , arbitrage: 0.2. 1.1: Peak shaving

General Observations on Business Cases for Energy Storage

• Utilities have similar use‐cases, yet a business case for same application varies with utility specific situation; and is often location specific within the same utility

• Current storage costs from $1500/kWh to $3,500/kWh; cost‐effectiveness is function of cost of alternative(s) for the same application

• Storage costs are coming down. Externalities such as greenhouse gas mitigation, cost of fossil fuel and ISO/RTO  & regulators giving proper credit for storage would make for a stronger business case. 

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