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What is Management InformationSystems?

Management Information Systems (MIS) is the study of people, technology, organizations and therelationships among them. MIS professionals help firms realize maximum benefit from investment inpersonnel, equipment, and business processes. MIS is a people-oriented field with an emphasis onservice through technology. If you have an interest in technology and have the desire to usetechnology to improve peoples lives, a degree in MIS may be for you.

Businesses use information systems at all levels of operation to collect, process and store data.Management aggregates and disseminates this data in the form of information needed to carry outthe daily operations of business. Everyone who works in business, from someone who pays the billsto the person who makes employment decisions, uses information systems. A car dealership coulduse a computer database to keep track of which products sell best. A retail store might use acomputer-based information system to sell products over the Internet. In fact, many (if not most)businesses concentrate on the alignment of MIS with business goals to achieve competitiveadvantage over other businesses.

MIS professionals create information systems for data management (i.e., storing, searching andanalyzing data). In addition, they manage various information systems to meet the needs ofmanagers, staff and customers. By working collaboratively with various members of their workgroup, as well as with their customers and clients, MIS professionals are able to play a key role inareas such as information security, integration and exchange. As an MIS major, you will learn todesign, implement and use business information systems in innovative ways to increase theeffectiveness and efficiency of your company.

A common misconception that MIS only concerns programming. However, programming is just asmall part of the MIS curriculum. While programming concepts represent some of the founding

concepts and information systems development, implementation and use, many jobs in MIS do notutilize programming at all. A large portion of the MIS degree focuses on data analysis, teamwork,leadership, project management, customer service and underlying business theories. These aspectsof the degree are what set the MIS professional apart from a computer science specialist.

Do you enjoy working with people?

Would you enjoy the chance to work on global problems with people from all over the world?

Do you enjoy analyzing and solving problems?

Do you want to create innovative, cutting-edge technology solutions?

Do you want to learn how to make businesses more efficient, effective and competitive?

Then you should consider as your major the field that is experiencing a critical shortage ofprofessionally trained individuals. A field where demand is skyrocketing with projected growth ratesof 38 percentthe fastest of any business discipline (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics).

MIS professionals make business better
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Below are some frequently asked questions regarding careers in MIS. This information will help youlearn more about a career in MIS and to better understand the opportunities such a career may havein store for you.

What kinds of people pursue MIS degrees?

The profiles of MIS professionals are varied, but in general, such individuals possess many of thefollowing traits:

good problem solving skills

ability to effectively manage time and resources

a clear vision of the big picture as well as the small details

a desire to work closely with other people

excellent communication skills

ability to think strategically about technology

a desire to take responsibility for developing and implementing their own ideas

What are typical career options for MIS professionals?

IT Consultant

Web Developer

Information Systems Manager

Business Intelligence Analyst

Network Administrator

Business Application Developer

Systems Analyst

Technical Support Specialist

Business Analyst

Systems Developer

Why should I choose to major in MIS?

Job satisfaction

High placement rate

High salaries

Exciting field

Challenging field


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Hands-on problem solving

Innovation and creativity

Global opportunities

Great chance for advancement

You can have an impact!

What is an average salary for an MIS professional?

MIS majors have one of the highest starting salaries of all the undergraduate degree programs inMays Business School. The average starting salaries of our MIS graduates in 2012 was $57,705with top students commanding salaries as high as $72,000

A management information system(MIS) provides information that organizations need to managethemselves efficiently and effectively.[1]Managementinformation systemsare typically computer systemsused for managing five primary components: hardware, software,data (information for decision making),

procedures (design,development and documentation), and people (individuals, groups, ororganizations).Managementinformation systems are distinct from otherinformation systems,in that theyare used to analyze and facilitate strategic and operational activities.[2]Academically, the term iscommonly used to refer to the study of how individuals, groups, and organizations evaluate, design,implement, manage, and utilize systems to generate information to improve efficiency and effectivenessof decision making, including systems termeddecision support systems,expert systems,andexecutiveinformation systems.[2]Most business schools (or colleges of business administration within universities)have an MIS department, alongside departments ofaccounting,finance,management,marketing,andsometimesThe system provides information on the past, present and project future and on relevantevents inside and outside the organization . It may be defined as a planned and integrated system forgathering relevant data, converting it in to right information and supplying the same to the concernedexecutives. The main purpose of MIS is to provide the right information to the right people at the righttime.

The Concept of management information systems originated in the 1960s and become the byword ofalmost all attempts to relate computer technology and systems to data processing in business . Duringthe early 1960s , it became evident that the computer was being applied to the solution of businessproblem in a piecemeal fashion, focusing almost entirely on the computerization of clerical and record keeping tasks. The concepts of management information systems was developed to counteract such inefficient development and in effective use of the computer. The MIS concepts is vital to efficient andeffective computer use in business of two major reasons:

It serves as a systems framework for organizing business computer applications. Business applicationsof computers should be viewed as interrelated and integrated computerbased information systems andnot as independent data processing job .

In emphasizes the management orientation of electronics information processing in business . The

primary goal of computer based information systems should be the processing of data generated bybusiness operations.

A management information system is an integrated manmachine systems that provides information tosupport the planning and control function of manager in an organization .

The out put of an MIS is information that sub serves managerial functions. When a system providesinformation to persons who are not managers, then it will not be considered as part of an MIS . For.example , an organization often process a lot of data which it is required by law to furnish to various
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government regulatory agencies. Such a system, while it may have interfaces with an MIS, would not bea part of it, Instances of such systems are salary disclosures and excise duty statements. By the sametoken to sophisticated computeraided design system for engineering purposes would also not be a partof an MIS.

