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What's in the brain that ink may character? 1
What’s in the brain that ink may character?(Net-based models in neurology, cognition, and social processes)
National Reading Conference, December 7, 2002.John E. McEneaney, Oakland [email protected]
What's in the brain that ink may character? 2
Purpose of the presentation
Historical/Conceptual Overview Logical Neurological Neuropsychological (from neurology to psychology) Psychoneurological (from psychology to neurology) Philosophical Issues
What’s in the brain that ink may character?(Net-based models in neurology, cognition, and social processes)
What's in the brain that ink may character? 3
Logical FoundationsEstablished a systematic theoretical
language for modeling complex systems
Liebnitz & Boole: Algebraic LogicFrege & Russell: Propositional logicvon Neumann: Computational logic
What's in the brain that ink may character? 4
Ramon y Cajal (1889): independence of nerve cells Lloyd (1941): inhibitory synapses demonstratedMcCulloch & Pitts (1943): A logical calculus …Penfield & Rasmussen (1957): motor & sensory mapLettvin, Maturana, M & P (1959): What the frog’s eye …
Neurological FoundationsEstablished fundamental principles
governing neural systems
What's in the brain that ink may character? 5
Pitts, W. & McCulloch, W. (1947). How we know universals, The perception of auditory and visual forms. In Warren S. McCulloch (Ed.), Embodiments of Mind, p. 53. Cambridge: MIT Press.
What's in the brain that ink may character? 6
Pitts, W. & McCulloch, W. (1947). How we know universals, The perception of auditory and visual forms. In Warren S. McCulloch (Ed.), Embodiments of Mind, p. 53. Cambridge: MIT Press.
What's in the brain that ink may character? 7
Pitts, W. & McCulloch, W. (1947). How we know universals, The perception of auditory and visual forms. In Warren S. McCulloch (Ed.), Embodiments of Mind, p. 53. Cambridge: MIT Press.
What's in the brain that ink may character? 8
The Motor HomunculusCortical regions and the motor functions they support.
But localization is not limited to motor functions.Cognitive functions and even specific memories may be local.
What's in the brain that ink may character? 9
Lettvin, Maturana, McCulloch, & Pitts (1959). What the frog’s eye tells the frog’s brain. In Warren S. McCulloch (Ed.), Embodiments of Mind, pp. 230-255. Cambridge: MIT Press.
What the frog’s eyetells the frog’s brain
“There are four types of fibers, each type concerned with a different sort of pattern. Each type is uniformly distributed over the whole retina of the frog. Thus, there are four distinct parallel distributed channels …” (my emphasis)
1. Local edges & contrast2. Curved edges of dark objects3. Edge movement4. Dimming due to movement or rapid general darkening
What's in the brain that ink may character? 10
Minsky, M. L. & Papert, S. A. (1988). Perceptrons, p. 144. Cambridge: MIT Press.
From Neurology to PsychologyGeneralizations from neurology are applied indeveloping psychological theory and models
Rosenblatt (1962): Principles of neurodynamics. Minsky & Papert (1969): PerceptronsMcClelland and Rumelhart (1981): IA modelMcClelland and Rumelhart (1986): PDP VolumesSeidenberg (1992): Simulating phonological dyslexiaPlaut & Shallice (1993): Simulating deep dyslexia McEneaney (1994): Simulating developmental dyslexia
What's in the brain that ink may character? 11
Minsky, M. L. & Papert, S. A. (1988). Perceptrons, p. 5. Cambridge: MIT Press.Rosenblatt, F. (1958). The perceptron-a theory of statistical separability in cognitive systems. Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory Inc., Report No. VG-1196-G-1.Rosenblatt, F. (1962). Principles of neurodynamics. New York: Spartan.
Perceptrons as pattern recognition devices
What's in the brain that ink may character? 12
Minsky, M. L. & Papert, S. A. (1988). Perceptrons, p. 206. Cambridge: MIT Press.
Introduction of multi-layer systems
What's in the brain that ink may character? 13
McClelland, J. L. & Rumelhart, D. E. (1981). An interactive activation model of context effects in letter perception: Part 1. An account of basic findings. Psychological Review, 88, 375-407.
The Interactive Activation Model of Word RecognitionMulti-layer perceptrons re-emerge as PDP models
What's in the brain that ink may character? 14
Architecture of the IA model
What's in the brain that ink may character? 15
The problem of levels in PDP modelsMicrostructure versus Macrostructure
What's in the brain that ink may character? 16
Hinton, G. E. & Shallice, T. (1991). Lesioning an attractor network: Investigations of acquired dyslexia. Psychologiucal Review, 98, 74-95.
Plaut, D. C. & Shallice, T. (1993). Deep dyslexia: A case study of connectionist neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 10(5), 377-500.
Architecture of the Hinton & Shallice Model
What's in the brain that ink may character? 17
From Psychology to Neurology (by way of medical imaging technology)
Generalizations from psychology are applied indeveloping neurological theory and models
Angiography: dye injection reveals blood vesselsElectro-encephalography (EEG): reveals natural electrical activityComputerized Tomography (CT/CAT): X-rays, reveals structure Positron Emission Tomography (PET): radioactive decay, reveals activityMagnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): induced emissions, shows structure
CT/CAT PET MRI PET + MRI
What's in the brain that ink may character? 18
Distinguishing Dylexic and Normal Brains
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Some Closing Questions
Are there fundamental epistemological limits on a brain’s knowledge of itself?
Are levels of description appropriate in biological and cognitive phenomena fundamentally incompatible?
How should and/or could knowledge about brain function inform teaching?
“I expect that the future art of brain design will have to be more like sculpturing than like our present craft of programming.” Marvin Minsky (1991)