Date post: | 24-Jan-2015 |
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Learning Languages
When we say that someone knows a language, what do
we mean?
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What we know Degrees of knowledge Learning process Types of knowledge
Grammatical knowledge Sociolinguistic knowledge Strategic knowledge Discourse knowledge
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Degrees of knowledge 1 Learners can never know all of a
language Learners’ knowledge of a language
falls somewhere between knowing nothing and knowing everything
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Degrees of knowledge 2 Learning a language is a matter of
degrees There are some Japanese who
speak Japanese better than others There are some Japanese who
speak English better than others There is no one who knows
everything about a language
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Learning process Language learning consists of two
processes Comprehension Performance
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Comprehension Comprehension is understanding
what is said to us Comprehension comes before
performance Comprehension is internal; it
happens inside the mind
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Performance Performance is communicating our
thoughts to another person Performance comes after
comprehension We must understand what is said
before we can respond Performance is external; we can
hear what is said
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Comprehension & Performance
We can hear performances, but we cannot observe comprehension
As a result, we know more about performance than comprehension
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Types of knowledge Grammatical knowledge Sociolinguistic knowledge Strategic knowledge Discourse knowledge
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Grammatical knowledge Grammar knowledge includes The rules of grammar
Word order The rules for words
Singular and plural nouns The rules for sounds
Pronunciation of ed
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Learning grammar First language learners do not
really learn grammar rules Grammar is learned by
communicating with others Second language learners learn
grammar rules
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Sociolinguistic knowledge Language has two functions
Communicate information Form or maintain relations with other
people Second function requires
sociolinguistic knowledge How to use language appropriately
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Social function of language Greetings Requests Offers Apologies Expressions of gratitude
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What learners need to know When to use the expressions Which expressions to use
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Learning social functions For native speakers, appropriate
speech behavior is unconscious Language learners do not have
unconscious knowledge of what is appropriate speech behavior
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Strategic knowledge What to do when communication
breaks down When you don’t know how to express
something When your listener doesn’t
understand what you have said
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Communication strategies Speakers
Use other words Give examples Describe or define
Listeners Ask for repetition Ask for clarification Check understanding
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Learning communication strategies
Native speakers have more resources and as a result more strategies
Learners have to study to develop more communication strategies
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Discourse knowledge Understanding large chunks of language In writing
How sentences fit into a paragraph How paragraphs fit into an essay, article, or
book In speaking
How sentences fit together to make an introduction, body, and conclusion of a presentation
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Examples of discourse knowledge
Lectures and formal presentations Long discussions or conversations Jokes Newspaper and magazine articles Textbooks Novels
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Learning discourse knowledge Native speakers learn how to
combine sentences by interacting with other speakers Some discourse knowledge,
especially academic discourse, must be learned at school
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What we know about our language
Degrees of knowledge Learning process Types of knowledge
Grammatical knowledge Sociolinguistic knowledge Strategic knowledge Discourse knowledge