Generally, MIS deals with information that is systematically and routinely collected in accordance with awell-defined set of rules. Thus, and MIS is a part of the formal information network in an organization.Information that has major managerial planning significance is sometimes collected at golf courses. Suchinformation is not part of MIS, how ever, one- shot market research data collected to gauge the potentialof a new product does not come with in the scope of an MIS by our definition because although suchinformation may be very systematically collected it is not collected on a regular basis.

Normally, the information provided by an MIS helps the managers to make planning and controldecisions. Now, we will see, what is planning and control. Every organization in order to function mustperform, certain operations. For Example, a car manufacturer has to perform certain manufacturingactivities, a wholesaler has o provide water to its area of jurisdiction. All these are operations that need tobe done. Besides, these operations, an organization must make plans for them. In other words it mustdecide on how many and what type of cars to make next month or what commissions to offer retailers orwhat pumping stations to install in the next five years.

Also an organization must control the operations in the light of the plans and targets developed in theplanning process. The car manufacturer must know if manufacturing operations are in line with the targetsand if not, he must make decisions to correct the deviation or revise his plans. Similarly the wholesalerwill want to know the impacts that his commissions have had on sales and make decisions to correctadverse trends. The municipal corporation will need to control the tendering process and contractors whowill execute the pumping station plans.

Generally, MIS is concerned with planning and control. Often there are elaborate systems for informationthat assists operations. For example, the car manufacturer will have a system for providing information tothe workers on the shop floor about the job that needs to be done on a particular batch of material. Theremay be route sheets, which accompany the rate materials and components in their movement throughvarious machines. This system per se provides only information to support operation. It has nomanagerial decision-making significance. It I not part of an MIS. If, however, the system does provided

information on productivity, machine utilization or rejection rates, then we would say that the system ispart of an MIS.

Generally MIS has all the ingredients that are employed in providing information support to manager tomaking planning and control decisions. Managers often use historical data on an organizations activitiesas well as current status data make planning and control decisions. Such data comes from a data basewhich is contained in files maintained by the organization . This data base is an essential component ofan MIS. Manual procedures that are used to collect and process information and computer hardware areobvious ingredients of an MIS . These also form part of the MIS. In summary , when we say that an MISis an integrated manmachine systems that provided information to supports the planning and controlfunction of managers in an origination . It does the following function .

- sub serves managerial function

- collects stores , evaluates information systematically and routinely- supports planning and control decisions- Includes files , hardware , software , software and operations research models.

Effective management information systems are needed by all business organization because of theincreased complexity and rate of change of todays business environment . For Example, Marketingmanager need information about sales performance and trends, financial manger returns, productionmanagers needs information analyzing resources requirement and worker productivity and personnelmanager require information concerning employee compensation and professional development. Thus,


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effective management information systems must be developed to provide modern managers with thespecific marketing , financial, production and personnel information products they required to support theirdecision making responsibilities .

An MIS provides the following advantages.

1. It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sounddecisionmaking . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lostpersonal contact with the scene of operations.

2. In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form andthere by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts.

3. MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system formonitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and makingnecessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.

4. It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities by keeping each departmentaware of the problem and requirements of other departments. It connects all decision centers in the

organization .

5. It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves theability of management to evaluate and improve performance . The used computers has increased thedata processing and storage capabilities and reduced the cost .

6. MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information .

others, and grant degrees (atundergrad,masters,andPhDlevels) in MIS.
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Contents

[hide]

1 Overview

2 History

3 Types and Terminology

4 Advantages

5 Enterprise applications

6 Developing Information Systems

7 See also

8 References

9 External links

Overview[edit]

This section does notciteanyreferences or sources.Please help

improve this section byadding citations to reliable sources.Unsourced

material may be challenged andremoved.(May 2013)

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itbyverifyingthe claims made and addinginline citations.Statements

consisting only of original research may be removed. (November 2012)

A management information system gives the business managers the information that they need to make

decisions. Early business computers were used for simple operations such as tracking inventory, billing,

sales, or payroll data, with little detail or structure[3](seeEDP). Over time, thesecomputer

applicationsbecame more complex,hardwarestorage capacitiesgrew, and technologies improved for

connecting previouslyisolated applications.As more data was stored and linked, managers sought

greater abstraction as well as greater detail with the aim of creating significant management reports from

the raw, stored data. Originally, the term "MIS" described applications providing managers with

information about sales, inventories, and other data that would help in managing the enterprise. Over

time, the term broadened to include:decision support systems,resource managementandhuman

resource management,enterprise resource planning(ERP),enterprise performancemanagement(EPM),supply chain management(SCM),customer relationship

management(CRM),project managementand database retrieval applications.
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anagementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_relationship_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supply_chain_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_performance_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_resource_planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_managementhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_support_systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islands_of_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_data_storagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_hardwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_applicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_data_processinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:INCITEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edithttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_researchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Introduction_to_referencing/1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiabilityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Developing_Information_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Enterprise_applicationshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Advantageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Types_and_Terminologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#Overviewhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system


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History[edit]

Kenneth and Jane Laudon identify five erasof MIS evolution corresponding to the five phases in the

development ofcomputingtechnology: 1) mainframe and minicomputer computing, 2) personal

computers, 3) client/server networks, 4) enterprise computing, and 5) cloud computing.[4]

The first era(mainframe and minicomputer) was ruled by IBM and their mainframe computers; these

computers would often take up whole rooms and require teams to run them - IBM supplied the hardware

and the software. As technology advanced, these computers were able to handle greater capacities and

therefore reduce their cost. Smaller, more affordable minicomputers allowed larger businesses to run their

own computing centers in-house.

