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Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University Hydraulic Fracturing
Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering Texas Tech University
Hydraulic Fracturing
Drilling the Well
Protecting Ground Water
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Definitions and Key Words: The Completed Well
Wellbore: the hole drilled by the bit, also called a borehole.
Casing: a wellbore may have carbon steel casing (pipe) in it or it may be open (uncased); or part of it may be cased, and part of it may be open. If it is cased it is usually cemented (more than 99% of the time). Has screwed connections
Tubing: production conduit for fluids from formation to surface
Packer: isolates tubing and production fluids from casing
Perforations/Perfs: holes shot through the casing and cement out into the formation rock
Halliburton. (2006). [Graphic wellbore]. eRedbook Wellbore. Retrieved from http://www.halliburton.com/public/news/source_files/images/bio/eRedbook_ab.jpg Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (2001). Oil and gas well drilling and servicing eTool: Glossary of terms. Retrieved from
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glossary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_w.html
Conductor 16”
Surface 8-5/8”
Production 5-1/2”
Tubing 2-7/8”
Perfs
http://www.halliburton.com/public/news/source_files/images/bio/eRedbook_ab.jpghttps://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glossary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_w.html
Completing the Well: Perforating, Stimulation and Equipping for Production
Definitions and Key Words
Drilling Mud: a specially compounded liquid circulated through the wellbore during rotary drilling operations, also called drilling fluid. Serves to cool the bit and counteract downhole formation pressure.
Occupational Safety & Health Administration. (2001). Oil and gas well drilling and servicing eTool: Glossary of terms. Retrieved from https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glossary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_d.html
Baker Hughes, Inc. (2013). [Graphic drilling mud]. NEXT-DRILL drilling fluid system. Retrieved from http://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-system
https://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/oilandgas/glossary_of_terms/glossary_of_terms_d.htmlhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-systemhttp://www.bakerhughes.com/products-and-services/drilling/drilling-fluids/emulsion-fluids/next-drill-drilling-fluid-system
Definitions and Key Words
Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid (Frac Fluid):
Associated Press. (2011, June 20). [Graphic frac fluid]. Texas becomes first state to require frac fluid disclosure. Retrieved from http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/20/texas-becomes-first-state-to-require-frac-fluid-disclosure/
Groundwater Protection Council. (2013). [Graphic frac fluid composition]. Average hydraulic fracturing fluid composition for US shale plays. Retrieved from http://fracfocus.org/water-protection/drilling-usage
http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/20/texas-becomes-first-state-to-require-frac-fluid-disclosure/http://fuelfix.com/blog/2011/06/20/texas-becomes-first-state-to-require-frac-fluid-disclosure/http://fracfocus.org/water-protection/drilling-usage
Definitions and Key Words
Chesapeake’s Hydraulic Fracturing Fluid:
Chesapeake Energy. (2013). [Graphic hydraulic fracturing fluid]. Hydraulic fracturing fluid. Retrieved from http://www.chk.com/Operations/Process/Hydraulic-Fracturing/Pages/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Fluid.aspx
http://www.chk.com/Operations/Process/Hydraulic-Fracturing/Pages/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Fluid.aspxhttp://www.chk.com/Operations/Process/Hydraulic-Fracturing/Pages/Hydraulic-Fracturing-Fluid.aspx
What is “Hydraulic Fracturing”?
- The use of fluids (hydraulic pressure) to create a crack (fracture) in the Reservoir Rock.
- Continued injection of fluids into the created crack (fracture) to create fracture geometry (height, width, and length).
- The placement of granular solids (prop) into the crack to insure the crack remains open (propped) after the hydraulic pressure is no longer being applied
Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
Horizontal borehole is drilled, cased and cemented
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
How Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
First completion stage: wellbore is perforated over a selected interval based on petrophysics and other data
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
The previously perforated interval is hydraulicly fractured by pumping fluids (usually viscous liquids) which creates cracks. Many times these cracks are pre-existing
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
Proppant, sand or stronger material such as bauxite, is added to the hydraulic fluid during the pumping process and enters into the previously created cracks (continuous process)
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
The pumps are shut down and plug is set just behind the interval just hydraulically fracture treated and the process is repeated over and over progressively back toward the heel or beginning of the horizontal wellbore, until the entire horizontal wellbore is treated
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Side View
Hydraulic Fracture
D
Lf
KOP
Objective Formation
HMAX HMAX
HMIN
Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing Procedure
How the Hydraulic Fracturing Works
The New York Times. (2011, Feb. 26). [Interactive graphic hydraulic fracturing]. Extracting natural gas from rock. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/Hydraulic Fracturinging.html?_r=0
Proppant, sand or stronger material such as bauxite, keeps the crack open to allow gas or fluid to flow with less resistance
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2011/02/27/us/fracking.html?_r=0
Realistic View of a Fractures Created by Hydraulic Fracturing
What Does the Fracture Look Like
Proppant
Cored Hydraulic Fracture
Bedding Planes
Mapping a Fracture
Other Geometries Based on Actual Hydraulic Fractures Mined Several Months after Well Treatment
Shale Plays
Energy Information Administration. (2011). [World map shale gas resources]. World shale gas resources. Retrieved from http://geology.com/energy/world-shale-gas/
http://geology.com/energy/world-shale-gas/
Shale Plays
http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shale_gas.pdf
http://www.eia.gov/oil_gas/rpd/shale_gas.pdf
Bob L. Herd Department of Petroleum Engineering�Texas Tech UniversityDrilling the WellProtecting Ground WaterDefinitions and Key Words: The Completed WellCompleting the Well: Perforating, Stimulation and Equipping for ProductionDefinitions and Key WordsDefinitions and Key WordsDefinitions and Key WordsWhat is “Hydraulic Fracturing”?Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHow Horizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHorizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHorizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHorizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHorizontal Well Hydraulic Fracturing ProcedureHow the Hydraulic Fracturing WorksRealistic View of a Fractures Created by Hydraulic FracturingWhat Does the Fracture Look LikeMapping a FractureOther Geometries Based on Actual Hydraulic Fractures Mined Several Months after Well TreatmentShale PlaysShale Plays