The second era(personal computer) began in 1965 as microprocessors started to compete with

mainframes and minicomputers and accelerated the process of decentralizing computing power from

large data centers to smaller offices. In the late 1970s minicomputer technology gave way to personal

computers and relatively low cost computers were becoming mass market commodities, allowing

businesses to provide their employees access to computing power that ten years before would have cost

tens of thousands of dollars. This proliferation of computers created a ready market for interconnecting

networks and the popularization of the Internet.

As technological complexity increased and costs decreased, the need to share information within an

enterprise also grewgiving rise to the third era(client/server), in which computers on a common network

access shared information on a server. This lets thousands and even millions of people access data

simultaneously. The fourth era(enterprise) enabled by high speed networks, tied all aspects of the

business enterprise together offering rich information access encompassing the complete management

structure.

The fifth era(cloud computing) is the latest and employs networking technology to deliver applications as

well as data storage independent of the configuration, location or nature of the hardware. This, along withhigh speedcellphoneandwifinetworks, led to new levels of mobility in which managers access the MIS

remotely with laptops, tablet PCs, and smartphones.

Types and Terminology[edit]

The terms Management Information System(MIS),information system,Enterprise Resource

Planning(ERP), andinformation technology managementare often confused. Information systems and

MIS are broader categories that include ERP.Information technologymanagement concerns the

operation and organization of information technology resources independent of their purpose.

Most management information systems specialize in particular commercial and industrial sectors, aspects

of the enterprise, or management substructure.

Management information systems (MIS), produce fixed, regularly scheduled reports based on data

extracted and summarized from the firms underlyingtransaction processing systems[5]to middle and

operational level managers to identify and inform structured and semi-structured decision problems.

Decision Support Systems(DSS)are computer program applications used by middle management to

compile information from a wide range of sources to support problem solving and decision making.
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Executive Information Systems(EIS)is a reporting tool that provides quick access to summarized

reports coming from all company levels and departments such as accounting, human resources and

operations.

Marketing Information Systems(MIS)are Management Information Systems designed specifically for

managing themarketingaspects of the business.

Office Automation Systems(OAS)support communication and productivity in the enterprise by

automating work flow and eliminating bottlenecks. OAS may be implemented at any and all levels of

management.

School Information Management Systems(SIMS) cover school administration,and often including

teaching and learning materials.

Enterprise Resource Planning(ERP)facilitates the flow of information between all business functions

inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders .[6]

Advantages[edit]

The following are some of the benefits that can be attained for different types of management information

systems.[7]

Companies are able to highlight their strengths and weaknesses due to the presence of revenue

reports, employees' performance record etc. The identification of these aspects can help the

company improve their business processes and operations.

Giving an overall picture of the company and acting as a communication and planning tool.

The availability of the customer data and feedback can help the company to align their business

processes according to the needs of the customers. The effective management of customer data can

help the company to perform direct marketing and promotion activities

Types of Management InformationSystemsA management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that provides the information

necessary to manage an organization effectively. An MIS should be designed to enhance communication

among employees, provide an objective system for recording information and support the organization's

strategic goals and direction. There are four types of MIS that will be introduced in ascending order of

sophistication.

Transaction Processing Systems

1. These systems are designed to handle a large volume of routine, recurring transactions.

They were first introduced in the 1960s with the advent of mainframe computers. Transaction

processing systems are used widely today. Banks use them to record deposits and payments into
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Information_Management_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Information_Management_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Resource_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Resource_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Management_information_system&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Management_information_system#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise_Resource_Planninghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Information_Management_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_automationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marketing_Information_Systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Executive_Information_System


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A management information system (MIS) is a computer-based system that supplies the necessary

information to efficiently manage an organization. This system entails three primary resources:

information, technology and people. MIS is designed to record...More

difficulty:Easy

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Q&A Related to "Types of MIS?"

What are types of mis?

Management information systems are those systems that allow managers to make decisions for the

successful operation of businesses. Management information systems consist of computer

http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_types_of_mis

Management information system

A management information system (MIS) provides information that isneeded to manage organizations efficiently and effectively.

Managementinformation systems are not onExplain various

types of Systems in MIS?

Posted inManagement Information System| Email This Post

Types of the System in the Management Information Systems

1. Conceptual Systems

a. Are theoretical and explanatory in the nature.

b. Provide the much needed clarification.

c. Provide theoretical framework for which there may or may not be any real life

counterpart.

d. E.g. of such systems can be philosophy, theology etc.

2. Empirical Systems

a. Are very practical, specific and also very operational in the nature.

b. Can be based on the conceptual system.

c. Examination system, surgery act as very good examples of the empirical systems.

3. Open Systems

a. Involve continuous interaction with the environment.

b. So exchanges the information, material, energy with the environment.
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c. Is open and also self organizing in the nature.

d. Is also adoptive or adaptive to the changing environment as it is flexible.

4. Closed Systems

a. Shuns any kind of the exchange with the environment.

b. Is rigid in nature.

c. Is not at all amenable to the change.

d. Is also self contained.

e. Is somewhat isolated in the nature.

f. Is having a well defined boundary.

g. Is not at all adaptive in the nature.

5. Natural Systems

a. Such Systems exist and also abound in the nature.

b. Are also not at all the results of the human endeavors.c. Rivers, mountains, minerals etc. are the major examples of the natural Systems.

6. Artificial Systems

a. Are manufactured (man made).

b. Examples of such Systems are dams, canals, roads, machines, factories etc.

7. Probabilistic Systems

a. Based on the predictability of the behavior or the outcome.

8. Deterministic Systems

a. In such Systems, the interaction of the elements is known.

b. As the behavior of the elements is pre determined, it becomes possible to work

upon the reaction well in the advance

ly computer What is Simons decision-making

model?Answer:

Answer

Simon's Model is based on premise that decision rash null. Decision making in Simon's Model is characterized

by limited information processing and use of rules. Simmons decision-making model there are four phases

1) Intelligence phase

2) Design phase


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3) Choice phase

4) Implementation phase

Initially the problem comes and we are in the intelligence phase thinking of the problem as it comes and then

we try to find out what the solution to the given problem and then we move to design phase. In the design

phase the way and method to solve the problem is thought and we actually try analyze the problem, we try to

find the algorithms and the way that can actually solve the problem and hence we use the genetic algorithm to

find the solution to the given problem .After finding the method which is to be applied to the given problem

we move to choice phase and here the actual work of finding the best algorithm come .Here we try to find the

best algorithm from the given set of algorithm we have the option of choosing the algorithms such as "ACO"

algorithm which is called the ant colony optimization algorithm or we have the choice of finding the algorithm

such as Simulated annealing (SA) is a related global optimization technique that traverses the search space by

testing random mutations on an individual solution. A mutation that increases fitness is always accepted. A

mutation that lowers fitness is accepted probabilistically based on the difference in fitness and a decreasing

temperature parameter. In SA parlance, one speaks of seeking the lowest energy instead of the maximum

fitness. SA can also be used within a standard GA algorithm by starting with a relatively high rate of mutation

and decreasing it over time along a given schedule. After deciding that genetic algorithm is the most suitable

algorithm for the programming we move to the next step which is the implemetation phase here the real

implemeation of the slotuin is done we implemet the solution to the given problem by using the geneteic

algorithm according to the given problem.

In the given problem a list of 26 items is given they all have different price, different weights and differentvolumes. The problem says that we have to find the items which can be fitted in to the given space of the

container the number of items chosen to be fitted in to the given space should be such that the weight and the

volume of the selected items should not be more than the total allowed volume and weight in the container.

The care has to be taken such that the total weight and volume of the selected items should not exceed more

than the allowed weight and the volume.

Answer

Simmons decision-making model there are four phases

1) Intelligence phase2) Design phase

3) Choice phase

4) Implementation phase

Initially the problem comes and we are in the intelligence phase thinking of the problem as it comes and then

we try to find out what the solution to the given problem and then we move to design phase. In the design

phase the way and method to solve the problem is thought and we actually try analyze the problem, we try to


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find the algorithms and the way that can actually solve the problem and hence we use the genetic algorithm to

find the solution to the given problem .After finding the method which is to be applied to the given problem

we move to choice phase and here the actual work of finding the best algorithm come .Here we try to find the

best algorithm from the given set of algorithm we have the option of choosing the algorithms such as "ACO"

algorithm which is called the ant colony optimization algorithm or we have the choice of finding the algorithm

such as Simulated annealing (SA) is a related global optimization technique that traverses the search space by

testing random mutations on an individual solution. A mutation that increases fitness is always accepted. A

mutation that lowers fitness is accepted probabilistically based on the difference in fitness and a decreasing

temperature parameter. In SA parlance, one speaks of seeking the lowest energy instead of the maximum

fitness. SA can also be used within a standard GA algorithm by starting with a relatively high rate of mutation

and decreasing it over time along a given schedule. After deciding that genetic algorithm is the most suitable

algorithm for the programming we move to the next step which is the implemetation phase here the real

implemeation of the slotuin is done we implemet the solution to the given problem by using the geneteic

algorithm according to the given problem.

In the given problem a list of 26 items is given they all have different price, different weights and different

volumes. The problem says that we have to find the items which can be fitted in to the given space of the

container the number of items chosen to be fitted in to the given space should be such that the weight and the

volume of the selected items should not be more than the total allowed volume and weight in the container.

The care has to be taken such that the total weight and volume of the selected items should not exceed more

than the allowed weight and the volume.

systemSimon's Model of Decision Making

Newell and Simonformulated a methodology for human information processing. This model is

conceptual in nature and goes hand in hand with the working of a digital computer.

According to this model, a human being interacts with the external environment, gets information, and

processes them. The initial interaction between the human being and the environment is triggered by

stimuli. The sensory organs (receptors) accept the environment and pass it on to thebrain(processor). The brain transfers the information so obtained intoSTMand LTM. Decisions made

by the brain are conveyed to the environment by various organs of the human body (effectors) in the

form of speech, physical activity, written messages, etc. To illustrate, a poet visualizes a beautiful

natural scenario, is totally absorbed in it and the response to this stimulus is a poem that flows

spontaneously. The model, as already mentioned, goes hand in hand with the working of a digital

computer. A digital computer gets data through one of its input devices ("receptor" in the Newell and


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Simon model), passes the same to its central processing unit ("brain" in the Newell and Simon model),

which in turn, after processing, sends an output through its output unit ("effectors" in the Newell and

Simon model). Important information is stored in external memory units.

Any human being, in response to a stimulus, reacts and decides what to do. For example, if the shareprices are falling the initial reaction is panic. Shareholders then decide either to offload all the shares

or wait for the market to pick up. How do they decide on these? Are there any models available that

can explain clearly the decision-making process? A well-known model on the human decision-making

process was proposed by H.A. Simon. Simon's decision-making model consists of three major stages:

Stage I: Problem identification and data collection stage (also called intelligence phase).

Stage 2: Identification and planning of alternative solutions (also called as design phase)

Stage 3: Selection of a solution from multiple alternatives, implementing and monitoring (also called

as choice phase.)

s - these systeWhat are the advantagesand disadvantages of MIS?

Answer:

ADVANTAGES

An MIS provides the following advantages.

1. It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sound

decision - making . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lost personal

contact with the scene of operations.

2. In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form and there

by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts.

3. MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system for

monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and making

necessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.

4. It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities by keeping each department

aware of the problem and requirements of other departments. It connects all decision centers in the

organization .

5. It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves the

ability of management to evaluate and improve performance . The used computers has increased the data

processing and storage capabilities and reduced the cost .


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2. In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in tosummarized form and there by avoids the confusion which may arise whenmanagers are flooded with detailed facts.

3. MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when

there is a system for monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully usedfor measuring performance and making necessary change in the organizationalplans and procedures.

4. It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities bykeeping each department aware of the problem and requirements of otherdepartments. It connects all decision centers in the organization .

5. It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning andcontrol. It improves the ability of management to evaluate and improve performance. The used computers has increased the data processing and storage capabilities

and reduced the cost .

6. MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates theinformatio

Data Dictionary

Definition - What does Data Dictionarymean?

A data dictionary is a file or a set of files that contains a database's metadata. The data dictionary

contains records about other objects in the database, such as data ownership, data relationships to

other objects, and other data.

The data dictionary is a crucial component of any relational database. Ironically, because of its

importance, it is invisible to most database users. Typically, only database administrators interact

with the data dictionary.

Techopedia explains Data Dictionary

Answer:

ADVANTAGESAn MIS provides the following advantages.

1. It Facilitates planning : MIS improves the quality of plants by providing relevant information for sound

decision - making . Due to increase in the size and complexity of organizations, managers have lost personal

contact with the scene of operations.

2. In Minimizes information overload : MIS change the larger amount of data in to summarized form and there

by avoids the confusion which may arise when managers are flooded with detailed facts.


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3. MIS Encourages Decentralization : Decentralization of authority is possibly when there is a system for

monitoring operations at lower levels. MIS is successfully used for measuring performance and making

necessary change in the organizational plans and procedures.

4. It brings Co ordination : MIS facilities integration of specialized activities by keeping each department

aware of the problem and requirements of other departments. It connects all decision centers in the

organization .

5. It makes control easier : MIS serves as a link between managerial planning and control. It improves the

ability of management to evaluate and improve performance . The used computers has increased the data

processing and storage capabilities and reduced the cost .

6. MIS assembles, process , stores , Retrieves , evaluates and Disseminates the information.

reference:

http://www.management-hub.com/information-management-advantages.html

DISADVANTAGES

1.highly senstive requires constant monitoring.

2.buddgeting of MIS extremely difficult.

3.Quality of outputs governed by quality of inputs.

4.lack of flexiblity to update itself.

5.effectiveness decreases due to frequent changes in top management

6.takes into account only qualitative factors and ignores non-qualitative factors like morale of worker, attitude

of worker etc...

Biyani's Think TankConcept based notesManagementInformation System(BBA Part-II)Ms. Kusumlata BhargavaDeptt. Of ManagementBiyani Girls College, JaipurPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comPublished by :

Think TanksBiyani Group of CollegesConcept & Copyright :

Biyani Shikshan Samiti

Sector-3, Vidhyadhar Nagar,Jaipur-302 023 (Rajasthan)Ph : 0141-2338371, 2338591-95 Fax : 0141-2338007E-mail : [email protected]


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Website :www.gurukpo.com; www.biyanicolleges.orgFirst Edition : 2009Leaser Type Setted by :Biyani College Printing DepartmentWhile every effort is taken to avoid errors or omissions in this Publication, any

mistake or omission that may have crept in is not intentional. It may be taken note ofthat neither the publisher nor the author will be responsible for any damage or lossofany kind arising to anyone in any manner on account of such errors and omissions.PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comPrefaceI am glad to present this book, especially designed to serve the needs of thestudents. The book has been written keeping in mind the general weakness inunderstanding the fundamental concepts of the topics. The book is self-explanatoryandadopts the Teach Yourself style. It is based on question-answer pattern. Thelanguageof book is quite easy and understandable based on scientific approach.This book covers basic concepts related to the microbial understandings aboutdiversity, structure, economic aspects, bacterial and viral reproduction etc.Any further improvement in the contents of the book by making corrections,omission and inclusion is keen to be achieved based on suggestions from the readersfor which the author shall be obliged.I acknowledge special thanks to Mr. Rajeev Biyani, Chairman & Dr. Sanjay Biyani,Director (Acad.) Biyani Group of Colleges, who are the backbones and main conceptprovider and also have been constant source of motivation throughout this

Endeavour.They played an active role in coordinating the various stages of this Endeavour andspearheaded the publishing work.I look forward to receiving valuable suggestions from professors of variouseducational institutions, other faculty members and students for improvement of thequality of the book. The reader may feel free to send in their comments andsuggestionsto the under mentioned address.AuthorPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comSyllabusB.B.A. Part-IIManagement Information SystemIntroduction to MIS : Meaning and Role of MIS, Definition of MIS, SystemApproach toMIS, MIS Organization within a Company. Concept of Balanced MIS, EffectivenessandEfficiency Criteria.


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Overview of System and Design, Feasibility Analysis, Design, Implementation,Testingand Evaluation. Introduction to Systems Development Life Cycle and its Phases.MIS Planning : MIS Structure and Components, MIS Features, Problem andDerivation

of MIS Plans, Prioritization and Developmental Strategies.Conceptual Design of MIS : Definition of the Problem, System Objectives andSystemConstraints, Analysis of Information Source.Alternative System Design and Selection of Optimal System.Conceptual System Design Document.Detailed System Design and Implementation : Application of Basic System DesignConcepts to MIS, Involvement of End-User and Role of MIS Department and SystemAnalyst, Role of Top Management during Design an Implementation. SystemEvaluation Review and Update. Management and Control of MIS Function.AdvancedMIS Concept, Decision Support System.MIS in Operation : (See Note at End) : MIS for Accounting and Finance FunctionMISfor Personnel Systems, MIS for Marketing Systems, Production & Inventory System.Note : A STANDARD LAYOUT IS TO BE ADOPTED FOR ALL MIS. PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comContentS. No. Name of Topic Page No.1. Introduction to MIS 7-14

1.1 Introduction & Objective of MIS1.2 Computer Based MIS1.3 Organizational Need for MIS in Company1.4 Pre-requisites of Effective MIS2. Information System of Decision Making 15-202.1 Introduction & Characteristics of MIS2.2 Steps in Decision Making2.3 Purpose of DSS2.4 Herbert S. Model3. Information 21-303.1 Information3.2 Classification of Information3.3 Types of Information System3.4 Value of Information3.5 Data Collection Method4. Development of MIS 31-374.1 Introduction & MIS Planning4.2 Development of MIS


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4.3 Approaches to MIS Development4.4 Factors Responsible for Development of MISS. No. Name of Topic Page No.5. Database Management System 38-475.1 Introduction

5.2 Database Design5.3 Model of DBMS5.4 Views in DBMS5.5 Data AccessPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.com6. Network 48-546.1 Data Communication6.2 Introduction of Network6.3 Types of Computer Network6.4 Topologies7. System Analysis & Design 55-787.1 Introduction7.2 Types of Business System7.3 System Analysiss Tools7.4 Introduction to System Analysis & Design7.5 Feasibility Study & Cost Benefit Analysis7.6 System Documentation8. MIS in Operation 79-868.1 MIS for Finance8.2 MIS for Marketing8.3 MIS for Production

8.4 MIS for HRM PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comChapter-1Introduction to MISQ.1 What is MIS? Discuss in detail?ORDescribe the three words of MIS: Management, Information, System.ORDiscuss the objectives and characteristics of MIS.

Ans.: Management Information Systems (MIS), referred to as InformationManagementand Systems, is the discipline covering the application of people, technologies,and procedures collectively called information systems, to solving businessproblems.'MIS' is a planned system of collecting, storing and disseminating data in theform of information needed to carry out the functions of management.Academically, the term is commonly used to refer to the group of information


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management methods tied to the automation or support of human decisionmaking, e.g. Decision Support Systems, Expert Systems, and ExecutiveInformation Systems.Management : Management is art of getting things done through and with thepeople in formally organized groups. The basic functions performed by a

manager in an organization are: Planning, controlling, staffing, organizing, anddirecting.Information : Information is considered as valuable component of anorganization. Information is data that is processed and is presented in a formwhich assists decision maker.Information GenerationSystem : A system is defined as a set of elements which are joined together toachieve a common objective. The elements are interrelated and interdependent.Thus every system is said to be composed of subsystems. A system has one ormultiple inputs, these inputs are processed through a transformation process toconvert these input( s) to output.Data Processing InformationPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comThese subsystems are interrelatedthrough a process ofInput - Throughput - Output

A systemObjectives of MIS :Data Capturing : MIS capture data from various internal and external sources oforganization. Data capturing may be manual or through computer terminals.Processing of Data : The captured data is processed to convert into required

information. Processing of data is done by such activities as calculating, sorting,classifying, and summarizing.Storage of Information : MIS stores the processed or unprocessed data for futureuse. If any information is not immediately required, it is saved as an organizationrecord, for later use.Retrieval of Information : MIS retrieves information from its stores as and whenrequired by various users.Dissemination of Information : Information, which is a finished product of MIS,is disseminated to the users in the organization. It is periodic or online throughcomputer terminal.Objectives of MISInput TransformationProcessOutputDataCaptureProcessing DisseminationRetrieval


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Storage ofDataSourceUserPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.com

For more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comCharacteristics of MIS :Systems Approach : The information system follows a systems approach.Systems approach means taking a comprehensive view or a complete look at theinterlocking sub-systems that operate within an organization.Management Oriented : Management oriented characteristic of MIS implies thatthe management actively directs the system development efforts. For planning ofMIS, top-down approach should be followed. Top down approach suggests thatthe system development starts from the determination of managements needsand overall business objective. To ensure that the implementation of systemspolices meet the specification of the system, continued review and participationof the manager is necessary.Need Based : MIS design should be as per the information needs of managers atdifferent levels.Exception Based : MIS should be developed on the exception based also, whichmeans that in an abnormal situation, there should be immediate reporting aboutthe exceptional situation to the decision makers at the required level.Future Oriented : MIS should not merely provide past of historical information;rather it should provide information, on the basis of future projections on theactions to be initiated.Integrated : Integration is significant because of its ability to produce moremeaningful information. Integration means taking a comprehensive view or

looking at the complete picture of the interlocking subsystems that operatewithin the company.Common Data Flow : Common data flow includes avoiding duplication,combining similar functions and simplifying operations wherever possible. Thedevelopment of common data flow is an economically sound and logical concept,but it must be viewed from a practical angle.Long Term Planning : MIS is developed over relatively long periods. A heavyelement of planning should be involved.Sub System Concept : The MIS should be viewed as a single entity, but it mustbe broken down into digestible sub-systems which are more meaningful.Central database : In the MIS there should be common data base for wholesystemPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comQ.2 Highlight the Salient Features ofComputer which makes it an essentialcomponent of MISORWith the Penetration of Computer in Business Society, Information System has


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got a new meaning, explain.Ans.: Characteristics of Computerized MIS :(i) Ability to process data into information with accuracy and high speed. Itinvolves complex computation, analysis, comparisons and summarization.(ii) Organizing and updating of huge amount of raw data of related and

unrelated nature, derived from internal and external sources at differentperiods of time.(iii) The information processing and computer technology have been soadvanced that managers are able to obtain real time information aboutongoing activities and events without any waiting period.(iv) The input data in computer can be converted into different output formatsfor a variety of purpose. The system is so organized that managers atdifferent levels and in different activity units are in a position to obtaininformation in whatever form they want , provided that relevant programmes or instructions have been designed for the purpose.(v) Super-human memory, tremendous volume of data and information andthe set of instructions can be stored in the computer and can be retrievedas and when needed. Management can get bit of stored information fromthe computer in seconds.Advantages of Computer : The usage of computer gives following advantages incomparison to manual MIS :a) Speed : The speed of carrying out the given instructions logically andnumerically is incomparable between computers and human beings. Acomputer can perform and give instructions in less than a millionth ofsecondb) Accuracy : Computer can calculate very accurately without any errors.

c) Reliability : The information stored in the computer is in digital format.The information can be stored for a long time and have long life. A usermay feel comfortable and be rely on, while using information stored incomputer.d) Storage : Computer can store huge data for a long time in comparison tohuman brain.PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.come) Automaticity : Computers performautomatically in user friendly andmenu driven program.f) Repetitiveness : Computer can be used repetitively to process informationwithout any mental fatigue as in case of human brain.g) Diligence : A computer is an electronic device. It does not suffer from thehuman traits of lack of concentration.h) No Feeling : Computers are devoid of any emotions. They have no feelingsand no instincts because they are machines.Limitations of Computer :a) Lack of Common Sense : Computer is only an electronic device. It can not


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should have a mutual understanding about the roles and responsibilities ofeach other. be understand clearly the view of their fellow officers. For this,each organization should have two categories of officers :(a) System and Computer Experts who in addition to their expertise intheir subject area , they should also be capable of understanding

management concepts to facilitate the understanding of problemsasked by concern. They should also be clear about the process ofdecision making and information requirements for planning.(b) Management experts who should also understand quite-clearly theconcepts and operations of a computer. This basic knowledge ofcomputer will be useful will place them in a comfortable position,while working with systems, technicians in designing or other wise,of the information system.(ii) Futuristic Perspective : An effective MIS should be capable of meeting thefuture requirements of its executives as well. This capability can beachieved by regular monitoring and updating the MIS.PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.com(iii) Support of Top Management : For amanagement information system tobe effective, it must receive the full support of top management. TheReasons for this are :(a) Subordinate managers are usually lethargic about activities whichdo not receive the support of their superiors.(b) The resources involved in computer based information system arelarger and are growing larger and larger in view of importancegained by management information system.

(iv) Common Database : It is an integrated collection of data and informationwhich is utilized by several information subsystems of an organization. Acommon database may be defined as a super file which consolidates andintegrates data records formerly stored in a separate data file. Such adatabase can be organized as an integrated collection of data records into asingle super file or it can be organized as an integrated collection of severaldata file.(v) Control and maintenance of MIS : Control of the MIS means the operationof the system as it was designed to operate. Some times, users developtheir own procedures or short cut methods to use the system whichreduces its effectiveness. PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comChapter-2Information System for Decision MakingQ.1 What do you understand by Decision Making? Discuss the nature andcharacteristics of Decision?Ans.: The word decision is derived from the Latin word decido. Which means A


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c) No methods or models are used.d) Decide objective or goal; select one where his aspirates or desire aremet best.Types of Decision : Types of decision are based on the degree of knowledgeabout the out come of the events which are yet to take place.

Certainty : If the manager has full knowledge of event or outcome then it is asituation of certainty.Risk : If the manager has partial knowledge or probabilistic knowledge then it isdecision under risk.Uncertainty : If the manager does not have any knowledge, it is decision makingunder uncertaintyMIS converts the uncertainty to risk and risk to certainty. The decision at the lowlevel management is certain, at middle level of the management the decision isunder risk and at the top level management the decision is in under uncertain.Nature of decision : Decision making is a complex task. To resolve thecomplexity the nature of decision are of two types :Programmed and Non-Programmed Decision :PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.coma) If a decision can be based on a rule,methods or even guidelines, it is calledthe programmed decision.b) A decision which can not be made by using a rule or model is the nonprogrammeddecision.Q.2 Discuss the essential steps in process of Decision Making?Ans.: Decision making process is same as Hebert Simon Model.Q.3 What is DSS? What is the purpose of Decision Support System in MIS.

Ans.: Decision Support System refers to a class of systems which support in theprocess of decision making and does not always give a decision it self.Decision Support Systems (DSS) are a specific class of computerized informationsystem that supports business and organizational decision-making activities. Aproperly designed DSS is an interactive software-based system intended to helpdecision makers compile useful information from raw data, documents, personalknowledge, and/or business models to identify and solve problems and makedecisionsDSS is an application of Hebert Simon model, as discussed, the model has threephases :i) Intelligenceii) Designiii) ChoiceThe DSS basically helps in the information system in the intelligence phase wherethe objective is to identify the problem and then go to the design phase forsolution. The choice of selection criteria varies from problem to problem.It is therefore, required to go through these phases again and again tillsatisfactory solution is found.


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In the following three phase cycle, you may use inquiry, analysis, and modelsand accounting system to come to rational solution.These systems are helpful where the decision maker calls for complexmanipulation of data and use of several methods to reach an acceptable solutionusing different analysis approach. The decision support system helps in making a

decision and also in performance analysis. DSS can be built around the rule incase of programmable decision situation. The rules are not fixed orpredetermined and requires every time the user to go through the decisionmaking cycle as indicated in Herbert Simon model.Attributes :PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comi) DSS should be adaptable and flexible.ii) DSS should be interactive and provide ease of use.iii) Effectiveness balanced with efficiency (benefit must exceed cost).iv) Complete control by decision-makers.v) Ease of development by (modification to suit needs and changingenvironment) end users.vi) Support modeling and analysis.vii) Data access.viii) Standalone, integration and Web-basedDSS Characteristics :i) Support for decision makers in semi structured and unstructuredproblems.ii) Support managers at all levels.iii) Support individuals and groups.iv) Support for interdependent or sequential decisions.

v) Support intelligence, design, choice, and implementation.vi) Support variety of decision processes and stylesQ.4 Discuss in brief the Hebert A. Simon Decision Support System Model.Define the term Intelligence, Design and Choice as Model.ORDiscuss the essential steps in process of decision making.

Ans.: There are three phases in Hebert Simon model :Hebert Simon ModelINTELLIGENCEDESIGNCHIOCEPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comIntelligence : In this phase MIS collectsthe raw data. Further the data is sortedand merged with other data and computation are made, examined andpresented. In this phase, the attention of the manager is drawn to the entireproblem situation, calling for a decision.Design : Manager develops a model of problem situation on which he can


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generate and test, summarizing the different decision alternatives and test thefeasibility of implementation. Assess the value of the decision outcome.Choice : In this phase the manager evolves a selection criterion and selects onealternative as decision based on selection criteria.In these three phases if the manager fails to reach a decision, he starts the process

all over again from intelligence phase where additional data and information iscollected, the decision making process is refined, the selection criteria is changedand a decision is arrived at. PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comChapter-3InformationQ.1 What do you understand by Information? What are the characteristics ofInformation?Ans.: Data : Data is raw facts. Data is like raw material. Data does not interrelate andalso it does not help in decision making. Data is defined as groups of nonrandomsymbols in the form of text, images, voice representing quantities, actionand objects.Information : Information is the product of data processing. Information isinterrelated data. Information is equivalent to finished goods produced afterprocessing the raw material. The information has a value in decision making.Information brings clarity and creates an intelligent human response in the mind.According to Davis and Olson : Information is a data that has been processedinto a form that is meaningful to recipient and is of real or perceived value in thecurrent or the prospective action or decision of recipient.Information Generation

It is a most critical resource of the organization. Managing the information meansmanaging future. Information is knowledge that one derives from facts placed inthe right context with the purpose of reducing uncertainty.Characteristics of Information :The parameters of a good quality are difficult to determine for information.Quality of information refers to its fitness for use, or its reliability.Following are the essential characteristic features :i) Timeliness : Timeliness means that information must reach the recipientswithin the prescribed timeframes. For effective decision-making,information must reach the decision-maker at the right time, i.e. recipientsmust get information when they need it. Delays destroys the value ofinformation. The characteristic of timeliness, to be effective, should alsoinclude up-to-date, i.e. current information.Data Processing InformationPDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comii) Accuracy : Information should beaccurate. It means that informationshould be free from mistakes, errors &, clear Accuracy also means that the


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information is free from bias. Wrong information given to managementwould result in wrong decisions. As managers decisions are based on theinformation supplied in MIS reports, all managers need accurateinformation.iii) Relevance : Information is said to be relevant if it answers especially for

the recipient what, why, where, when, who and why? In other words, theMIS should serve reports to managers which is useful and the informationhelps them to make decisions..iv) Adequacy : Adequacy means information must be sufficient in quantity,i.e. MIS must provide reports containing information which is required inthe deciding processes of decision-making. The report should not giveinadequate or for that matter, more than adequate information, which maycreate a difficult situation for the decision-maker. Whereas inadequacy ofinformation leads to crises, information overload results in chaos.v) Completeness : The information which is given to a manager must becomplete and should meet all his needs. Incomplete information mayresult in wrong decisions and thus may prove costly to the organization.vi) Explicitness : A report is said to be of good quality if it does not requirefurther analysis by the recipients for decision making.vii) Impartiality : Impartial information contains no bias and has beencollected without any distorted view of the situation.Q.2 What are the different types of Information?Ans.: Classification of Information : The information can be classified in a number ofways provide to better understanding.Jhon Dearden of Harvard University classifies information in the followingmanner :

(1) Action Verses No-Action Information : The information which inducesaction is called action Information. No stockreport calling a purchaseaction is an action information.The information which communicates only the status is No-ActionInformation. The stock balance is no-action information.(2) Recurring Verses No-Recurring Information : The information generatedat regular intervals is Recurring Information. The monthly sales reports,the stock statement, the trial balance, etc are recurring information. ThePDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.comfinancial analysis or the report on themarket research study is norecurring information.(3) Internal and external information : The information generated throughthe internal sources of the organization is termed as Internal Information,while the information generated through the govt. reports, the industrysurvey etc., termed as External Information, as the sources of the data areoutside the organization.The information can also be classified, in terms of its application : Planning Information : Certain standard norms and specifications are


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tools are increasingly being used to address team information needs. It is alsobeing recognized that it is this 'local' information that may be the most valuable,in terms of driving the day-to-day activity of the organization.Levels of Informations NeedIndividual (Low Level) : At the lowest level the personal information need of

staff exists throughout the organization. Examples include correspondence,reports and spreadsheets. In most organizations, staff must struggle with usingemail to meet their information management needs. While staff generallyrecognizes the inadequacy of e-mail, they have few other approaches ortechnologies at their disposal.Managing the Levels : While managing the information at each of the threelevels, consider aspects need consideration: An information management solution must be provided for staff at each ofthe three levels.PDF Created with deskPDF PDF Writer - Trial :: http://www.docudesk.comFor more detail: - http://www.gurukpo.com If corporate solutions aren't provided,then staff will find their ownsolutions. This is the source of poor-quality intranet sub-sites, and otherundesirable approaches. A clear policy must be developed, outlining when and how it will apply atall the three levels and how information should be managed at each level. Processes must be put in place to 'bubble up' or 'promote' informationfrom lower levels to higher levels. For example, some team-generatedinformation will be critical for the whole organization. As much as possible, a seamless informat

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